BOOK
Small Animal Obesity, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, E-Book
Amy K. Farcas | Kathryn E. Michel
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue, guest edited by Kathryn Michel and Amy Farcas, focuses on Small Animal Obesity. Article topics include: Scope of the Problem/Perception by Owners/Vets; Physiology; New Areas of Research; Metabolic Effects of Obesity/Interaction with Endocrine Diseases; Impact on Cardio/Respiratory Disease; Impact on Ortho/Neuro Disease; Nutritional Assessment; Treatment-diet; Treatment- Environment/Behavior Modification; and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Small Animal Obesity | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface: Confronting the Problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats\r | v | ||
| Scope of the Problem and Perception by Owners and Veterinarians\r | v | ||
| Development of Obesity: Mechanisms and Physiology\r | v | ||
| Current Topics in Canine and Feline Obesity\r | v | ||
| Metabolic Effects of Obesity and Its Interaction with Endocrine Diseases\r | v | ||
| Impact of Obesity on Cardiopulmonary Disease\r | vi | ||
| Obesity, Exercise and Orthopedic Disease\r | vi | ||
| Other Risks/Possible Benefits of Obesity\r | vi | ||
| Nutritional Assessment\r | vii | ||
| Dietary Aspects of Weight Management in Cats and Dogs\r | vii | ||
| Obesity Treatment: Environment and Behavior Modification\r | vii | ||
| Communicating with Pet Owners About Obesity: Roles of the Veterinary Health Care Team\r | vii | ||
| Obesity Prevention and Weight Maintenance After Loss\r | viii | ||
| VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: SMALL\rANIMAL PRACTICE\r | ix | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | ix | ||
| November 2016 | ix | ||
| January 2017 | ix | ||
| March 2017 | ix | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | ix | ||
| July 2016 | ix | ||
| May 2016 | ix | ||
| March 2016 | ix | ||
| Preface:\rConfronting the Problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats | xi | ||
| REFERENCE | xii | ||
| Scope of the Problem and Perception by Owners and Veterinarians | 761 | ||
| Key points | 761 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 761 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 761 | ||
| Disease Description | 761 | ||
| Prevalence | 762 | ||
| OWNER PERCEPTIONS | 762 | ||
| CAUSES/PREDISPOSITIONS FOR OBESITY | 764 | ||
| Animal Factors | 764 | ||
| Breed | 764 | ||
| Gender | 765 | ||
| Sterilization | 765 | ||
| Growth rate | 766 | ||
| Age | 766 | ||
| Owner Factors | 766 | ||
| Diet choice | 766 | ||
| Feeding method | 767 | ||
| Exercise and living environment | 767 | ||
| Owner characteristics | 768 | ||
| SUMMARY | 768 | ||
| REFERENCES | 768 | ||
| Development of Obesity | 773 | ||
| Key points | 773 | ||
| CONSTANCY OF BODY WEIGHT | 773 | ||
| FOOD INTAKE CONTROL | 774 | ||
| SATIATION FACTORS | 775 | ||
| ADIPOSITY FACTORS | 775 | ||
| COGNITIVE FACTORS | 776 | ||
| DIETARY MACRONUTRIENT AND FOOD INTAKE CONTROL | 777 | ||
| MALADAPTIVE CHANGES | 777 | ||
| ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | 779 | ||
| FACTORS THAT CAN INFLUENCE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND/OR ENERGY EXPENDITURE | 780 | ||
| SUMMARY | 781 | ||
| REFERENCES | 782 | ||
| Current Topics in Canine and Feline Obesity | 785 | ||
| Key points | 785 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 785 | ||
| GENETICS | 785 | ||
| Rodents | 785 | ||
| Humans | 786 | ||
| Canine | 786 | ||
| Feline | 786 | ||
| ADIPOSE TISSUE AND ADIPOKINES | 786 | ||
| NUTRACEUTICALS | 787 | ||
| Canine | 787 | ||
| Feline | 787 | ||
| “OMICS” | 787 | ||
| Canine Studies | 788 | ||
| Feline Studies | 790 | ||
| GUT MICROBIOTA | 791 | ||
| Rodents | 791 | ||
| Canine | 791 | ||
| Feline | 792 | ||
| SUMMARY | 792 | ||
| REFERENCES | 792 | ||
| Metabolic Effects of Obesity and Its Interaction with Endocrine Diseases | 797 | ||
| Key points | 797 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 797 | ||
| NORMAL METABOLIC FUNCTION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE | 798 | ||
| Lipid Storage and Release | 798 | ||
