Polymers for Personal Care Products and Cosmetics

Xian Jun Loh

BOOK

Polymers for Personal Care Products and Cosmetics

Xian Jun Loh

(2016)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-78262-398-4
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 248
Subjects: Industrial applications of scientific research & technological innovation
Chemistry
Materials science

Abstract

All aspects of the personal care industry will be comprehensively discussed in Polymers for Personal Care Products and Cosmetics, including biological targets, safety issues, and the legal and regulatory aspects of this large industry. There will be a broad overview of cosmetic ingredients, vehicles and finished products as well as coverage of the main methodologies for microbiology, safety and efficacy testing. The reader will be provided with a solid background of the fundamentals of the area, before being brought up to date on the future of this field, along with discussion of the latest materials trends and future perspectives. Written by a World renowned expert in the area, the book will provide a unique look into this fast developing industry from interviews carried out with key experts in industry and academia. The advantages and disadvantages of the technologies involved in the development of these materials will be highlighted, providing a balanced and thorough review of the current state-of-the-art research. This book will appeal to researchers, academics and students working in polymer and materials chemistry, particularly those with an interest in personal care products.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Cover	Cover
Polymers for Personal Care Products and Cosmetics	i
Preface	vii
Contents	ix
Chapter 1 - A Global Analysis of the Personal Care Market	1
1.1 Introduction	1
1.2 Commercialization of Stimuli Responsive Polymers	4
1.3 Stimuli Responsive Polymers As a Personal Care Ingredient	5
1.4 Commercialization of Bio-Based Polymers	5
1.5 Bio-Based Polymers As a Personal Care Ingredient	6
1.6 Personal Care Products with Active Ingredients	9
1.7 Conclusion	16
References	16
Chapter 2 - Polymers for Personal Care – Natural Protein-Based Polymers	18
2.1 What Is a Personal Care Product	18
2.2 Personal Care Products—Market Overview	19
2.3 The Fundamentals: Amino Acids	20
2.3.1 Sources and Content of Amino Acids	21
2.3.2 Plant Source Proteins	22
2.3.3 Animal Source Proteins	23
2.3.3.1 Collagen and Elastin	25
2.3.3.2 Keratin	28
2.3.3.3 Silk	28
2.3.3.4 Milk Proteins	30
2.4 Production of Hydrolyzed Proteins	30
2.4.1 Major Steps	30
2.4.2 Hydrolysis of Proteins	31
2.4.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis	31
2.4.2.2 Base Hydrolysis	31
2.4.2.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis	31
2.4.2.3.1\rEnzymes Used.	32
2.5 Discussions and Comparisons	32
2.5.1 Molecular Weight of Proteins	32
2.5.2 Isoelectric Point	32
2.5.3 Hydrophobicity	34
2.5.4 Comparison of Different Hydrolysis Processes	34
2.6 Outlook and Prospects	35
References	36
Chapter 3 - Polyacrylates for Personal Care	37
3.1 Introduction	37
3.2 Uses of Polyacrylates	40
3.2.1 Characterising Rheological Modifiers	40
3.2.1.1 Rheological Effects	40
3.2.1.2 Other Characterisations	42
3.3 Monomers of Polyacrylates and Their Synthesis	43
3.4 Alkali Swellable Emulsion (ASE)	45
3.5 Hydrophobically Modified Alkali Swellable Emulsion (HASE)	47
3.6 Cross-Linked Poly(acrylic acid)	50
3.7 Safety Issues with Polyacrylates	52
3.8 Comparing Different Polyacrylates	53
3.9 Comparing Polyacrylates with Other Rheological Modifiers	54
3.10 Outlook, Perspectives and Recommendations	54
References	56
Chapter 4 - Natural Rheological Modifiers for Personal Care	60
4.1 Introduction	60
