BOOK
Pharmacology Updates, An Issue of Nursing Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Pharmacologic options have exploded in recent years, forcing updates and creation of guidelines for their use in a near-simultaneous manner. While some nurses may encounter these new medications at the bedside, drugs with little or no indications in specific arenas may remain unknown to the nurse practicing in a specialized area. This issue of Nursing Clinics of North America offers a broad review of current pharmacologic therapy. Bedside applications (e.g., electronic apps) offering real-time information and updates for clinicians will be highlighted throughout the issue.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Pharmacology Updates\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Foreword: The Role of Pharmacogenomics: The Same Medications Do Not Work the Same on Everyone\r | v | ||
| Preface: Pharmacologic Therapies: An Enduring Nursing Intervention\r | v | ||
| Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval Process: A History and Overview\r | v | ||
| Heart Failure: Overcoming the Physiologic Dilemma Through Evidence-Based Practice\r | v | ||
| Platelet Inhibitors\r | v | ||
| Updates on the Pharmacologic Treatment of Individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus\r | vi | ||
| Pharmacologic Strategies for Treatment of Poisonings\r | vi | ||
| Pharmacotherapy Considerations for the Management of Advanced Cardiac Life Support\r | vi | ||
| Blood Transfusion Strategies for Hemostatic Resuscitation in Massive Trauma\r | vi | ||
| Pain and Agitation Management in Critically Ill Patients\r | vii | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapy in Transplantation\r | vii | ||
| Vaccines and Immunization Practice\r | vii | ||
| NURSING CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\r | viii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | viii | ||
| June 2016 | viii | ||
| September 2016 | viii | ||
| December 2016 | viii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | viii | ||
| December 2015 | viii | ||
| September 2015 | viii | ||
| June 2015 | viii | ||
| Foreword:The Role of \rPharmacogenomics: The Same Medications Do Not Work the Same on Everyone | ix | ||
| REFERENCES | x | ||
| Preface: Pharmacologic Therapies: An Enduring Nursing Intervention \r | xi | ||
| Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval Process | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 2 | ||
| Concepts | 2 | ||
| Center for Drug Evaluation and Research | 3 | ||
| Code of Federal Regulations | 3 | ||
| HISTORY | 3 | ||
| DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND APPROVAL PROCESS | 4 | ||
| Investigational New Drug Application | 5 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 5 | ||
| New Drug Application | 6 | ||
| Standard Reviews | 6 | ||
| Expedited Review | 7 | ||
| Phase 4 Surveillance | 8 | ||
| CRITICISM AND CONTROVERSY | 8 | ||
| SUMMARY | 9 | ||
| REFERENCES | 9 | ||
| Heart Failure | 13 | ||
| Key points | 13 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 14 | ||
| Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction | 14 | ||
| Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction | 15 | ||
| Right Heart Failure | 15 | ||
| THE CHRONIC TO ACUTE CONTINUUM | 15 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT | 16 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC | 17 | ||
| Fluid and Sodium Restrictions | 17 | ||
| Management of Hypertension | 17 | ||
| Obesity | 17 | ||
| Tobacco and Alcohol Use | 17 | ||
| Exercise | 18 | ||
| Routine Vaccinations | 18 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT | 18 | ||
| Diuretic Therapy | 18 | ||
| Aldosterone Antagonist | 18 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 19 | ||
| Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 19 | ||
| Beta-Blocker Therapy | 20 | ||
| Digoxin | 20 | ||
| Hydralazine and Nitrates | 21 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS INOTROPES AND VASODILATORS | 21 | ||
| Dobutamine | 21 | ||
| Milrinone | 21 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION | 22 | ||
| NEW AND EMERGING THERAPIES | 22 | ||
| DIFFERING VIEWS ON THE USE OF INTRAVENOUS NESIRITIDE (NATRECOR) | 22 | ||
| PALLIATIVE CARE | 22 | ||
| SUMMARY | 23 | ||
| REFERENCES | 24 | ||
| Platelet Inhibitors | 29 | ||
| Key points | 29 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 29 | ||
| PLATELET FORMATION AND LIFE CYCLE | 30 | ||
| PLATELET FUNCTION | 30 | ||
| ADHESION | 30 | ||
| ACTIVATION | 30 | ||
| AGGREGATION | 31 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC PLATELET INHIBITORS | 32 | ||
| CYCLOOXYGENASE-1 INHIBITORS: ASPIRIN | 33 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 33 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 33 | ||
| Contraindications | 33 | ||
| PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS: CILOSTAZOL | 33 | ||
| Updates on the Pharmacologic Treatment of Individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 45 | ||
| Key points | 45 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 45 | ||
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 46 | ||
| ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | 46 | ||
| RESISTANCE TESTING | 47 | ||