| Endocrine Functions | 798 | ||
| Obesity, adipose tissue dysfunction, and the metabolic syndrome | 798 | ||
| OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND HYPERINSULINEMIA | 799 | ||
| GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS IN OBESITY | 800 | ||
| PREDISPOSITION TO DIABETES MELLITUS | 801 | ||
| ADIPOKINE SECRETION IN OBESITY | 803 | ||
| Leptin | 803 | ||
| Adiponectin | 803 | ||
| CHANGES IN ENERGY REGULATION IN OBESITY | 804 | ||
| OBESITY AND OTHER ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES | 804 | ||
| OBESITY AND LIPID DISORDERS | 804 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 804 | ||
| Fat Distribution and Tissue Lipid Accumulation | 805 | ||
| Abdominal fat distribution | 806 | ||
| Lipid accumulation in muscle | 806 | ||
| Lipid accumulation in the liver | 807 | ||
| Predisposition of Obese Cats to Hepatic Lipidosis | 808 | ||
| THE “METABOLIC SYNDROME” IN OBESE PETS | 808 | ||
| Dogs | 808 | ||
| Cats | 809 | ||
| SUMMARY | 809 | ||
| REFERENCES | 809 | ||
| Impact of Obesity on Cardiopulmonary Disease | 817 | ||
| Key points | 817 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 817 | ||
| DOES OBESITY HAVE AN EFFECT ON HEART DISEASE? | 818 | ||
| Human | 818 | ||
| Obesity and Heart Disease in Dogs and Cats | 818 | ||
| The Effect of Obesity on Heart Function | 819 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | 819 | ||
| Adiponectin | 820 | ||
| Metabolic and Biomarker Changes in Weight Loss | 820 | ||
| Obesity Effect on Heart Size and Rate | 821 | ||
| Weight Loss Effects on the Heart | 821 | ||
| The Obesity Paradox and Survival Times | 821 | ||
| DOES OBESITY AFFECT PULMONARY FUNCTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES? | 822 | ||
| Effects of Obesity on Airway Function and Bronchial Disease | 822 | ||
| Humans | 822 | ||
| Dogs | 822 | ||
| Cats | 823 | ||
| Asthma | 824 | ||
| Humans and rodents | 824 | ||
| Cats and dogs | 824 | ||
| Respiratory Infections | 824 | ||
| Recurrent Airway Obstruction and Obesity | 824 | ||
| SUMMARY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF OBESITY AND CARDIORESPIRATORY DISEASE IN DOGS AND CATS | 826 | ||
| REFERENCES | 826 | ||
| Obesity, Exercise and Orthopedic Disease | 831 | ||
| Key points | 831 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF OSTEOARTHRITIS AND INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE | 831 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 831 | ||
| Intervertebral Disc Disease | 832 | ||
| ROLE OF ADIPOKINES IN OSTEOARTHRITIS: IS THERE A CONNECTION? | 833 | ||
| ROLE OF EXERCISE IN WEIGHT LOSS | 834 | ||
| BENEFITS OF EXERCISE BEYOND WEIGHT REDUCTION | 836 | ||
| SUMMARY | 837 | ||
| REFERENCES | 837 | ||
| Other Risks/Possible Benefits of Obesity | 843 | ||
| Key points | 843 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 843 | ||
| OBESITY AS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION | 844 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH | 845 | ||
| HYPERLIPIDEMIA, PANCREATIC, AND LIVER DYSFUNCTION | 845 | ||
| OBESITY AND CANCER RISK | 846 | ||
| EFFECTS ON RENAL FUNCTION AND HISTOLOGY | 847 | ||
| EFFECTS ON QUALITY OF LIFE AND LONGEVITY | 847 | ||
| OBESITY PARADOX? | 848 | ||
| SUMMARY | 848 | ||
| REFERENCES | 848 | ||
| Nutritional Assessment | 855 | ||
| Key points | 855 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 855 | ||
| PATIENT ASSESSMENT | 855 | ||
| Medical History | 856 | ||
| Physical Examination | 856 | ||
| Body condition assessment | 857 | ||
| Muscle condition assessment | 857 | ||
| General Diagnostic Testing | 857 | ||
| DIET ASSESSMENT | 858 | ||
| Obtain a Complete Diet History | 858 | ||
| Estimate Current Energy Intake | 860 | ||
| Evaluate Current Nutrient Intake | 861 | ||
| Owner Interview | 863 | ||
| Current Feeding Management and Environment | 863 | ||
| The Role Food Plays in the Pet-Owner Relationship | 863 | ||
| Owner’s Interest and Willingness to Change to Help the Pet Lose Weight | 864 | ||
| Identify Potential Opportunities and Challenges for Successful Weight Loss | 864 | ||
| SUMMARY | 864 | ||
| REFERENCES | 865 | ||
| Dietary Aspects of Weight Management in Cats and Dogs | 869 | ||
