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Rare and Orphan Lung Diseases, An Issue of Clinics in Chest Medicine, E-Book

Rare and Orphan Lung Diseases, An Issue of Clinics in Chest Medicine, E-Book

Robert Kotloff | Francis X. McCormack

(2016)

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Book Details

Abstract

Drs. Robert Kotloff and Francis McCormack have assembled an expert team of authors on the topic of Rare and Orphan Lung Diseases. Articles include: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Pulmonary Lymphangiomatosis, Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and other Histiocytic Diseases of the Lung, Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis, Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, Non-CF Bronchiectasis, Eosinophilic Lung Diseases, Benign Metastasizing Leiomyomata, and more!

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Rare and Orphan Lung \rDiseases i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
EDITORS iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents vii
Preface: Rare Lung Diseases: Occasionally the “Horse” Has Stripes\r vii
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis\r vii
Plastic Bronchitis\r vii
Nonmalignant Adult Thoracic Lymphatic Disorders\r vii
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and Other Histiocytic Diseases of the Lung\r vii
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Syndrome\r viii
Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis\r viii
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia\r viii
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia\r viii
Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome\r ix
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency\r ix
Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome\r ix
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia\r ix
Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis and Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease\r x
Eosinophilic Lung Diseases\r x
Hyper-IgE Syndromes and the Lung\r x
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease and the Lung\r x
Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia and Neuroendocrine Hyperplasia of Infancy\r xi
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma\r xi
CME Accreditation Page xii
PROGRAM OBJECTIVE xii
TARGET AUDIENCE xii
LEARNING OBJECTIVES xii
ACCREDITATION xii
DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST xii
UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE xii
TO ENROLL xiii
METHOD OF PARTICIPATION xiii
CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS xiii
CLINICS IN CHEST MEDICINE\r xiv
FORTHCOMING ISSUES xiv
December 2016 xiv
March 2017 xiv
June 2017 xiv
RECENT ISSUES xiv
June 2016 xiv
March 2016 xiv
December 2015 xiv
Preface:\rRare Lung Diseases: Occasionally the “Horse” Has Stripes xv
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 389
Key points 389
INTRODUCTION 389
PATHOLOGIC EVALUATION 389
Histology 389
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Cell Biology 390
Circulating Cells: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis as a Metastatic Neoplasm 390
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Genes and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activation 390
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGY 390
Presentation 390
Diagnostic Strategy 392
MANAGEMENT AND DISEASE COURSE 393
Initial Assessment and Prognosis 393
General Principles of Management 394
Pregnancy and Contraception 395
Tuberous Sclerosis–Related Clinical Problems 395
Bronchodilators 395
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activation Inhibitors 397
Pneumothorax 398
Chylous Complications 398
Angiomyolipomas 398
Meningioma 399
Advanced Disease 399
SUMMARY 399
REFERENCES 399
Plastic Bronchitis 405
Key points 405
INTRODUCTION 405
PATIENT EVALUATION OVERVIEW 405
DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS 406
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS 407
NONPHARMACOLOGIC AND SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 407
EVALUATION OF OUTCOMES AND LONG-TERM RECOMMENDATIONS 408
THE FUTURE 408
REFERENCES 408
Nonmalignant Adult Thoracic Lymphatic Disorders 409
Key points 409
INTRODUCTION 409
THORACIC LYMPHANGIOMAS (MICROCYSTIC AND MACROCYSTIC LYMPHATIC MALFORMATIONS) 411
LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS 412
PRIMARY PULMONARY LYMPHATIC ANOMALY 413
GENERALIZED LYMPHATIC ANOMALY WITH PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT 413
GORHAM-STOUT DISEASE 414
KAPOSIFORM LYMPHANGIOMATOSIS 414
CHYLOPTYSIS AND PLASTIC BRONCHITIS 415
PULMONARY LYMPHANGIECTASIA 416
THE YELLOW NAIL SYNDROME 416
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 417
REFERENCES 417
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and Other Histiocytic Diseases of the Lung 421
Key points 421
INTRODUCTION 421
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHICS 422
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 422
CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 424
IMAGING AND PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTING 424
APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS 424
MANAGEMENT 425
ERDHEIM-CHESTER DISEASE 426
ROSAI-DORMAN DISEASE (SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS WITH MASSIVE LYMPHADENOPATHY) 427
SUMMARY 427
REFERENCES 427