| UPDATED GUIDELINES FOR FIRST-LINE REGIMENS | 47 | ||
| NUCLEOTIDE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS BACKBONES | 48 | ||
| Emtricitabine/Tenofovir | 48 | ||
| Abacavir/Lamivudine | 49 | ||
| Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Versus Abacavir/Lamivudine | 49 | ||
| PREFERRED PROTEASE INHIBITORS | 49 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors Boosted with Ritonavir | 50 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors Boosted with Cobicistat | 50 | ||
| CHOOSING AMONG INTEGRASE INHIBITORS | 50 | ||
| ENTRY INHIBITORS | 51 | ||
| TREATMENT IN PREGNANCY | 52 | ||
| TREATMENT IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS | 52 | ||
| SUMMARY | 53 | ||
| REFERENCES | 54 | ||
| Pharmacologic Strategies for Treatment of Poisonings | 57 | ||
| Key points | 57 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 57 | ||
| TOXIDROMES | 58 | ||
| Sympathomimetic | 59 | ||
| Anticholinergic (Antimuscarinic) | 59 | ||
| Cholinergic | 59 | ||
| Opioid | 59 | ||
| COMMON PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS | 60 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 60 | ||
| Salicylates | 61 | ||
| β-Blockers and Calcium Channel Blockers | 62 | ||
| Toxic Alcohols | 62 | ||
| ILLICIT SUBSTANCES | 64 | ||
| Bath Salts | 64 | ||
| Synthetic Cannabinoids | 65 | ||
| Molly’s Plant Food | 65 | ||
| SUMMARY | 65 | ||
| REFERENCES | 66 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy Considerations for the Management of Advanced Cardiac Life Support | 69 | ||
| Key points | 69 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 69 | ||
| TYPES OF CARDIAC ARREST | 70 | ||
| GOALS OF ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT | 70 | ||
| VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION/VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA | 71 | ||
| Epinephrine | 73 | ||
| Vasopressin | 73 | ||
| Steroids with Vasopressors | 75 | ||
| Antiarrhythmics | 75 | ||
| Amiodarone | 75 | ||
| Lidocaine | 76 | ||
| Magnesium Sulfate | 76 | ||
| THERAPIES NO LONGER RECOMMENDED DURING CARDIAC ARREST | 76 | ||
| Sodium Bicarbonate | 76 | ||
| Atropine | 77 | ||
| Calcium Chloride | 77 | ||
| PULSELESS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY AND ASYSTOLE | 77 | ||
| POST-CODE MANAGEMENT | 78 | ||
| SUMMARY | 79 | ||
| REFERENCES | 80 | ||
| Blood Transfusion Strategies for Hemostatic Resuscitation in Massive Trauma | 83 | ||
| Key points | 83 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 83 | ||
| LETHAL TRIAD OF TRAUMA | 84 | ||
| Acidosis | 85 | ||
| Hypothermia | 85 | ||
| Coagulopathy | 85 | ||
| Fresh Whole Blood Transfusion | 85 | ||
| 1:1:1 Component Therapy | 85 | ||
| Nonhemostatic Resuscitation | 85 | ||
| Hemostatic Resuscitation | 86 | ||
| ACUTE COAGULOPATHY OF TRAUMA | 86 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF MASSIVE TRANSFUSION PROTOCOLS | 87 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR FRESH WHOLE BLOOD TRANSFUSION | 88 | ||
| ADVANTAGES OF FRESH WHOLE BLOOD OVER COMPONENT THERAPY | 88 | ||
| INFECTIOUS DISEASE TESTING | 89 | ||
| SUMMARY | 89 | ||
| REFERENCES | 91 | ||
| Pain and Agitation Management in Critically Ill Patients | 95 | ||
| Key points | 95 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 95 | ||
| PAIN IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT | 96 | ||
| TREATMENT OF PAIN | 96 | ||
| Fentanyl | 96 | ||
| Hydromorphone | 98 | ||
| Morphine | 98 | ||
| Methadone | 98 | ||
| Ketamine | 99 | ||
| NEUROPATHIC PAIN | 99 | ||
| Gabapentin | 99 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 99 | ||
| SEDATION | 100 | ||
| LEVEL OF SEDATION | 100 | ||
| SEDATIVE AGENTS | 101 | ||
| Dexmedetomidine | 101 | ||
| Propofol | 103 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 103 | ||
| Analgosedation | 103 | ||
| SEDATIVES AND ICU DELIRIUM | 104 | ||
| SUMMARY | 104 | ||
| REFERENCES | 104 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapy in Transplantation | 107 | ||
| Key points | 107 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 107 | ||
| INDUCTION THERAPY | 108 | ||
| MAINTENANCE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY | 110 | ||
| Calcineurin Inhibitors | 111 | ||
| Antiproliferative Agents | 114 | ||
| Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors | 115 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 115 | ||
| Biologic Agents | 116 | ||
| RESCUE THERAPY | 116 | ||
| FOOD AND DRUG INTERACTIONS | 116 | ||
| SUMMARY | 117 | ||
| REFERENCES | 117 | ||
| Vaccines and Immunization Practice | 121 | ||
| Key points | 121 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 121 | ||
| IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULES | 122 | ||
| VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES | 123 | ||
| Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis | 123 | ||
| Measles, Mumps, and Rubella | 125 | ||
| Haemophilus Influenza Type B | 126 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 126 | ||
| Rotavirus | 127 | ||
| Hepatitis A Virus | 128 | ||
| Varicella (Chickenpox) and Herpes Zoster (Shingles) | 129 | ||
| Pneumococcal Vaccines | 130 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus | 130 | ||
| Meningococcal | 130 | ||
| Influenza | 132 | ||
| SUMMARY | 133 | ||
| REFERENCES | 133 | ||
| Index | 137 |