BOOK
Burns and Grove's The Practice of Nursing Research - E-Book
Jennifer R. Gray | Susan K. Grove | Suzanne Sutherland
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Awarded first place in the 2017 AJN Book of the Year Awards in the Nursing Research category. Master the research methods used as a foundation for evidence-based practice! Burns and Grove’s The Practice of Nursing Research, 8th Edition provides a solid foundation in the appraisal, synthesis, and generation of research evidence for clinical nursing practice. Not only will you learn how to properly evaluate and use existing research evidence, but you’ll also learn how to participate in research and quality improvement projects. Updated to reflect today’s focus on online research and evidence-based practice, this edition includes clear, step-by-step guidelines to research procedures as well as many examples from current and classic literature. From an expert author team led by Jennifer Gray, this book helps you perform scholarly research for evidence-based practice.
- Emphasis on evidence-based practice helps you learn to generate research evidence and to appraise and synthesize existing research for application to clinical practice.
- Emphasis on qualitative research includes phenomenological research, grounded theory research, ethnographic research, exploratory-descriptive research, and historical research.
- Coverage of quantitative, qualitative, and other research methodologies gives you a solid foundation to conduct, appraise, and apply research evidence to the realities of today’s clinical practice.
- Rich examples from the nursing literature bring research principles to life.
- Information on collecting digital data guides you through the use of online research.
- Clear, comprehensive coverage is organized into five units: 1) Introduction to Nursing Research, 2) The Research Process, 3) Putting It All Together for Evidence-Based Health Care, 4) Analyzing Data, Determining Outcomes, and Disseminating Research, and 5) Proposing and Seeking Funding for Research.
- NEW Mixed Methods Research chapter and emphasis covers this increasingly popular approach to research.
- NEW! Expanded emphasis on qualitative research provides more balanced coverage of qualitative and quantitative methods, addressing the qualitative research methodologies that are often the starting point of research projects, particularly in magnet hospitals and DNP programs.
- ENHANCED emphasis on evidence-based practice addresses this key graduate-level QSEN competency.
- UPDATED emphasis on the most currently used research methodologies focuses on the methods used in both quantitative research and qualitative research, as well as outcomes research and mixed methods research.
- NEW! Quick-reference summaries are located inside the book's covers, including a table of research methods on the inside front cover and a list of types of research syntheses (with definitions) inside the back cover.
- NEW student resources on the Evolve companion website include 400 interactive review questions along with a library of 10 Elsevier research articles.
- NEW! Colorful design highlights key information such as tables and research examples
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Simple TOC | i | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Burns & Grove's The Practice of Nursing Research | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Reviewers | vii | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| New Content | ix | ||
| Student Ancillaries | x | ||
| Instructor Ancillaries | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xii | ||
| Unit One Introduction to Nursing Research | 1 | ||
| 1 Discovering the World of Nursing Research | 1 | ||
| Definition of Nursing Research | 1 | ||
| Framework Linking Nursing Research to the World of Nursing | 2 | ||
| Concrete-Abstract Continuum | 2 | ||
| Empirical World | 3 | ||
| Reality Testing Using Research | 3 | ||
| Roles of Nurses in Research | 4 | ||
| Abstract Thought Processes | 5 | ||
| Introspection | 5 | ||
| Intuition | 5 | ||
| Reasoning | 6 | ||
| Problematic reasoning. | 6 | ||
| Operational reasoning. | 6 | ||
| Dialectic reasoning. | 6 | ||
| Logical reasoning. | 7 | ||
| Science | 7 | ||
| Theory | 8 | ||
| Knowledge | 8 | ||
| Ways of Acquiring Nursing Knowledge | 9 | ||
| Traditions. | 9 | ||
| Authority. | 9 | ||
| Borrowing. | 9 | ||
| Trial and error. | 9 | ||
| Personal experience. | 10 | ||
| Role-modeling and mentorship. | 10 | ||
| Philosophy | 11 | ||
| Significance of Research in Building an Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing | 11 | ||
| Focus of Research Evidence in Nursing | 12 | ||
| Description | 12 | ||
| Explanation | 13 | ||
| Prediction | 14 | ||
| Control. | 14 | ||
| Key Points | 15 | ||
| References | 15 | ||
| 2 Evolution of Research in Building Evidence-Based Nursing Practice | 18 | ||
| Historical Development of Research in Nursing | 18 | ||
| Florence Nightingale | 18 | ||
| Early 1900s | 20 | ||
| Nursing Research in the 1950s and 1960s | 20 | ||
| Nursing Research in the 1970s | 21 | ||
| Nursing Research in the 1980s and 1990s | 22 | ||
| Nursing Research in the 21st Century | 23 | ||
| Research Focused on Health Promotion and Illness Prevention | 24 | ||
| Linking Quality and Safety Education for Nursing (QSEN) Competencies and Nursing Research | 24 | ||
| Current Mission for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | 24 | ||
| National Institute of Nursing Research Mission and Strategic Plan | 25 | ||
| Methodologies for Developing Research Evidence in Nursing | 25 | ||
| Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research | 25 | ||
| Philosophical Origins of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods | 25 | ||
| Focuses of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods | 26 | ||
| Uniqueness of Conducting Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research | 27 | ||
| Classification of Research Methodologies Presented in This Text | 27 | ||
| Quantitative Research Methods | 28 | ||
| Descriptive Research | 28 | ||
| Correlational Research | 28 | ||
| Quasi-Experimental Research | 28 | ||
| Experimental Research | 29 | ||
| Qualitative Research Methods | 29 | ||
| Phenomenological Research | 29 | ||
| Grounded Theory Research | 29 | ||
| Ethnographic Research | 29 | ||
| Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative Research | 29 | ||
| Historical Research | 29 | ||
| Mixed Methods Research | 30 | ||
| Outcomes Research | 30 | ||
| Introduction to Best Research Evidence for Practice | 30 | ||
| Definition of Best Research Evidence | 30 | ||
| Levels of Research Evidence | 32 | ||
| Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines | 33 | ||
| Key Points | 34 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| 3 Introduction to Quantitative Research | 37 | ||
| The Scientific Method | 37 | ||
| Terminology: Methodology, Design, Method | 38 | ||
| Types of Quantitative Research | 38 | ||
| Descriptive Research | 39 | ||
| Correlational Research | 39 | ||
| Experimental Research | 40 | ||
| Quasi-Experimental Research | 40 | ||
| Applied Versus Basic Research | 41 | ||
| Applied Research | 42 | ||
| Rigor in Quantitative Research | 42 | ||
| Control in Quantitative Research | 43 | ||
| Sampling and Attrition | 44 | ||
| Research Settings | 45 | ||
| Control Groups Versus Comparison Groups | 45 | ||
| Steps of the Quantitative Research Process | 45 | ||
| The Iterative Process | 45 | ||
| Formulating a Research Problem and Purpose | 47 | ||
| Review of the Literature | 48 | ||
| Frameworks | 49 | ||
| Making Assumptions Explicit | 49 | ||
| Formulating Research Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses | 50 | ||
| Defining Study Concepts and Variables | 51 | ||
| Selecting a Research Design | 52 | ||
| Defining the Population and Sample | 53 | ||
| Selecting Methods of Measurement | 53 | ||
| Developing a Plan for Data Collection and Analysis | 54 | ||
| Implementing the Research Plan | 54 | ||
| Pilot Studies | 54 | ||
| Data Collection | 55 | ||
| Data Analysis | 56 | ||
| Interpreting Research Outcomes | 57 | ||
| Communicating Research Findings | 58 | ||
| Key Points | 58 | ||
| References | 58 | ||
| 4 Introduction to Qualitative Research | 62 | ||
| Perspective of the Qualitative Researcher | 62 | ||
| Philosophy Describes a View of Science | 63 | ||
| Philosophy Guides Methods | 63 | ||
| Philosophy Guides Criteria of Rigor | 64 | ||
| Approaches to Qualitative Research | 65 | ||
| Phenomenological Research | 65 | ||
| Philosophical Orientation | 65 | ||
| Phenomenology’s Contribution to Nursing Science | 66 | ||
| Grounded Theory Research | 67 | ||
| Philosophical Orientation | 67 | ||
| Grounded Theory’s Contribution to Nursing Science | 67 | ||
| Ethnographic Research | 68 | ||
| Philosophical Orientation | 68 | ||
| Ethnography’s Contribution to Nursing Science | 69 | ||
| Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative Research | 69 | ||
| Philosophical Orientation | 70 | ||
| Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative Research’s Contribution to Nursing Science | 70 | ||
| Historical Research | 71 | ||
| Philosophical Orientation | 71 | ||
| Historical Research’s Contribution to Nursing Science | 71 | ||
| Other Approaches to Qualitative Research | 72 | ||
| Key Points | 73 | ||
| References | 73 | ||
| Unit Two The Research Process | 76 | ||
| 5 Research Problem and Purpose | 76 | ||
| The Research Problem | 76 | ||
| Types of Research Problems and Gaps | 76 | ||
| Elements That Comprise the Research Problem Statement | 77 | ||
| The Research Purpose | 78 | ||
| Sources of Research Problems | 78 | ||
| Identifying a Problem Area | 78 | ||
| Clinical Practice | 78 | ||
| Professional Journals in One’s Area of Expertise | 79 | ||
| Collaboration with Faculty and Nurse Researchers | 79 | ||
| Research Priorities Identified by Funding Agencies and Specialty Groups | 80 | ||
| Refining the Research Problem Area | 80 | ||
| Discussions with Peers | 80 | ||
| Literature Review | 81 | ||
| Replication research. | 81 | ||
| To Summarize: How to Decide on a Problem Area and Formulate a Purpose Statement | 83 | ||
| How to Decide on a Problem Area | 83 | ||
| How to Formulate a Purpose Statement | 83 | ||
| What Is Researchable | 83 | ||
| Which Methodology Is Suitable | 84 | ||
| Whether the Plans are Realistic | 85 | ||
| What Is Reasonable | 85 | ||
| Examples of Research Topics, Problems, and Purposes for Different Types of Research | 86 | ||
| Quantitative Research | 86 | ||
| Qualitative Research | 87 | ||
| Mixed Methods Research | 92 | ||
| Outcomes Research | 93 | ||
| Key Points | 93 | ||
| References | 93 | ||
| 6 Objectives, Questions, Variables, and Hypotheses | 98 | ||
| Levels of Abstraction | 98 | ||
| Purposes, Objectives, and Aims | 99 | ||
| Formulating Objectives or Aims in Quantitative Studies | 100 | ||
| Formulating Objectives or Aims in Qualitative Studies | 101 | ||
| How to Construct Research Questions | 101 | ||
| Formulating Questions in Quantitative Studies | 103 | ||
| Formulating Questions in Qualitative Studies | 104 | ||
| Variables in Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research | 104 | ||
