BOOK
Pharmacology for the Dentist, An Issue of Dental Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Dental Clinics of North America focuses on Pharmacology and Therapeutics for the Dentist. Articles will include: Emergency Drugs for the Dental Office; Oral Sedation for Adult and Pediatric Dental Patients; Update on Analgesic Medication for Adult and Pediatric Dental Patients; Medication Management for TMD/TMJ Dental Patients; Medications and their Role in the Chronic Facial/Neuropathic Pain of Dental Patients; Medication Management for Xerostomia and Glossodynia in the Dental Patient; Update on Topical and Local Anesthesia Agents for Dental Patients; Current Concepts of Prophylactic Antibiotics for Dental Patients; Medication Management of Jaw Lesions for Dental Patients; Current Update on Antibiotic Therapy for Odontogenic Infections in Dental Patients; Review of Top 10 Prescribed Drugs and their Interaction with Dental Treatment; Botox: Review and Its Role in the Dental Office; Medication and the Gravid and Nursing Dental Patient; Conscious IV Sedation in Dentistry: A Review of Current Therapy; Medications to Assist in Tobacco Cessation for the Dental Patient; Topical and Systemic Drugs in the Treatment of Oral Ulcers for the Dental Patient, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Clinical Pharmacology for Dentists\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Clinical Pharmacology for Dentists\r | vii | ||
| Emergency Drugs for the Dental Office \r | vii | ||
| Oral Sedation in the Dental Office\r | vii | ||
| Conscious Intravenous Sedation in Dentistry: A Review of Current Therapy\r | vii | ||
| Update on Analgesic Medication for Adult and Pediatric Dental Patients\r | vii | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment for Temporomandibular Disorders \r | viii | ||
| Orofacial Pain: Pharmacologic Paradigms for Therapeutic Intervention\r | viii | ||
| The Pharmacologic Management of Common Lesions of the Oral Cavity\r | viii | ||
| Review of Top 10 Prescribed Drugs and Their Interaction with Dental Treatment\r | viii | ||
| Hyposalivation and Xerostomia: Etiology, Complications, and Medical Management\r | ix | ||
| Updates of Topical and Local Anesthesia Agents\r | ix | ||
| Current Concepts of Prophylactic Antibiotics for Dental Patients\r | ix | ||
| Medication Management of Jaw Lesions for Dental Patients\r | ix | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy in Management of Odontogenic Infections in General Dentistry\r | x | ||
| Botulinum Toxin Type A: Review and Its Role in the Dental Office\r | x | ||
| Medication for Gravid and Nursing Dental Patients\r | x | ||
| Medications to Assist in Tobacco Cessation for Dental Patients\r | x | ||
| DENTAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| July 2016 | xi | ||
| October 2016 | xi | ||
| January 2017 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| January 2016 | xi | ||
| October 2015 | xi | ||
| July 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface: Clinical Pharmacology for Dentists\r | xiii | ||
| GENERAL DENTISTRY | xiii | ||
| Definition of Dentistry: | xiii | ||
| Emergency Drugs for the Dental Office | 287 | ||
| Key points | 287 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 287 | ||
| Emergency Equipment | 288 | ||
| EMERGENCY MEDICATIONS | 289 | ||
| Oxygen | 290 | ||
| Respiratory Stimulants: Aromatic Ammonia | 290 | ||
| Antiplatelets: Aspirin | 290 | ||
| β2-agonists | 291 | ||
| Antihypoglycemic Agents: Glucose | 291 | ||
| Nitroglycerine | 291 | ||
| Epinephrine | 291 | ||
| Diphenhydramine | 291 | ||
| EMERGENCY MEDICATIONS FOR INTRAVENOUS SEDATION | 291 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 292 | ||
| Ephedrine | 292 | ||
| Phenylephrine | 292 | ||
| Naloxone | 292 | ||
| Flumazenil | 292 | ||
| Labetalol | 293 | ||
| MEDICATION STORAGE AND MONITORING | 293 | ||
| SUMMARY | 293 | ||
| REFERENCES | 293 | ||
| Oral Sedation in the Dental Office | 295 | ||