4.1.1 Personal Care Market and Trends	62
4.1.2 Natural “Progression” of Personal Care Market	62
4.2 Personal Care Formulations	63
4.2.1 Emulsifiers	64
4.2.2 Preservatives	65
4.2.3 Colouring Agents, Fragrances and pH Stabilisers	65
4.2.4 Rheological Modifiers	65
4.3 Rheology	66
4.3.1 Rheology Profiles	67
4.3.1.1 Newtonian Flow	67
4.3.1.2 Pseudoplastic Flow	67
4.3.1.3 Thixotropic Flow	68
4.3.1.4 Dilatant Flow	68
4.3.2 Types of Rheological Modifiers	68
4.3.2.1 Natural Polymers: Polysaccharides	69
4.3.2.2 Anionic Polysaccharides	70
4.3.2.2.1 Alginates (Alginic Acid).	70
4.3.2.2.2 Pectin.	73
4.3.2.2.3 Xanthan Gum.	73
4.3.2.2.4 Carrageenans.	74
4.3.2.2.5 Cellulose Gum (Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose).	76
4.3.2.3 Cationic Polysaccharides	78
4.3.2.3.1 Chitosan.	78
4.3.2.3.2 Cationic Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC).	79
4.3.2.4 Non-Ionic Polysaccharides	80
4.3.2.4.1 Starch.	80
4.3.2.4.2 Cellulose Ethers.	81
4.3.2.4.3 Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC).	81
4.3.2.4.4 Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC).	82
4.3.2.4.5 Methylcellulose (MC).	83
4.3.2.4.6 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).	83
4.3.2.4.7 Ethylhydroxyethylcellulose (EHEC).	83
4.3.2.4.8 Amphoteric Polysaccharides.	83
4.3.2.4.9 Carboxymethylchitosan.	84
4.3.2.4.10 N-[(2′-Hydroxy-2′,3′-dicarboxy)ethyl]chitosan.	84
4.3.2.4.11 Modified Potato Starch.	84
4.4 Future Outlooks	85
References	85
Chapter 5 - Antibacterial Polymers	90
5.1 Introduction	90
5.1.1 Antibacterial Polymers and Their Mechanism	92
5.1.2 History of Antibacterial Polymers	93
5.2 Polymers with Inherent Antibacterial Activity	94
5.2.1 Chitosan	94
5.2.2 Quaternary Ammonium Polymers	94
5.2.3 Hyperbranched Polymers	96
5.2.4 Polymers Containing Guanidine Groups	97
5.2.5 Polymers That Mimic Antimicrobial Peptides	98
5.3 Chemically Modified Polymers	100
5.3.1 N-Halamine-Based Groups	100
5.4 Addition of Antibacterial Agents	102
5.5 Discussion and Comparison	104
5.6 Future Perspectives	104
5.6.1 Clinical Trials	105
5.6.2 Future Research	105
References	105
Chapter 6 - Four-Dimensional (4D) Printing in Consumer Applications	108
6.1 A Primer on 3D Printing	108
6.2 Soft Adaptive Materials	109
6.3 (3 + 1)D = 4D: Early Promises	110
6.4 Outlook and Perspectives	113
References	115
Chapter 7 - Nanoparticle Safety in Cosmetics	117
7.1 Introduction	117
7.1.1 Overview of Cosmetics	118
7.2 Accumulation of Nanoparticles in the Body	120
7.2.1 Skin	120
7.2.2 Respiratory System	121
7.2.3 Ingestion	121
7.2.4 Internal Organs	121
7.3 Nanomaterials Used in Cosmetics and Their Safety	121
7.3.1 Inorganic Nanomaterials	122
7.3.1.1 Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide	122
7.3.1.2 Nanosilver	123
7.3.1.3 Nanogold	124
7.3.2 Organic Nanomaterials	124
7.3.2.1 Liposomes	124
7.3.2.2 Nanocapsules	125
7.3.2.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles	126
7.3.2.4 Nanoemulsions	126
7.3.2.5 Hydrogels	127
7.4 Safety Standards for Cosmetics	127
7.4.1 Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)33	127
7.4.2 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)34	128
7.4.3 Health Science Authority in Singapore35	128
7.4.4 National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) in Australia36	129
7.5 Drivers of Nanomaterials Usage	130
7.6 Challenges of Nanomaterials Usage	130
7.6.1 Consumers	130
7.6.2 Workplace	130
7.6.3 Environment	131
7.7 Discussion	131
7.7.1 Is Use of Nanoparticles Necessary	131
7.7.2 Is Concern Over Its Use Necessary	131
7.8 Outlook	132
References	132
Chapter 8 - Silicones: The Future for Beauty and Everyday Care	135
8.1 Introduction	135
8.2 Applications of Silicones	137
8.2.1 Silicone and Hair Care	137