| Concepts in Qualitative Research | 105 | ||
| Types of Variables in Quantitative Research | 105 | ||
| Demographic Variables | 105 | ||
| Independent and Dependent Variables | 106 | ||
| Interventional research designs: independent and dependent variables. | 106 | ||
| Predictive correlational design: independent and dependent variables. | 107 | ||
| Extraneous variables in interventional and correlational studies. | 107 | ||
| Confounding variables in interventional studies. | 107 | ||
| Other Variables Encountered in Quantitative Research | 108 | ||
| Variables Pertaining to Measurement | 109 | ||
| Defining Concepts and Operationalizing Variables in Quantitative Studies | 109 | ||
| Conceptual Definitions | 109 | ||
| Defining Concepts in Qualitative Research | 110 | ||
| Operational Definitions in Quantitative Research | 110 | ||
| Hypotheses | 111 | ||
| Types of Hypotheses | 112 | ||
| Causal versus Associative Hypotheses | 112 | ||
| Simple versus Complex Hypotheses | 112 | ||
| Nondirectional Versus Directional Hypotheses | 113 | ||
| Null Versus Research Hypotheses | 113 | ||
| Putting Various Hypothesis Types Together | 114 | ||
| Testing Hypotheses | 114 | ||
| Mixed Methods Research and Outcomes Research | 114 | ||
| Key Points | 117 | ||
| References | 117 | ||
| 7 Review of Relevant Literature | 120 | ||
| Getting Started: Frequently Asked Questions | 120 | ||
| What Is a Literature Review? | 120 | ||
| What Is the “Literature”? | 120 | ||
| What Types of Literature Can I Expect to Find? | 121 | ||
| Why Write a Review of the Literature? | 123 | ||
| Writing a Course Paper | 123 | ||
| Evaluating Clinical Practice | 123 | ||
| Developing a Qualitative Research Proposal | 123 | ||
| Developing a Quantitative Research Proposal | 124 | ||
| Practical Considerations for Performing a Literature Review | 125 | ||
| How Long Will the Review of the Literature Take? | 125 | ||
| How Many Sources Do I Need to Review? | 126 | ||
| Am I Expected to Read Every Word of the Available Sources? | 126 | ||
| Stages of a Literature Review | 126 | ||
| Searching the Literature | 126 | ||
| Develop a Search Plan | 127 | ||
| Select Databases to Search | 127 | ||
| Search Strategies | 127 | ||
| Keywords | 127 | ||
| Authors | 128 | ||
| Complex Searches | 129 | ||
| Limit Your Search | 129 | ||
| Search the Internet | 130 | ||
| Locate Relevant Literature | 130 | ||
| Systematically Record References | 131 | ||
| Use Reference Management Software | 131 | ||
| Saved Searches and Alerts | 132 | ||
| Processing the Literature | 132 | ||
| Reading | 132 | ||
| Appraising and Analyzing Sources for Possible Inclusion in a Review | 132 | ||
| Sorting Your Sources | 133 | ||
| Synthesizing Sources | 133 | ||
| Writing the Review of Literature | 134 | ||
| Writing Suggestions | 134 | ||
| Organization of Written Reviews | 134 | ||
| Introduction | 135 | ||
| Discussion of Theoretical Literature | 135 | ||
| Discussion of Empirical Literature | 135 | ||
| Summary | 135 | ||
| Refining the Written Review | 135 | ||
| Checking References | 135 | ||
| Key Points | 136 | ||
| References | 136 | ||
| 8 Frameworks | 138 | ||
| Introduction of Terms | 138 | ||
| Concept | 138 | ||
| Relational Statements | 139 | ||
| Conceptual Models | 139 | ||
| Theory | 139 | ||
| Middle-Range Theories | 140 | ||
| Research Frameworks | 140 | ||
| Understanding Concepts | 140 | ||
| Concept Synthesis | 141 | ||
| Concept Derivation | 141 | ||
| Concept Analysis | 141 | ||
| Examining Statements | 142 | ||
| Characteristics of Relational Statements | 143 | ||
| Direction | 143 | ||
| Shape | 144 | ||
| Strength | 144 | ||
| Sequential Relationships | 145 | ||
| Probability of Occurrence | 146 | ||
| Necessity | 146 | ||
| Sufficiency | 146 | ||
| Levels of Abstraction of Statements | 146 | ||
| Grand Theories | 147 | ||
| Middle-Range Theories | 147 | ||
| Appraising Theories and Research Frameworks | 148 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of a Research Framework | 148 | ||
| Developing a Research Framework for Study | 150 | ||
| Identifying and Adapting an Existing Theory | 150 | ||
| Synthesis From Research Findings | 151 | ||
| Proposing a Framework From Practice Experiences | 151 | ||
| Defining Relevant Concepts | 152 | ||
| Developing Relational Statements | 152 | ||
| Developing Hierarchical Statement Sets | 153 | ||
| Constructing a Conceptual Map | 153 | ||
| Key Points | 153 | ||
| References | 154 | ||
| 9 Ethics in Research | 157 | ||
| Historical Events Affecting the Development of Ethical Codes and Regulations | 157 | ||
| Tuskegee Syphilis Study | 158 | ||
| Nazi Medical Experiments | 158 | ||
| Nuremberg Code | 159 | ||
| Declaration of Helsinki | 159 | ||
| Guatemala Sexually Transmitted Disease Study | 160 | ||
| Willowbrook Study | 160 | ||
| Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study | 160 | ||
| Early U.S. Government Research Regulations | 161 | ||
| U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare | 161 | ||
| National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research | 161 | ||
| Standards for Privacy for Research Data | 161 | ||
| Protection of Human Rights | 162 | ||
| Right to Self-Determination | 162 | ||
| Preventing Violation of Research Subjects’ Right to Self-Determination | 163 | ||
| Protecting Persons With Diminished Autonomy | 163 | ||
| Legally or mentally incompetent subjects. | 164 | ||
| Neonates. | 164 | ||
| Children. | 164 | ||
| Adults with diminished capacity. | 166 | ||
| Other vulnerable populations. | 167 | ||
| Pregnant women. | 167 | ||
| Terminally ill subjects. | 167 | ||
| Subjects who are hospitalized or imprisoned. | 167 | ||