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Syndrome 431
Key points 431
INTRODUCTION 431
PATHOGENESIS 432
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 434
DIAGNOSIS 434
Radiographic Findings 434
Laboratory Findings 436
Pulmonary Function Testing 436
Bronchoscopy, Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Microbiologic Culture 436
Histopathology 436
Biomarkers 436
NATURAL HISTORY 437
THERAPY 437
Current Therapy 437
Experimental Approaches 438
KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 438
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 438
REFERENCES 438
Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis 441
Key points 441
INTRODUCTION 441
EPIDEMIOLOGY 441
PATHOLOGY 442
Molecular Pathogenesis 442
Histology 444
CLINICAL FEATURES 444
Symptoms and Signs 444
Clinical Testing 444
Radiology 444
Extrapulmonary Disease 445
Associated Diseases 445
DIAGNOSIS 445
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 445
PROGNOSIS 446
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS 446
Etidronate 446
Steroid Hormones 446
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 446
Oxygen Therapy and Vaccinations 446
SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 446
Lung Transplantation 446
SUMMARY 446
REFERENCES 446
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia 449
Key points 449
INTRODUCTION 449
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MOTILE CILIA 450
ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 450
GENETIC TESTING FOR DIAGNOSIS 453
EARLY FEATURES OF CLINICAL DISEASE 455
LUNG DISEASE 455
NONPULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS 456
MANAGEMENT OF LUNG DISEASE 456
MANAGEMENT OF OTOLARYNGOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS 457
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 457
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 458
REFERENCES 458
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia 463
Key points 463
INTRODUCTION 463
PATHOGENESIS 464
EPIDEMIOLOGY 466
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 466
RADIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS 466
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS 468
DIAGNOSIS 468
PATHOLOGIC FEATURES 468
LYMPHOCYTIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA AND LYMPHOMA: DIFFERENTIATING FEATURES 469
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS 469
SUMMARY 471
REFERENCES 471
Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome 475
Key points 475
INTRODUCTION 475
GENETICS AND PATHOGENESIS 475
Folliculin and Its Role as a Tumor Suppressor 476
Mechanism of Action of Folliculin in Tumor Formation 476
Role of Folliculin in Formation of Pulmonary Cysts 476
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 477
Pulmonary 477
Renal 478
Cutaneous 478
Other Clinical Manifestations 478
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF BIRT-HOGG-DUBÉ SYNDROME 479
Pulmonary 479
Renal 480
HISTOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF BIRT-HOGG-DUBÉ SYNDROME 480
Pulmonary 480
Renal 481
Skin 481
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH 481
MANAGEMENT 482
Management of Skin Lesions 482
Management of the Pulmonary Aspects of Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome 482
Management of the Renal Manifestations of Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome 483
SUMMARY 483
REFERENCES 483
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency 487
Key points 487
INTRODUCTION 487
GENETICS OF α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY 487
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY 488
DIAGNOSIS OF α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY 489
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 490
PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY 493
NATURAL HISTORY OF α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY–RELATED LUNG DISEASE 493
LIVER DISEASE IN α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY 495
VASCULITIS IN α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY 496
PANNICULITIS AND OTHER PROPOSED DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS WITH α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY 496
TREATMENT OF α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY 496
Augmentation Therapy 496
Lung Transplantation 498
Lung Volume Reduction 499
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 500
REFERENCES 500
Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome 505
Key points 505
INTRODUCTION 505
EPIDEMIOLOGY 505
PATHOGENESIS 506
DIAGNOSIS 506
Clinical Features 506
Diagnostic Testing 507
Platelet electron microscopy 507
Genetic testing 507
Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease 508
High-resolution computed tomography of the chest 508
NATURAL HISTORY AND PROGNOSIS 508
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT 509
Management of Pulmonary Disease 509
Pirfenidone in Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome with Pulmonary Fibrosis 509
Lung Transplantation 509
Additional Recommendations for Pulmonary Management 509
Management of Extrapulmonary Complications 509
Skin and eye protection 509
Bleeding complications 509
Inflammatory bowel disease 509
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 510
SUMMARY 510
REFERENCES 510
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia 513
Key points 513
INTRODUCTION 513
GENETICS 513
DIAGNOSIS 514
PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT 514
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations 514
Bronchial Telangiectasias 515
Pulmonary Hypertension 516
NASAL INVOLVEMENT 517
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT 517
GASTROINTESTINAL INVOLVEMENT 518
HEPATIC INVOLVEMENT 518
SUMMARY 519
REFERENCES 519
Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis and Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease 523
Key points 523
INTRODUCTION 523
PULMONARY VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE 523
History 523
Pathology 524
Epidemiology 524
Risk Factors 524
Genetic Factors 524
Clinical Features 525
Imaging 525
Laboratory Studies 526
Hemodynamics 526
Prognosis and Therapy 526
PULMONARY CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMATOSIS 527
History 527
Pathology 527
Epidemiology 528
Risk Factors 528
Genetic Factors 528
Clinical Presentation 528
Imaging 528
Laboratory Studies 528
Hemodynamics 528
Prognosis 528
Therapy 528
PULMONARY VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE AND PULMONARY CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMATOSIS: SPECTRUM OF A SINGLE DISEASE OR DISTINCT ENTITIES? 529
Histologic Overlap 530
Genetic Overlap 531
PULMONARY VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE AND PULMONARY CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMATOSIS: DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH 531
SUMMARY 531
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 531
REFERENCES 531
Eosinophilic Lung Diseases 535
Key points 535
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION 535
Definition 535
Classification 535
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 536
Recruitment of Eosinophils to the Lung 536
Eosinophils and Immunity 536
IDIOPATHIC CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC PNEUMONIA 536
Epidemiology and Risk Factors 536
Clinical Description 537
Chest Imaging 537
Laboratory Findings 537
Pathogenesis 538
Lung Function 538
Pathology 538
Diagnosis 538
Treatment and Outcome 539
IDIOPATHIC ACUTE EOSINOPHILIC PNEUMONIA 539
Epidemiology and Risk Factors 539
Clinical Description 539
Chest Imaging 540
Laboratory Findings 540
Lung Function 540
Pathology 540
Diagnosis 540
Treatment and Outcome 541
EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS 541
Definition 541
Epidemiology and Risk Factors 541
Clinical Description 541
Chest Imaging 542
Laboratory Findings 542
Lung Function 542
Pathology 543
Diagnosis 543
Treatment and Outcome 543
ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS 544
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis 544
Clinical Description 544
Chest Imaging 545
Laboratory Findings 545
Pathology 545
Diagnosis 545
Treatment and Outcome 546
OTHER EOSINOPHILIC LUNG DISEASES 546
Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndromes 546
Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Obliterative Bronchiolitis 547
Eosinophilic Pneumonias in Parasitic Diseases 547
Eosinophilic Pneumonias Induced by Drugs and Toxics 547
Radiation Therapy 548
Miscellaneous 548
PRACTICAL APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT 548
REFERENCES 548
Hyper-IgE Syndromes and the Lung 557
Key points 557
INTRODUCTION 557
AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT HYPER-IGE SYNDROMES (JOB SYNDROME) 558
Pulmonary Features 558
Other Clinical Features 558
Laboratory Findings 560
Genetics and Pathogenesis 560
Management 561
DOCK8 DEFICIENCY 562
Clinical Features 562
Laboratory Findings 562
Genetics and Pathogenesis 563
Management 563
PGM3 DEFICIENCY 563
Clinical Features 563
Laboratory Findings 564
Genetics and Pathogenesis 564
Management 564
SUMMARY 564
REFERENCES 564
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease and the Lung 569
Key points 569
INTRODUCTION 569
EPIDEMIOLOGY 569
PATHOGENESIS 570
Immunologic Mechanisms 570
Immunoglobulin G4 570
Genetic Predisposition 570
Microorganisms 570
PATHOLOGY 570
Clinical Manifestations 570
Symptoms 570
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Lung Disease 570
Parenchymal Lung Manifestations 571
Airway Manifestations 572
Pulmonary Vascular Manifestations 572
Mediastinal Manifestations 572
Pleural Manifestations 572
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 572
Immunoglobulin G4 Immunostain 573
Serum Immunoglobulin G4 Level 574
Other Laboratory Tests 574
BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE 574
TREATMENT 574
Corticosteroids 574
Steroid-Sparing Immunosuppressive Agents 575
B-Cell Depletion Therapy 575
PROGNOSIS 575
SUMMARY 575
REFERENCES 575
Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia and Neuroendocrine Hyperplasia of Infancy 579
Key points 579
INTRODUCTION 579
DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC NEUROENDOCRINE EPITHELIAL CELL HYPERPLASIA 580
Imaging 580
Airway abnormalities 580
Pulmonary nodules 581
Biochemical Testing 581
Physiology 581
Pathology 582
Management and Treatment 584
NEUROENDOCRINE HYPERPLASIA OF INFANCY 584
Imaging 584
Physiology 585
Pathology 585
Management and Treatment 585
Pathogenesis 585
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 586
REFERENCES 586
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma 589
Key points 589
INTRODUCTION 589
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 590
IMAGING STUDIES 590
PATHOLOGY 590
PATHOGENESIS 591
DIAGNOSIS 592
TREATMENT 593
PROGNOSIS 593
SUMMARY 593
REFERENCES 594
Index 597