BOOK
Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Treatments, An Issue of the Psychiatric Clinics, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of the Psychiatric Clinics, edited by Dr. Rajnish Mago, will cover a variety of side effects of Psychopharmacotherapy. The topics discussed include principles of evaluation and management; sexual dysfunction; adverse effects on pregnancy due to bipolar medications; metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotics; adverse effects of psychotropic medications on sleep; antidepressants and suicide; and adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapies, among others.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Adverse Effects ofPsychotropic Treatments | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface: The Neglected Side of Suffering\r | v | ||
| Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: A Call to Action\r | v | ||
| Core Concepts Involving Adverse Psychotropic Drug Effects: Assessment, Implications, and Management\r | v | ||
| Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Syndromes: Implications for Contemporary Practice\r | v | ||
| Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Risk of Abnormal Bleeding\r | vi | ||
| Sexual Dysfunction Due to Psychotropic Medications\r | vi | ||
| Adverse Effects in the Pharmacologic Management of Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy\r | vi | ||
| Adverse Effects of Second-Generation Antipsychotics as Adjuncts to Antidepressants: Are the Risks Worth the Benefits?\r | vi | ||
| Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications on Sleep\r | vii | ||
| Antidepressants and Suicidality\r | vii | ||
| Adverse Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy\r | vii | ||
| PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\r | viii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | viii | ||
| December 2016 | viii | ||
| March 2017 | viii | ||
| June 2017 | viii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | viii | ||
| June 2016 | viii | ||
| March 2016 | viii | ||
| December 2015 | viii | ||
| Preface:\rThe Neglected Side of Suffering | ix | ||
| Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications | 361 | ||
| Key points | 361 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE BOTH COMMON AND BOTHERSOME | 362 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OFTEN LEAD TO DISCONTINUATION OF TREATMENT | 362 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE CONSIDERED IMPORTANT BY BOTH PATIENTS AND CLINICIANS | 362 | ||
| RATING SCALES FOR ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE INFREQUENTLY USED | 363 | ||
| CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION IS KEY TO IDENTIFYING ADVERSE EFFECTS | 364 | ||
| EXISTING METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF ADVERSE EFFECTS HAVE IMPORTANT LIMITATIONS | 365 | ||
| Spontaneous Reporting by Patients | 365 | ||
| Open-Ended Questioning | 365 | ||
| Patient-Rated Scales | 365 | ||
| Clinician-Rated Scales | 366 | ||
| CHANGES IN VITAL SIGNS AND LABORATORY MEASURES CAN BE ADVERSE EVENTS | 366 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS DO NOT ADEQUATELY OR CONSISTENTLY REPORT ADVERSE EFFECTS | 366 | ||
| IT IS UNCLEAR HOW EXACTLY TO EDUCATE PATIENTS ABOUT ADVERSE EFFECTS | 367 | ||
| THERE IS LITTLE RESEARCH INTO MANAGEMENT OF ADVERSE EFFECTS | 368 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ASSESSMENT OF ADVERSE EFFECTS | 368 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REPORTING OF ADVERSE EFFECTS | 369 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EDUCATING PATIENTS ABOUT ADVERSE EFFECTS | 370 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING MANAGEMENT OF ADVERSE EFFECTS | 370 | ||
| SUMMARY | 370 | ||
| REFERENCES | 371 | ||
| Core Concepts Involving Adverse Psychotropic Drug Effects | 375 | ||
| Key points | 375 | ||
| IMPACT OF ADVERSE EFFECTS ON ADHERENCE: ANTICIPATION VERSUS ACTUAL OCCURRENCE | 376 | ||
| PREDICTORS OF ADVERSE DRUG EFFECTS | 376 | ||
| DOSE RELATIONSHIPS | 377 | ||
| NOCEBO EFFECTS | 379 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS VERSUS NATURAL COURSE OF ILLNESS | 380 | ||
| TIME COURSE | 380 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECT VARIABILITY ACROSS DIAGNOSES | 381 | ||
| PHARMACOGENETICS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS | 381 | ||
| DO ADVERSE EFFECTS INFLUENCE DRUG EFFICACY? | 383 | ||
| RISK-BENEFIT ANALYSES | 383 | ||
| A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO EVALUATING SUSPECTED ADVERSE PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG EFFECTS | 384 | ||
| SUMMARY | 384 | ||
| REFERENCES | 385 | ||
| Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Syndromes | 391 | ||
| Key points | 391 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 391 | ||
| DYSTONIA | 393 | ||
| Clinical Features | 393 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 393 | ||
| Course and Outcome | 393 | ||
| Risk Factors | 393 | ||
| Treatment | 394 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 394 | ||
| PARKINSONISM | 395 | ||
| Clinical Features | 395 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 395 | ||