| Key points | 869 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 869 | ||
| INITIAL APPROACH TO SELECTING THE OPTIMAL DIET | 870 | ||
| Pet Assessment | 870 | ||
| Impact of Diet History | 870 | ||
| Owner Assessment | 871 | ||
| SELECTING THE OPTIMAL NUTRIENT PROFILE | 872 | ||
| Energy | 872 | ||
| Macronutrients | 873 | ||
| Protein | 873 | ||
| Fat | 874 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 874 | ||
| Micronutrients | 874 | ||
| Additional Diet Factors | 875 | ||
| Fiber | 875 | ||
| Water | 875 | ||
| Other additives | 876 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED SELECTION OF DIETS | 876 | ||
| ENERGY RESTRICTION | 876 | ||
| Initial Calculation | 876 | ||
| Rate of Weight Loss | 876 | ||
| MAINTENANCE OF WEIGHT LOSS | 878 | ||
| STRATEGIES FOR INCREASED DIET ADHERENCE | 878 | ||
| Treats and Non-negotiables | 878 | ||
| Troubleshooting and Addressing Client Concerns | 879 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 880 | ||
| REFERENCES | 880 | ||
| Obesity Treatment | 883 | ||
| Key points | 883 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 883 | ||
| ENVIRONMENT SPECIFIC TREATMENT | 884 | ||
| Feeding Management | 884 | ||
| Activity | 885 | ||
| BEHAVIOR SPECIFIC TREATMENT | 885 | ||
| Effective Use of Behavior-Specific Treatments | 888 | ||
| Maximizing Weight Loss Success with the 5 A’s Behavioral Counseling Approach | 889 | ||
| Use of the 5 A’s in Veterinary Obesity Management | 889 | ||
| Does the 5 A’s System Work? | 891 | ||
| SUMMARY | 892 | ||
| REFERENCES | 892 | ||
| Communicating with Pet Owners About Obesity | 899 | ||
| Key points | 899 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 899 | ||
| TEAM APPROACH TO NUTRITIONAL COUNSELING | 900 | ||
| THE 3 ELEMENTS FOR WEIGHT LOSS SUCCESS | 900 | ||
| Owner Commitment | 901 | ||
| Identify the pet owner’s stage of change | 901 | ||
| Select a stage-appropriate intervention | 901 | ||
| Individualized Weight Loss Plan | 904 | ||
| Reassess the Patient’s Progress | 904 | ||
| ENLIST THE VETERINARY HEALTH CARE TEAM TO IMPLEMENT NUTRITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS | 904 | ||
| TYPICAL VETERINARY WEIGHT LOSS VISIT WORKFLOW | 905 | ||
| TEAM TRAINING | 906 | ||
| TEAM COMMUNICATION SKILLS | 906 | ||
| VETERINARY COMMUNICATION | 907 | ||
| COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES: OBESE CLIENTS | 908 | ||
| COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES: OBESE VETERINARIANS | 909 | ||
| COMMUNICATING WITH A DISINTERESTED CLIENT | 909 | ||
| SUMMARY | 910 | ||
| REFERENCES | 910 | ||
| Obesity Prevention and Weight Maintenance After Loss | 913 | ||
| Key points | 913 | ||
| INAPPROPRIATE WEIGHT GAIN IN DOGS AND CATS | 913 | ||
| Definition | 913 | ||
| Prevalence of Inappropriate Weight Gain | 914 | ||
| Onset of Inappropriate Weight Gain | 914 | ||
| Risk Factors for Inappropriate Weight Gain | 914 | ||
| Coexisting health problems | 914 | ||
| Rapid early life weight gain | 914 | ||
| Breed | 915 | ||
| Age | 915 | ||
| Sex and neutering | 915 | ||
| Behavioral factors | 915 | ||
| Environment and activity | 915 | ||
| Dietary factors | 915 | ||
| Owner factors | 915 | ||
| OUTCOMES OF WEIGHT MANAGEMENT | 915 | ||
| TOOLS FOR OBESITY PREVENTION | 917 | ||
| Monitoring Strategies | 917 | ||
| Body weight | 917 | ||
| Body condition | 918 | ||
| Other methods for determining body condition | 918 | ||
| Example | 918 | ||
| Determining Metabolizable Energy Requirements and Energy Expenditure | 919 | ||
| Dietary Strategies | 919 | ||
| Main meal feeding | 919 | ||
| Accurate portion size measurement | 920 | ||
| Responsible feeding of treats and extra food | 920 | ||
| Methods of feeding | 921 | ||
| Physical Activity | 921 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONITORING STRATEGIES | 922 | ||
| Early Life Prevention | 922 | ||
| Monitoring Strategy for Adult Animals | 923 | ||
| Monitoring Strategy for the Postneutering Period | 923 | ||
| Monitoring Strategy for Senior Animals | 923 | ||
| Prevention of Rebound After Weight Loss | 924 | ||
| SUMMARY | 926 | ||
| REFERENCES | 926 | ||
| Index | 931 |