| Right to Privacy | 168 | ||
| De-Identifying Protected Health Information Under the Privacy Rule | 169 | ||
| Limited Data Set and Data Use Agreement | 169 | ||
| Right to Anonymity and Confidentiality | 170 | ||
| Breach of Confidentiality | 170 | ||
| Maintaining Confidentiality | 170 | ||
| Right to Fair Treatment | 172 | ||
| Fair Selection of Subjects | 172 | ||
| Fair Treatment of Subjects | 172 | ||
| Right to Protection from Discomfort and Harm | 173 | ||
| No Anticipated Effects | 173 | ||
| Temporary Discomfort | 173 | ||
| Unusual Levels of Temporary Discomfort | 173 | ||
| Risk of Permanent Damage | 174 | ||
| Certainty of Permanent Damage | 174 | ||
| Balancing Benefits and Risks for a Study | 174 | ||
| Assessment of Benefits | 174 | ||
| Assessment of Risks | 175 | ||
| Benefit-Risk Ratio | 175 | ||
| Human Subject Protection in Genomics Research | 175 | ||
| Obtaining Informed Consent | 176 | ||
| Information Essential for Consent | 176 | ||
| Introduction of Research Activities | 176 | ||
| Description of Risks and Discomforts | 177 | ||
| Description of Benefits | 177 | ||
| Disclosure of Alternatives | 177 | ||
| Assurance of Anonymity and Confidentiality | 177 | ||
| Compensation for Participation in Research | 177 | ||
| Offer to Answer Questions | 177 | ||
| Noncoercive Disclaimer | 178 | ||
| Option to Withdraw | 178 | ||
| Consent to Incomplete Disclosure | 178 | ||
| Comprehension of Consent Information | 178 | ||
| Competence to Give Consent | 179 | ||
| Voluntary Consent | 179 | ||
| Documentation of Informed Consent | 179 | ||
| Written Consent Waived | 179 | ||
| Written Consent Documents | 179 | ||
| Short-form written consent document. | 179 | ||
| Formal written consent document. | 180 | ||
| Recording of the Consent Process | 181 | ||
| Authorization for Research Uses and Disclosure | 181 | ||
| Institutional Review | 181 | ||
| Levels of Reviews Conducted by Institutional Review Boards | 182 | ||
| Influence of HIPAA Privacy Rule on Institutional Review Boards | 184 | ||
| Research Misconduct | 184 | ||
| Role of the ORI in Promoting the Conduct of Ethical Research | 185 | ||
| Role of Journal Editors and Researchers in Preventing Scientific Misconduct | 186 | ||
| Animals as Research Subjects | 186 | ||
| Key Points | 187 | ||
| References | 188 | ||
| 10 Quantitative Methodology | 192 | ||
| Concepts Relevant to Quantitative Research Designs | 194 | ||
| Causality | 194 | ||
| Multiple Causality | 195 | ||
| Probability and Prediction | 195 | ||
| Bias | 195 | ||
| Measurement | 195 | ||
| Manipulation | 195 | ||
| Control | 196 | ||
| Prospective Versus Retrospective | 196 | ||
| Partitioning | 197 | ||
| Design Validity for Noninterventional Research | 197 | ||
| Construct Validity | 197 | ||
| Internal Validity | 198 | ||
| External Validity | 199 | ||
| Statistical Conclusion Validity | 199 | ||
| Descriptive Research and Its Designs | 200 | ||
| Descriptive Design | 200 | ||
| Comparative Descriptive Design | 201 | ||
| Designs That Capture Change Across Time | 204 | ||
| Longitudinal Designs | 204 | ||
| Cross-Sectional Designs | 207 | ||
| Confusion About the Term Descriptive Correlational Design | 207 | ||
| Correlational Designs | 208 | ||
| Simple Correlational Designs | 209 | ||
| Predictive Designs | 212 | ||
| Model-Testing Designs | 213 | ||
| Key Points | 214 | ||
| References | 215 | ||
| 11 Quantitative Methodology | 217 | ||
| Concepts Relevant to Interventional Research Design | 217 | ||
| Random Selection Versus Random Assignment | 217 | ||
| Random Selection | 217 | ||
| Random Assignment | 218 | ||
| Causality and Its Emergence in Modern Research | 218 | ||
| Multiple Causality | 219 | ||
| Manipulation | 219 | ||
| Control | 219 | ||
| Control for the Effects of Extraneous Variables | 219 | ||
| Control Groups and Comparison Groups | 220 | ||
| Prospective Versus Retrospective | 220 | ||
| Partitioning | 221 | ||
| Validity for Interventional Research | 221 | ||
| Construct Validity | 221 | ||
| Reducing Threats to Construct Validity | 224 | ||
| Internal Validity | 225 | ||
| Reducing Threats to Internal Validity | 227 | ||
| External Validity | 227 | ||
| Statistical Conclusion Validity | 228 | ||
| Categorizing and Naming Research Designs | 230 | ||
| Experimental Designs | 230 | ||
| Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design (True Experimental Design) | 232 | ||
| Common Variations of the Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design | 233 | ||
| Experimental Posttest-Only Control Group Design | 234 | ||
| Solomon Four-Group Design | 235 | ||
| Factorial Design | 235 | ||
| Crossover or Counterbalanced Design | 236 | ||
| Quasi-Experimental Designs | 238 | ||
| Quasi-Experimental Designs and Internal Validity | 238 | ||
| Two Pre-Experimental Designs | 238 | ||
| Quasi-Experimental Studies and How They Deviate From Experimental Design, by Type | 241 | ||
| Studies That Lack Researcher-Controlled Manipulation of the Independent Variable | 241 | ||
| Studies That Lack the Traditional Type of Control Group (Subjects Used as Their Own Controls) | 241 | ||
| Studies That Lack Random Assignment to Group | 243 | ||
| Maintaining Consistency in Interventional Research | 246 | ||
| Precision of Delivery of the Independent Variable, and Measures of the Dependent Variable | 246 | ||
| Treatment Fidelity | 246 | ||
| Counterbalancing of Multiple Pieces of the Intervention | 246 | ||
| Controlling Measurement | 247 | ||
| Randomized Controlled Trials | 247 | ||
| Algorithms of Research Design | 247 | ||