| Key points | 295 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION | 301 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION | 301 | ||
| PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS | 302 | ||
| MONITORING AND DOCUMENTATION | 302 | ||
| Monitoring for Minimal Sedation | 302 | ||
| Monitoring for Moderate Sedation | 302 | ||
| Documentation | 303 | ||
| RECOVERY AND DISCHARGE | 303 | ||
| EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT | 303 | ||
| SUMMARY | 307 | ||
| REFERENCES | 307 | ||
| Conscious Intravenous Sedation in Dentistry | 309 | ||
| Key points | 309 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 309 | ||
| MODERATE/CONSCIOUS SEDATION | 310 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT | 312 | ||
| Medical History, Dental and Physical Examination | 313 | ||
| Medications | 313 | ||
| Physical Evaluation | 314 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS | 315 | ||
| Inhalation Agents | 316 | ||
| Nitrous oxide | 316 | ||
| Sedative-Hypnotic Agents | 317 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 317 | ||
| Barbiturates | 318 | ||
| Propofol (Diprivan) | 319 | ||
| Narcotics Analgesics | 320 | ||
| Opioids | 320 | ||
| Dissociative Agents | 322 | ||
| Phencyclidines (ketamine) | 322 | ||
| Etomidate (Amidate) | 323 | ||
| Reversal Agents and Fluids | 324 | ||
| Flumazenil | 324 | ||
| Naloxone | 324 | ||
| Intravenous Fluids | 324 | ||
| Normal saline (0.9% weight/volume) intravenous infusion blood pressure | 325 | ||
| Dextrose 0.5% and 0.9% sodium chloride injection United States pharmacopeia | 325 | ||
| MONITORING | 325 | ||
| Arterial Blood Pressure | 325 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 326 | ||
| Capnography | 327 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 329 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 330 | ||
| CONSIDERATION FOR INTRAVENOUS CONSCIOUS/MODERATE SEDATION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS | 332 | ||
| Preoperative | 333 | ||
| Equipment, Supplies, and Monitoring | 334 | ||
| Medications | 334 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Agents | 334 | ||
| Postprocedure Care | 335 | ||
| SUMMARY | 335 | ||
| REFERENCES | 336 | ||
| Update on Analgesic Medication for Adult and Pediatric Dental Patients | 347 | ||
| Key points | 347 | ||
| OPIOID ANALGESICS | 350 | ||
| Opioid Pharmacodynamics | 351 | ||
| Opioid Pharmacokinetics | 351 | ||
| Side Effects | 351 | ||
| Morphine | 352 | ||
| Methadone | 353 | ||
| Meperidine | 353 | ||
| Fentanyl | 354 | ||
| Remifentanil | 354 | ||
| Naloxone | 354 | ||
| Codeine | 354 | ||
| Oxycodone | 355 | ||
| Hydrocodone | 355 | ||
| Pentazocine | 356 | ||
| Hydromorphone | 356 | ||
| Propoxyphene (Darvon) | 356 | ||
| Tapentadol | 356 | ||
| Tramadol | 356 | ||
| NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS | 357 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 357 | ||
| Side Effects | 357 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 357 | ||
| Renal | 357 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 358 | ||
| Pediatric Use | 358 | ||
| DRUGS | 361 | ||
| Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics | 361 | ||
| Side Effects | 362 | ||
| Pediatric Use | 362 | ||
| Interesting Facts and Suggestions | 362 | ||
| REFERENCES | 364 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment for Temporomandibular Disorders | 367 | ||
| Key points | 367 | ||
| ANTIDEPRESSANTS | 368 | ||
| SPASMOLYTIC | 369 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CYCLOBENZAPRINE | 369 | ||
| DOSAGE | 369 | ||
| BENZODIAZAPINES | 369 | ||
| NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS | 370 | ||
| Corticosteroids in Intra-Articular Injections | 372 | ||
| Corticosteroids in intramuscular injections | 372 | ||
| Hyaluronic acid | 373 | ||
| What is it? | 373 | ||
| How it is used or injected? | 374 | ||
| Technique for intra-articular injections with arthrocentesis | 374 | ||
| Technique | 375 | ||
| Superior space injection technique | 375 | ||
| Inferior joint space injection technique | 375 | ||