| Course and Outcome | 395 | ||
| Risk Factors | 395 | ||
| Treatment | 396 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 396 | ||
| AKATHISIA | 396 | ||
| Clinical Features | 396 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 397 | ||
| Course and Outcome | 397 | ||
| Risk Factors | 397 | ||
| Treatment | 397 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 398 | ||
| CATATONIA | 398 | ||
| Clinical Features | 398 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 398 | ||
| Course and Outcome | 398 | ||
| Risk Factors | 398 | ||
| Treatment | 399 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 399 | ||
| NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME | 399 | ||
| Clinical Features | 399 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 399 | ||
| Course and Outcome | 399 | ||
| Risk Factors | 400 | ||
| Treatment | 400 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 400 | ||
| TARDIVE DYSKINESIA | 400 | ||
| Clinical Features | 400 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 401 | ||
| Course and Outcome | 401 | ||
| Risk Factors | 402 | ||
| Treatment | 402 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 404 | ||
| SUMMARY | 404 | ||
| REFERENCES | 405 | ||
| Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Risk of Abnormal Bleeding | 413 | ||
| Key points | 413 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF ABNORMAL BLEEDING ASSOCIATED WITH SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS | 414 | ||
| SITES OF ABNORMAL BLEEDING | 414 | ||
| EVIDENCE OF ABNORMAL BLEEDING: GENERAL ISSUES | 414 | ||
| ANTIDEPRESSANTS THAT INCREASE THE RISK OF ABNORMAL BLEEDING | 416 | ||
| MAGNITUDE OF RISK | 417 | ||
| NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND THE RISK OF SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR–RELATED BLEEDING | 417 | ||
| ANTIPLATELET/ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS AND THE RISK OF SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR–RELATED BLEEDING | 417 | ||
| PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS AND THE RISK OF SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR–RELATED BLEEDING | 418 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL BLEEDING | 418 | ||
| ABNORMAL BLEEDING ASSOCIATED WITH SURGICAL PROCEDURES | 418 | ||
| ABNORMAL BLEEDING IN WOMEN | 420 | ||
| ABNORMAL BLEEDING ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER DISEASE | 421 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 421 | ||
| REFERENCES | 422 | ||
| Sexual Dysfunction Due to Psychotropic Medications | 427 | ||
| Key points | 427 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 427 | ||
| BIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE: NORMAL AND IN DEPRESSION | 428 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ADVERSE EFFECTS | 429 | ||
| Antidepressants and Antipsychotics | 429 | ||
| Mood Stabilizers | 430 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 431 | ||
| PHARMACOGENETICS OF SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR–ASSOCIATED SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION | 431 | ||
| MEDICATION-INDUCED SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION | 433 | ||
| Antidepressants | 433 | ||
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 433 | ||
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | 433 | ||
| Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibiters | 437 | ||
| Mirtazapine | 438 | ||
| Bupropion | 438 | ||
| Other Antidepressants | 438 | ||
| Anticonvulsant Mood Stabilizers | 439 | ||
| Lithium | 439 | ||
| Anxiolytics | 439 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 439 | ||
| Psychostimulants and Atomoxetine | 441 | ||
| TREATMENT OF MEDICATION-ASSOCIATED SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION | 441 | ||
| Waiting for Spontaneous Remission | 441 | ||
| Dose Reduction | 443 | ||
| Drug Holiday | 443 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Interventions | 443 | ||
| Switching to a Different Antidepressant | 443 | ||
| Bupropion | 444 | ||
| Mirtazapine | 444 | ||
| Vilazodone | 445 | ||
| Vortioxetine | 445 | ||
| Desvenlafaxine | 445 | ||
| Nefazodone | 445 | ||
| Agomelatine | 445 | ||
| Moclobemide | 446 | ||
| Reboxetine | 446 | ||
| Trazodone | 446 | ||
| Tianeptine | 446 | ||
| Selegiline | 446 | ||
| Adding a Medication to Treat Sexual Adverse Effects | 446 | ||
| Bupropion | 446 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors: sildenafil and tadalafil | 447 | ||
| Mirtazapine | 447 | ||
| Buspirone | 447 | ||
| Antihistaminic agents: cyproheptadine and loratadine | 447 | ||
| Amantadine | 447 | ||
| Yohimbine | 447 | ||
| Bethanecol | 448 | ||
| Granisetron | 448 | ||
| Adenosylmethionine | 448 | ||
| Herbals | 448 | ||
| ANTIPSYCHOTICS | 448 | ||
| Lower Incidence of Sexual Dysfunction | 448 | ||
| Adding a Medication to Reverse Sexual Dysfunction | 449 | ||
| SUMMARY | 450 | ||
| REFERENCES | 451 | ||
| Adverse Effects in the Pharmacologic Management of Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy | 465 | ||