| Key Points | 248 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| 12 Qualitative Research Methods | 251 | ||
| Clinical Context and Research Problems | 252 | ||
| Literature Review for Qualitative Studies | 252 | ||
| Theoretical Frameworks | 252 | ||
| Research Objectives or Questions | 253 | ||
| Obtaining Research Participants | 254 | ||
| Researcher-Participant Relationships | 255 | ||
| Data Collection Methods | 256 | ||
| Observations | 256 | ||
| Example Study Using Observation | 258 | ||
| Interviews | 258 | ||
| Learning to Interview | 260 | ||
| Establishing a Positive Environment for an Interview | 260 | ||
| Conducting an Effective Interview | 261 | ||
| Problems During Interviews | 261 | ||
| Example Study Using Interviews | 262 | ||
| Focus Groups | 263 | ||
| Example Study Using Focus Groups | 265 | ||
| Electronically Mediated Data | 265 | ||
| Photographs and Video | 265 | ||
| Internet-Based Data | 267 | ||
| Transcribing Recorded Data | 268 | ||
| Data Management | 268 | ||
| Data Analysis | 269 | ||
| Immersion in the Data | 270 | ||
| Coding | 270 | ||
| Content Analysis | 272 | ||
| Narrative Analysis | 272 | ||
| Memoing | 273 | ||
| Audit Trail | 274 | ||
| Findings and Conclusions | 274 | ||
| Reporting Results | 274 | ||
| Methods Specific to Qualitative Approaches | 275 | ||
| Phenomenological Research Methods | 275 | ||
| Grounded Theory Methodology | 275 | ||
| Ethnographical Methodology | 276 | ||
| Gatekeepers and Informants | 277 | ||
| Gathering and Analyzing Data | 277 | ||
| Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative Methodology | 278 | ||
| Historical Research Methodology | 278 | ||
| Sources | 279 | ||
| Historical Data Analysis | 279 | ||
| Writing the Historical Narrative | 279 | ||
| Key Points | 280 | ||
| References | 281 | ||
| 13 Outcomes Research | 284 | ||
| Current Status of Outcomes Research | 285 | ||
| Theoretical Basis of Outcomes Research | 285 | ||
| Patterns of Data Collection | 286 | ||
| Attribution | 286 | ||
| Structure and Process Versus Outcome in Today’s Healthcare and Outcomes Research | 287 | ||
| Evaluating Structures | 292 | ||
| Processes of Care and Their Relationship to Outcomes | 292 | ||
| Standards of Care | 292 | ||
| Practice Styles | 293 | ||
| Costs of Care | 293 | ||
| Critical Paths or Pathways | 293 | ||
| Federal Government Involvement in Outcomes Research | 293 | ||
| Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | 293 | ||
| American Recovery and Reinvestment Act | 294 | ||
| Nongovernmental Involvement in Outcomes Research | 295 | ||
| Medical Outcomes Study | 295 | ||
| Origins of Outcomes/Performance Monitoring | 295 | ||
| Outcomes Research and Evidence-Based Practice | 295 | ||
| Nursing-Sensitive Patient Outcomes | 296 | ||
| The Collaborative Alliance for Nursing Outcomes California Database Project | 298 | ||
| National Quality Forum | 299 | ||
| Oncology Nursing Society | 299 | ||
| Methodological Considerations for Outcomes Studies | 299 | ||
| Methodology and Design | 299 | ||
| Philosophical Origins, Theoretical Framework, Overriding Purpose | 299 | ||
| Methods | 300 | ||
| Samples and Sampling | 300 | ||
| Large Databases as Sample Sources | 300 | ||
| The Specific Designs of Outcomes Research | 300 | ||
| Designs | 300 | ||
| Practice Pattern Profiling | 301 | ||
| Prospective Cohort Studies | 301 | ||
| Retrospective Cohort Studies | 301 | ||
| Population-Based Studies | 302 | ||
| Geographical Analyses | 303 | ||
| Economic Studies | 304 | ||
| Measurement Problems and Methods | 304 | ||
| Statistical Methods for Outcomes Studies | 305 | ||
| Analysis of Change and Analysis of Improvement | 305 | ||
| Measures of Outcomes That May Be Used Non-Numerically | 305 | ||
| Multilevel Analysis | 305 | ||
| Key Points | 306 | ||
| References | 306 | ||
| 14 Mixed Methods Research | 310 | ||
| Philosophical Foundations | 310 | ||
| Overview of Mixed Methods Designs | 311 | ||
| Exploratory Sequential Designs | 312 | ||
| Explanatory Sequential Designs | 314 | ||
| Convergent Concurrent Designs | 315 | ||
| Challenges of Mixed Methods Designs | 319 | ||
| Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Data | 319 | ||
| Use of Resources | 322 | ||
| Functioning of the Research Team | 323 | ||
| Critically Appraising Mixed Methods Designs | 323 | ||
| Summary of the Study | 323 | ||
| Significance | 323 | ||
| Expertise | 323 | ||
| Appropriateness | 324 | ||
| Sampling | 324 | ||
| Methods | 325 | ||
| Findings | 325 | ||
| Conclusions and Implications | 326 | ||
| Contributions to Knowledge | 326 | ||
| Key Points | 326 | ||
| References | 327 | ||
| 15 Sampling | 329 | ||
| Sampling Theory | 329 | ||
| Populations and Elements | 329 | ||
| Sampling or Eligibility Criteria | 330 | ||
| Sample Representativeness | 332 | ||
| Sampling Error | 333 | ||
| Random Variation | 333 | ||
| Systematic Variation | 333 | ||
| Refusal and acceptance rates in studies. | 334 | ||
| Sample attrition and retention rates in studies. | 334 | ||
| Randomization | 336 | ||
| Sampling Frame | 336 | ||
| Sampling Plan | 336 | ||
| Probability (Random) Sampling Methods | 336 | ||
| Simple Random Sampling | 338 | ||
| Stratified Random Sampling | 339 | ||
| Cluster Sampling | 340 | ||
| Systematic Sampling | 342 | ||
| Nonprobability (Nonrandom) Sampling Methods Commonly Applied in Quantitative and Outcomes Research | 342 | ||
| Convenience Sampling | 343 | ||
| Quota Sampling | 344 | ||
| Nonprobability Sampling Methods Commonly Applied in Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research | 344 | ||
| Purposive Sampling | 345 | ||
| Network (Snowball) Sampling | 345 | ||
| Theoretical Sampling | 346 | ||