| The role of opioids for chronic nonmalignant pain | 375 | ||
| SUMMARY | 378 | ||
| REFERENCES | 378 | ||
| Orofacial Pain | 381 | ||
| Key points | 381 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 381 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 382 | ||
| NEUROPHYSIOLOGY | 383 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT | 383 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain (NP) | 383 | ||
| Episodic neuropathic pain | 387 | ||
| Trigeminal neuralgia | 387 | ||
| Anticonvulsive agents | 387 | ||
| Antidepressants | 388 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal neuralgia | 388 | ||
| Occipital neuralgia | 388 | ||
| Continuous neuropathic pain | 388 | ||
| Peripheral trigeminal neuritis | 388 | ||
| Peripheral neuritis | 390 | ||
| Herpes zoster/postherpetic neuralgia | 390 | ||
| Atypical odontalgia/nonodontogenic toothache | 391 | ||
| Burning mouth syndrome | 391 | ||
| Neurovascular Pain | 392 | ||
| Migraines | 392 | ||
| Abortive medications | 393 | ||
| Preventive medications | 393 | ||
| Tension-type headache | 393 | ||
| Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias | 394 | ||
| Cluster headaches | 394 | ||
| Paroxysmal hemicranias | 394 | ||
| Vascular Headaches | 394 | ||
| Cranial arteritis | 395 | ||
| Carotidynia | 395 | ||
| TOPICAL MEDICATIONS FOR OROFACIAL PAIN | 395 | ||
| Topical Anesthetics | 396 | ||
| Lidocaine patches | 396 | ||
| Proparacaine | 396 | ||
| Streptomycin and lidocaine | 396 | ||
| Vanilloid Compounds (Capsaicin) | 396 | ||
| Topical Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 398 | ||
| Ketoprofen | 398 | ||
| Diclofenac | 398 | ||
| Antidepressants | 398 | ||
| Sympathomimetic Agents | 398 | ||
| N-Methyl-D-Aspartate–Blocking Agents | 399 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 399 | ||
| BOTULINUM A TOXIN (BOTOX) | 399 | ||
| SUMMARY/FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 400 | ||
| REFERENCES | 400 | ||
| The Pharmacologic Management of Common Lesions of the Oral Cavity | 407 | ||
| Key points | 407 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 407 | ||
| APHTHOUS LESIONS, ALSO KNOWN AS CANKER SORES | 407 | ||
| ORAL HERPES | 410 | ||
| CANDIDIASIS | 411 | ||
| LICHEN PLANUS | 412 | ||
| PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS | 416 | ||
| MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID | 416 | ||
| SUMMARY | 418 | ||
| REFERENCES | 418 | ||
| Review of Top 10 Prescribed Drugs and Their Interaction with Dental Treatment | 421 | ||
| Key points | 421 | ||
| LEVOTHYROXINE | 422 | ||
| Background | 422 | ||
| Pharmacology | 422 | ||
| Interactions with Dental Treatment | 422 | ||
| ACETAMINOPHEN WITH HYDROCODONE | 423 | ||
| Background | 423 | ||
| Pharmacology | 423 | ||
| Interactions with Dental Treatment | 423 | ||
| Patients on chronic opioids | 424 | ||
| Patients with hepatic impairment | 424 | ||
| Drug–drug interactions | 424 | ||
| LISINOPRIL | 424 | ||
| Background | 424 | ||
| Pharmacology | 425 | ||
| Interactions with Dental Treatment | 425 | ||
| Drug–drug interactions | 426 | ||
| METOPROLOL | 426 | ||
| Updates of Topical and Local Anesthesia Agents | 445 | ||
| Key points | 445 | ||
| TOPICAL ANESTHETICS | 448 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 450 | ||
| Systemic Effects of LAs | 456 | ||
| Terminology/Synonyms of Common Amide Drugs Used | 456 | ||
| Vasoconstrictors in Local Anesthetics | 456 | ||
| Dose Calculations | 457 | ||
| (i) Maximum doses of local anesthetic | 457 | ||
| (ii) Maximum doses of vasoconstrictor | 458 | ||
| Determining Factors for Effect of Anesthetic | 458 | ||
| The role of pKa and pH | 458 | ||
| Lipid solubility | 458 | ||
| Auxiliary Techniques (Topicals and Injections) | 459 | ||
| PERIODONTAL ANESTHETICS | 460 | ||
| Trigger-Point Injections | 462 | ||
| Intraosseous Injection | 463 | ||
| Intrasulcular Infusion | 466 | ||
| SUMMARY | 469 | ||
| REFERENCES | 469 | ||
| Current Concepts of Prophylactic Antibiotics for Dental Patients | 473 | ||