| Key points | 465 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 465 | ||
| LITHIUM | 466 | ||
| ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS | 467 | ||
| Valproic Acid | 467 | ||
| Lamotrigine | 468 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 469 | ||
| ANTIPSYCHOTICS | 469 | ||
| First-Generation Antipsychotics | 469 | ||
| Second-Generation Antipsychotics (Atypical Antipsychotics) | 469 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 470 | ||
| REFERENCES | 471 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Second-Generation Antipsychotics as Adjuncts to Antidepressants | 477 | ||
| Key points | 477 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 478 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION | 478 | ||
| STRATEGIES OF TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION: SWITCHING VERSUS ADDING | 479 | ||
| SECOND-GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTICS: THE NEW STANDARD FOR ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY FOR TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION? | 480 | ||
| TOLERABILITY OF ADJUNCTIVE SECOND-GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTICS THERAPY | 481 | ||
| Short-Term Studies | 481 | ||
| Discontinuation due to adverse events | 481 | ||
| Akathisia | 481 | ||
| Weight gain | 482 | ||
| Longer-Term Studies | 482 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS TO MINIMIZE RISK | 483 | ||
| SUMMARY | 484 | ||
| REFERENCES | 484 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications on Sleep | 487 | ||
| Key points | 487 | ||
| ANTIDEPRESSANTS | 487 | ||
| SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS | 488 | ||
| Subjective Effects | 488 | ||
| Antidepressants and Suicidality | 503 | ||
| Key points | 503 | ||
| DEFINITIONS OF SELF-HARM | 503 | ||
| META-ANALYSES OF RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS | 503 | ||
| WHY IS THERE AN INCREASED RISK FOR SUICIDAL EVENTS FOUND IN THOSE YOUNGER THAN 25? | 504 | ||
| WHAT IS THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SUICIDAL EVENTS? | 506 | ||
| PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES | 506 | ||
| WHY ARE THE FINDINGS OF PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES SO DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF RCTS? | 507 | ||
| THE BLACK BOX WARNING AS NATURAL EXPERIMENT | 508 | ||
| IN WHOM ARE SUICIDAL EVENTS MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR? | 508 | ||
| HOW CAN CLINICIANS MINIMIZE THE RISK FOR SUICIDAL EVENTS WHEN USING ANTIDEPRESSANTS? | 509 | ||
| Education | 509 | ||
| Close Monitoring During Initiation of Treatment and Dose Changes | 509 | ||
| Strongly Consider Stopping the Antidepressant or Lowering the Dose in the Event of Adverse Effects | 509 | ||
| Rational Dosing | 509 | ||
| Identify and Target Risk Factors for Suicidal Events and Treatment Resistance | 510 | ||
| Try to Achieve as Rapid a Response in Treatment as Possible | 510 | ||
| REFERENCES | 510 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy | 513 | ||
| Key points | 513 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 513 | ||
| GENERAL ADVERSE EFFECTS THAT OCCUR AFTER ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY | 514 | ||
| Nausea | 514 | ||
| Headache | 514 | ||
| Other Musculoskeletal Adverse Effects | 514 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS DUE TO MUSCLE RELAXANTS | 514 | ||
| Prolonged Apnea | 514 | ||
| Malignant Hyperthermia | 515 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 515 | ||
| Awareness Under Anesthesia | 515 | ||
| SEIZURE-RELATED ADVERSE EFFECTS | 515 | ||
| Prolonged Seizures | 515 | ||
| Tardive Seizures | 515 | ||
| Status Epilepticus | 516 | ||
| Todd Phenomena | 516 | ||
| Postictal Confusional States | 516 | ||
| CARDIAC ADVERSE EFFECTS | 517 | ||
| Asystole | 517 | ||
| Raised Blood Pressure | 517 | ||
| Electrocardiogram Abnormalities | 518 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 518 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 518 | ||
| RESPIRATORY ADVERSE EFFECTS | 518 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC ADVERSE EFFECTS | 518 | ||
| Electroconvulsive Therapy and Brain Damage | 518 | ||
| COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT | 519 | ||
| Nonmemory Cognitive Deficits | 520 | ||
| MEMORY LOSS | 520 | ||
| Anterograde Amnesia | 521 | ||
| Retrograde (Including Autobiographical) Amnesia | 521 | ||
| Subjective Memory Loss | 521 | ||
| Moderators of Electroconvulsive Therapy–Induced Amnesia | 521 | ||
| Monitoring Cognitive Adverse Effects | 522 | ||
| Pharmacologic Prevention of Electroconvulsive Therapy–Induced Amnesia | 522 | ||
| EFFECTS OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY ON PREGNANCY | 523 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS | 523 | ||
| COMBINING ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY WITH PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS | 523 | ||
| MORTALITY RISK WITH ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY | 524 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR INFORMED CONSENT | 525 | ||
| SUMMARY | 525 | ||
| REFERENCES | 525 | ||
| Index | 531 |