| Sample Size in Quantitative Research | 347 | ||
| Effect Size | 348 | ||
| Type of Study | 350 | ||
| Number of Variables | 350 | ||
| Measurement Sensitivity | 351 | ||
| Data Analysis Techniques | 351 | ||
| Sample Size in Qualitative Research | 351 | ||
| Scope of the Study | 352 | ||
| Nature of the Topic | 352 | ||
| Quality of the Data | 352 | ||
| Study Design | 352 | ||
| Research Settings | 353 | ||
| Recruiting and Retaining Research Participants | 354 | ||
| Recruiting Research Participants | 354 | ||
| Retaining Participants in a Study | 359 | ||
| Key Points | 360 | ||
| References | 361 | ||
| 16 Measurement Concepts | 363 | ||
| Directness of Measurement | 363 | ||
| Measurement Error | 364 | ||
| Types of Measurement Errors | 364 | ||
| Levels of Measurement | 367 | ||
| Nominal Level of Measurement | 367 | ||
| Ordinal Level of Measurement | 368 | ||
| Interval Level of Measurement | 368 | ||
| Ratio Level of Measurement | 368 | ||
| Importance of Level of Measurement for Statistical Analyses | 368 | ||
| Controversy Over Measurement Levels | 369 | ||
| Reference Testing Measurement | 369 | ||
| Reliability | 370 | ||
| Reliability Testing | 370 | ||
| Stability Reliability | 370 | ||
| Equivalence Reliability | 372 | ||
| Internal Consistency | 373 | ||
| Validity | 375 | ||
| Content Validity | 376 | ||
| Content Validity Ratio and Index | 378 | ||
| Readability of an Instrument | 380 | ||
| Construct Validity | 381 | ||
| Validity From Factor Analysis | 381 | ||
| Convergent Validity | 382 | ||
| Divergent Validity | 382 | ||
| Validity From Contrasting (or Known) Groups | 383 | ||
| Evidence of Validity From Discriminant Analysis | 383 | ||
| Successive Verification of Validity | 383 | ||
| Criterion-Related Validity | 383 | ||
| Accuracy, Precision, and Error of Physiological Measures | 384 | ||
| Accuracy | 384 | ||
| Precision | 385 | ||
| Sensitivity | 386 | ||
| Error | 386 | ||
| Sensitivity, Specificity, and Likelihood Ratios | 388 | ||
| Sensitivity and Specificity | 388 | ||
| Likelihood Ratios | 390 | ||
| Key Points | 390 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| 17 Measurement Methods Used in Developing Evidence-Based Practice | 394 | ||
| Physiological Measurement | 394 | ||
| Obtaining Physiological Measures by Self-Report | 395 | ||
| Obtaining Physiological Measures by Observation | 396 | ||
| Obtaining Physiological Measures From Laboratory Tests | 396 | ||
| Obtaining Physiological Measures Through Electronic Monitoring | 397 | ||
| Genetic Advancements in Measuring Nucleic Acids | 399 | ||
| Obtaining Physiological Measures Across Time | 401 | ||
| Selecting a Physiological Measure | 401 | ||
| Reporting Physiological Measures in Studies | 402 | ||
| Observational Measurement | 402 | ||
| Structured Observations | 402 | ||
| Category Systems | 403 | ||
| Rating Scales | 403 | ||
| Interviews | 403 | ||
| Structured Interviews | 403 | ||
| Designing Interview Questions | 405 | ||
| Pilot-Testing the Interview Protocol | 405 | ||
| Training Interviewers | 405 | ||
| Preparing for an Interview | 405 | ||
| Probing | 405 | ||
| Recording Interview Data | 405 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews | 406 | ||
| Questionnaires | 407 | ||
| Development of Questionnaires | 407 | ||
| Questionnaire Validity | 410 | ||
| Analysis of Questionnaire Data | 411 | ||
| Scales | 411 | ||
| Rating Scale | 411 | ||
| Likert Scale | 411 | ||
| Visual Analog Scale | 414 | ||
| Q-Sort Methodology | 415 | ||
| Delphi Technique | 417 | ||
| Diaries | 418 | ||
| Measurement Using Existing Databases | 420 | ||
| Existing Healthcare Data | 421 | ||
| Selection of an Existing Instrument | 422 | ||
| Locating Existing Instruments | 422 | ||
| Evaluating Existing Instruments for Appropriateness and Performance | 423 | ||
| Assessing Readability Levels of Instruments | 423 | ||
| Constructing Scales | 423 | ||
| Constructing a Scale by Using Classic Test Theory | 424 | ||
| Constructing a Scale by Using Item Response Theory | 425 | ||
| Constructing a Scale by Using Multidimensional Scaling | 426 | ||
| Translating a Scale to Another Language | 426 | ||
| Key Points | 427 | ||
| References | 428 | ||
| Unit Three Putting It All Together for Evidence-Based Health Care | 431 | ||
| 18 Critical Appraisal of Nursing Studies | 431 | ||
| Evolution of Critical Appraisal of Research in Nursing | 431 | ||
| When Are Critical Appraisals of Research Implemented in Nursing? | 432 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Studies by Students | 432 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Research by Practicing Nurses | 432 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Research by Nurse Educators | 433 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Studies by Nurse Researchers | 433 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Research Presentations and Publications | 433 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Abstracts for Conference Presentations | 433 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Research Articles for Publication | 433 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of Research Proposals | 434 | ||
| Nurses’ Expertise in Critical Appraisal of Research | 434 | ||
| Critical Appraisal Process for Quantitative Research | 435 | ||
| Step I: Identifying the Steps of the Quantitative Research Process in Studies | 436 | ||
| Guidelines for Identifying the Steps of the Quantitative Research Process | 436 | ||
| Step II: Determining Study Strengths and Weaknesses | 439 | ||
| Guidelines for Determining Study Strengths and Weaknesses | 440 | ||