| Key points | 473 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 473 | ||
| HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS GUIDELINES FOR INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS | 474 | ||
| Justification for Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Prevention of Infective Endocarditis | 474 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT | 476 | ||
| HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS TO PREVENT PROSTHETIC JOINT INFECTION | 477 | ||
| ANTIBIOTIC REGIMENT RECOMMENDATION | 479 | ||
| SUMMARY | 479 | ||
| REFERENCES | 480 | ||
| Medication Management of Jaw Lesions for Dental Patients | 483 | ||
| Key points | 483 | ||
| INTRALESIONAL INJECTION | 484 | ||
| CENTRAL GIANT CELL LESION | 484 | ||
| Steroids | 484 | ||
| Triamcinolone acetonide | 485 | ||
| Triamcinolone hexacetonide | 485 | ||
| Calcitonin | 485 | ||
| Interferon | 486 | ||
| ANEURYSMAL BONE CYSTS | 486 | ||
| Methylprednisolone | 487 | ||
| Aqueous Calcium Sulfate | 487 | ||
| HISTIOCYTOSIS | 487 | ||
| Steroids | 488 | ||
| Methylprednisolone | 488 | ||
| LOW-FLOW VASCULAR MALFORMATION | 488 | ||
| HEMANGIOMA | 489 | ||
| Triamcinolone Acetonide | 489 | ||
| Bleomycin | 490 | ||
| Sodium Morrhuate | 490 | ||
| ORAL LICHEN PLANUS | 490 | ||
| ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST | 490 | ||
| Carnoy Solution | 491 | ||
| Liquid Nitrogen | 491 | ||
| ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS | 491 | ||
| PAGET DISEASE | 492 | ||
| Calcitonin | 492 | ||
| SUMMARY | 492 | ||
| REFERENCES | 492 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy in Management of Odontogenic Infections in General Dentistry | 497 | ||
| Key points | 497 | ||
| EXAMINATION AND ASSESSMENT | 498 | ||
| STAGES OF ABSCESS DEVELOPMENT | 498 | ||
| ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS | 499 | ||
| SURGICAL INTERVENTION | 500 | ||
| Microbiology of an Odontogenic Infection | 500 | ||
| ANTIBIOTICS OF CHOICE | 501 | ||
| DURATION OF ANTIBIOTICS | 503 | ||
| COST OF ANTIBIOTICS | 503 | ||
| ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE | 503 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY AND DRUG INTERACTIONS | 505 | ||
| SUMMARY | 506 | ||
| REFERENCES | 506 | ||
| Botulinum Toxin Type A | 509 | ||
| Key points | 509 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION | 510 | ||
| PREPARATION AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS | 510 | ||
| PERIORAL REGION | 512 | ||
| Excessive Gingival Display | 512 | ||
| Lipstick Lines | 512 | ||
| Corners of the Mouth | 514 | ||
| Chin Dimpling | 514 | ||
| Masseter Treatments | 515 | ||
| PERIORBITAL AND MIDFACIAL REGIONS | 516 | ||
| Jelly Roll | 516 | ||
| Crow's Feet | 517 | ||
| Nasal Treatment | 518 | ||
| UPPER FACE | 518 | ||
| Frown Lines | 518 | ||
| Forehead Wrinkles | 519 | ||
| SUMMARY | 520 | ||
| REFERENCES | 520 | ||
| Medication for Gravid and Nursing Dental Patients | 523 | ||
| Key points | 523 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY IN LACTATING PATIENTS | 526 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 526 | ||
| DRUG SAFETY MEASUREMENTS | 528 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 528 | ||
| COMMON ANTIBIOTICS | 529 | ||
| TRIMETHOPRIM/SULFAMETHOXAZOLE | 529 | ||
| PAIN MANAGEMENT | 529 | ||
| PARACETAMOL (ACETAMINOPHEN) | 529 | ||
| OPIOIDS | 529 | ||
| ANXIOLYTICS | 530 | ||
| SUMMARY | 530 | ||
| REFERENCES | 531 | ||
| Medications to Assist in Tobacco Cessation for Dental Patients | 533 | ||
| Key points | 533 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 533 | ||
| FIVE A'S | 534 | ||
| Ask | 534 | ||
| Advise | 534 | ||
| Assess | 534 | ||
| Assist | 534 | ||
| Arrange | 534 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY | 534 | ||
| Nicotine Replacement Therapy | 536 | ||
| Buproprion | 537 | ||
| Varenicline | 537 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY | 538 | ||
| TREATMENT RESISTANCE | 538 | ||
| RELAPSE | 539 | ||
| SUMMARY | 539 | ||
| REFERENCES | 539 | ||
| Index | 541 |