8.2.2 Silicone and Skin Care	139
8.2.2.1 Sunscreen Products	140
8.2.2.2 Facial and Body Cleanser	140
8.2.2.3 Daytime Hand and Body Skin Cream	141
8.2.2.4 Nighttime Skin Lotion	141
8.2.3 Silicone and Cosmetics	142
8.3 Silicon As Delivery Systems	144
8.3.1 Silicone Vesicles	145
8.4 Silicones and Their Properties	146
8.4.1 Polydimethylsiloxane	146
8.4.2 Cyclomethicone	148
8.4.3 Silicone Elastomers	149
8.4.4 Silicone Resin	150
8.5 Issues with Silicone	150
8.5.1 Safety Issues	150
8.5.2 Environmental Concerns	151
8.6 Conclusion	151
References	152
Chapter 9 - Towards Cyclodextrin-Based Supramolecular Materials	154
9.1 Introduction	154
9.2 α-CD + PEG Gels	156
9.2.1 α-CD + Modified PEG Gels	157
9.3 γ-CD + PEG Gels	160
9.4 CD + Other Monomer Gels	160
9.4.1 Polyethers	161
9.4.2 Polyamines	161
9.4.3 Cationic Polymers	162
9.4.4 Hydrophobic Polymers	163
9.4.5 Block Copolymers	165
9.4.6 Hybrid Inclusion Complex (HIC)	165
9.5 Nature of Inclusion Complex Formation	167
9.5.1 Inclusion Complex Driven by Micellization	168
9.6 Stimuli-Responsive Features of Hydrogels	168
9.6.1 Mechanical	169
9.6.2 Temperature	170
9.6.3 UV and Visible Light Irradiations	171
9.6.4 Electrical and Redox Stimuli	172
9.6.5 Chemically Responsive	172
9.7 Conclusion	173
References	173
Chapter 10 - Thermogelling Polymers: A Cutting Edge Rheology Modifier	178
10.1 Introduction	178
10.2 Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Thermogelling Polymers	179
10.2.1 PEG-Based Block Copolymers	181
10.2.2 Thermogelling Polymers Made from Ring Opening Polymerizations	183
10.2.3 Thermogelling Polyurethanes	184
10.2.4 Temperature Responsive PNIPAAm-Based Block Copolymers	185
10.2.5 Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PoEGMA) and Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) acrylate Thermogelling Pol...	188
10.3 Evaluating the Resorbability of Thermogels	189
10.4 Therapeutics Encapsulation and Delivery	195
10.5 Outlook and Perspectives	200
References	200
Chapter 11 - Pectin As a Rheology Modifier: Recent Reports on Its Origin, Structure, Commercial Production and Gelling Mechanism	205
11.1 Introduction	206
11.2 Biological Aspects of Pectins	206
11.3 Chemical Aspects of Pectin	207
11.4 Galacturonic Acid Units and Degree of Esterification	209
11.5 Commercial Pectin	210
11.6 Industrial Production of Pectin	210
11.7 The Influence of Extraction Conditions on the Isolation and Recovery of Pectin	211
11.8 Production of Low Methoxyl Pectin	212
11.8.1 Acid De-Esterification	212
11.8.2 Alkali De-Esterification	213
11.8.3 Ammonia De-Esterification	214
11.8.4 Enzymes De-Esterification	214
11.9 Gelling Mechanism of Pectin	215
11.9.1 Gelation of High Methoxyl Pectin	215
11.9.2 Gelation of Low Methoxyl Pectin	216
11.9.3 Comparison Between Gelling Mechanisms of High Methoxyl Pectin and Low Methoxyl Pectin	218
11.9.4 Effect of Pectin Modification on Gelling Mechanisms	218
11.9.5 Factors Affecting the Gelation of Pectins	219
11.9.5.1 Intrinsic Factors Affecting the Gelation of Pectins	219
11.9.5.1.1 Molecular Arrangement.	219
11.9.5.1.2 Molecular Weight.	219
11.9.5.1.3 Carboxyl Distribution.	220
11.9.5.1.4 Degree of Esterification.	220
11.9.5.2 Extrinsic Factors Affecting Gelation of Pectins	220
11.9.5.2.1 Ionic Strength.	220
11.9.5.2.2 pH.	221
11.9.5.2.3 Temperature.	221
11.9.5.2.4 Presence of Co-Solutes.	221
11.10 Conclusion	222
References	222
Chapter 12 - Perspectives on the Development of the Personal Care Industry	227
12.1 Introduction	227
12.1.1 The Rise of Testing Laboratories	228
12.1.2 Training a Workforce	230
12.2 Conclusion	231
Subject Index	232

Polymers for Personal Care Products and Cosmetics

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