| Step III: Evaluating a Study | 443 | ||
| Guidelines for Evaluating a Study | 443 | ||
| Critical Appraisal Process for Qualitative Studies | 443 | ||
| Prerequisites for Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Studies | 443 | ||
| Step I: Identifying the Steps of the Qualitative Research Process in Studies | 444 | ||
| Guidelines for Identifying the Steps of the Qualitative Research Process | 444 | ||
| Step 2: Determining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Study | 446 | ||
| Guidelines for Determining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Studies | 446 | ||
| Step 3: Evaluating a Study | 447 | ||
| Guidelines for Evaluating a Qualitative Study | 448 | ||
| Key Points | 449 | ||
| References | 450 | ||
| 19 Evidence Synthesis and Strategies for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice | 453 | ||
| Benefits and Barriers Related to Evidence-Based Nursing Practice | 453 | ||
| Benefits of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing | 454 | ||
| Barriers of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing | 454 | ||
| Guidelines for Synthesizing Research Evidence | 455 | ||
| Guideline for Implementing and Evaluating Systematic Reviews | 456 | ||
| Step 1: Title of the Literature Synthesis | 456 | ||
| Step 2: Abstract | 456 | ||
| Step 3: Introduction of Rationale, Clinical Question, and Protocol to Direct the Review | 456 | ||
| Step 4: Eligibility Criteria | 460 | ||
| Step 5: Information Sources | 460 | ||
| Step 6: Comprehensive Search of the Research Literature | 461 | ||
| Step 7: Selection of Studies for Review | 461 | ||
| Step 8: Critical Appraisal of the Studies Included in the Review | 463 | ||
| Step 9: Results of the Review | 464 | ||
| Populations and settings. | 464 | ||
| Interventions in studies. | 464 | ||
| Outcomes of the studies. | 466 | ||
| Step 10: Conduct a Meta-Analysis if Appropriate | 466 | ||
| Step 11: Discussion Section of the Review | 466 | ||
| Step 12: Development of the Final Report for Publication | 467 | ||
| Critical Appraisal of a Published Systematic Review | 467 | ||
| Conducting Meta-Analyses to Synthesize Research Evidence | 469 | ||
| Clinical Question for Meta-Analysis | 470 | ||
| Purpose and Questions to Direct Meta-Analysis | 470 | ||
| Search Criteria and Strategies for Meta-Analyses | 470 | ||
| Possible Biases for Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews | 470 | ||
| Results of Meta-Analysis for Continuous Outcomes | 472 | ||
| Results of Meta-Analysis for Dichotomous Outcomes | 473 | ||
| Conducting Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Research | 475 | ||
| Framing a Meta-Synthesis Exercise | 476 | ||
| Searching the Literature and Selecting Sources | 477 | ||
| Appraisal of Studies and Analysis of Data | 477 | ||
| Discussion of Meta-Synthesis Findings | 478 | ||
| Mixed-Methods Systematic Reviews | 479 | ||
| Purpose and Questions to Focus Review | 480 | ||
| Search Methods and Results | 480 | ||
| Results of the Review | 480 | ||
| Models to Promote Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing | 480 | ||
| Stetler Model of Research Utilization to Facilitate Evidence-Based Practice | 480 | ||
| Phase I: Preparation | 482 | ||
| Phase II: Validation | 482 | ||
| Phase III: Comparative Evaluation and Decision-Making | 482 | ||
| Phase IV: Translation and Application | 482 | ||
| Phase V: Evaluation | 483 | ||
| Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice | 483 | ||
| Implementing Evidence-Based Guidelines in Practice | 483 | ||
| Development of Evidence-Based Guidelines | 483 | ||
| Implementing the Eighth Joint National Committee Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults | 486 | ||
| Authors of the Guidelines | 486 | ||
| Significance of Healthcare Problem | 486 | ||
| Strength of Research Evidence | 486 | ||
| Link to National Standards and Cost-Effectiveness of Evidence-Based Guideline | 487 | ||
| Implementation of the Evidence-Based Guideline in Practice | 488 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice Centers | 488 | ||
| Introduction to Translational Research | 489 | ||
| Key Points | 489 | ||
| References | 490 | ||
| Unit Four Collecting and Analyzing Data, Determining Outcomes, and Disseminating Research | 493 | ||
| 20 Collecting and Managing Data | 493 | ||
| Study Protocol | 493 | ||
| Factors Influencing Data Collection | 494 | ||
| Cost Factors | 494 | ||
| Size of Research Team | 495 | ||
| Time Factors | 495 | ||
| Selection of Instruments | 495 | ||
| Methods of Data Collection | 496 | ||
| Researcher-Administered and Participant-Completed Instruments | 496 | ||
| Scannable Forms | 496 | ||
| Online Data Collection | 496 | ||
| Digital Devices for Electronic Data Collection | 498 | ||
| Development of a Demographic Questionnaire | 499 | ||
| Selecting Demographic Variables | 500 | ||
| Developing Response Options for Demographic Questions | 500 | ||
| Preparation for Data Entry | 501 | ||
| Formatting and Compiling the Instruments | 501 | ||
| Developing a Codebook | 502 | ||
| Determining the Logistics of Data Entry | 503 | ||
| Creating Rules for Data Entry | 504 | ||
| Preparation for Data Collection | 505 | ||
| Creating a Data Collection Plan | 505 | ||
| Scheduling Data Collection | 506 | ||
| Training Data Collectors | 506 | ||
| Identifying Decision Points | 508 | ||
| Pilot Study | 508 | ||
| Role of the Researcher During the Study | 508 | ||
| Maintaining Controls and Consistency | 508 | ||
| Data Entry Period | 509 | ||
| Managing Data | 509 | ||
| Storage and Retrieval of Data | 509 | ||
| Problem Solving | 510 | ||
| People Problems | 510 | ||
| Problems recruiting a sample. | 510 | ||
| Subject attrition. | 511 | ||
| Subject as an object. | 511 | ||
| External influences on subject responses. | 512 | ||
| Passive resistance. | 512 | ||
| Researcher Problems | 513 | ||
| Researcher interactions. | 513 | ||
| Lack of skill in data collection techniques. | 513 | ||
| Researcher role conflict. | 513 | ||
| Maintaining perspective. | 514 | ||
| Institutional Problems | 514 | ||
| Event Problems | 515 | ||
| Research/Researcher Support | 515 | ||
| Support of Academic Committees | 515 | ||
| Institutional Support | 515 | ||
| Colleague Support | 515 | ||
| Data Safety and Monitoring Board as Source of Support | 516 | ||
| Serendipity | 516 | ||
| Key Points | 516 | ||
| References | 517 | ||
| 21 Introduction to Statistical Analysis | 519 | ||
| Concepts of Statistical Theory | 519 | ||
| Probability Theory | 520 | ||
| Classical Hypothesis Testing | 520 | ||
| Type I and Type II Errors | 521 | ||
| Statistical Power | 521 | ||
| Statistical Significance Versus Clinical Importance | 522 | ||
| Inference | 522 | ||
| Samples and Populations | 522 | ||
| Types of Statistics | 523 | ||
| Descriptive Statistics | 523 | ||
| Measures of Central Tendency | 523 | ||
| Normal Curve | 523 | ||
| Sampling Distributions | 524 | ||
| Symmetry | 525 | ||
| Skewness | 525 | ||
| Modality | 525 | ||
| Kurtosis | 526 | ||
| Tests of Normality | 526 | ||
| Variation | 526 | ||
| Confidence Intervals | 526 | ||
| Inferential Statistics | 527 | ||
| Parametric Statistics | 527 | ||
| Nonparametric Statistics | 527 | ||
| Practical Aspects of Statistical Analysis | 527 | ||
| Preparing the Data for Analysis | 528 | ||
| Cleaning the Data | 528 | ||
| Identifying Missing Data | 528 | ||
| Data Transformations | 528 | ||
| Data Calculations and Scoring | 528 | ||
| Data Storage and Documentation | 528 | ||
| Description of the Sample | 529 | ||
| Testing the Reliability of Measurement Methods | 529 | ||
| Exploratory Analysis of the Data | 529 | ||
| Using Tables and Graphs for Exploratory Analysis | 530 | ||
| Confirmatory Analysis | 530 | ||
| Post Hoc Analysis | 530 | ||
| Choosing Appropriate Statistical Procedures for a Study | 530 | ||
| Examples | 531 | ||
| Key Points | 533 | ||
| References | 533 | ||
| 22 Using Statistics to Describe Variables | 535 | ||
| Using Statistics to Summarize Data | 535 | ||
| Frequency Distributions | 535 | ||
| Measures of Central Tendency | 537 | ||
| Mode | 537 | ||
| Median | 537 | ||
| Mean | 538 | ||
| Using Statistics to Explore Deviations in the Data | 539 | ||
| Measures of Dispersion | 539 | ||
| Range | 539 | ||
| Difference Scores | 539 | ||
| Variance | 540 | ||
| Standard Deviation | 540 | ||
| Normal Curve | 540 | ||
| Sampling Error | 542 | ||
| Confidence Intervals | 543 | ||
| Degrees of Freedom | 544 | ||
| Key Points | 544 | ||
| References | 544 | ||
| 23 Using Statistics to Examine Relationships | 545 | ||
| Scatter Diagrams | 545 | ||
| Bivariate Correlational Analysis | 545 | ||
| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | 546 | ||
| Calculation | 547 | ||
| Interpretation of Results | 548 | ||
| Effect Size | 550 | ||
| Nonparametric Alternatives | 550 | ||
| Role of Correlation in Understanding Causality | 550 | ||
| Spurious Correlations | 550 | ||
| Bland and Altman Plots | 551 | ||
| Example | 551 | ||
| Interpretation of Results | 552 | ||
| Factor Analysis | 552 | ||
| Example | 552 | ||
| “Naming” the Factor | 553 | ||
| Factor Scores | 553 | ||
| Key Points | 554 | ||
| References | 554 | ||
| 24 Using Statistics to Predict | 556 | ||
| Simple Linear Regression | 556 | ||
| Formulas | 557 | ||
| Calculation of Simple Linear Regression | 558 | ||
| Calculation Steps | 558 | ||
| Interpretation of Results | 560 | ||
| Multiple Regression | 560 | ||
| Multicollinearity | 561 | ||
| Types of Predictor Variables Used in Regression Analyses | 561 | ||
| Dummy Variables | 561 | ||
| Odds Ratio | 561 | ||
| Statistical Formula and Assumptions | 562 | ||
| Calculation of Odds Ratio | 562 | ||
| Calculation Steps | 562 | ||
| Logistic Regression | 563 | ||
| Calculation of Logistic Regression | 564 | ||
| Odds Ratio (OR) in Logistic Regression | 564 | ||
| Cox Proportional Hazards Regression | 564 | ||
| Key Points | 566 | ||
| References | 566 | ||
| 25 Using Statistics to Determine Differences | 567 | ||
| Choosing Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistics to Determine Differences | 567 | ||
| t-Tests | 567 | ||
| t-Test for Independent Samples | 568 | ||
| Calculation | 568 | ||
| Interpretation of Results | 570 | ||
| Nonparametric Alternative | 570 | ||
| t-Tests for Paired Samples | 570 | ||
| Calculation | 570 | ||
| Interpretation of Results | 571 | ||
| Nonparametric Alternative | 571 | ||
| One-Way Analysis of Variance | 572 | ||
| Calculation | 572 | ||
| Interpretation of Results | 573 | ||
| Nonparametric Alternative | 574 | ||
| Other ANOVA Procedures | 574 | ||
| Pearson Chi-Square Test | 574 | ||
| Assumptions | 574 | ||
| Calculation | 575 | ||
| Interpretation of Results | 576 | ||
| Key Points | 576 | ||
| References | 576 | ||
| 26 Interpreting Research Outcomes | 578 | ||
| Example Study | 578 | ||
| Identification of Study Findings | 579 | ||
| Data Analysis Results for Hypotheses | 580 | ||
| Significant and Predicted Results | 580 | ||
| Nonsignificant Results | 580 | ||
| Significant and Not Predicted Results | 581 | ||
| Mixed Results | 581 | ||
| Serendipitous Results | 582 | ||
| Comparison With the Literature | 583 | ||
| Identification of Limitations Through Examination of Design Validity | 583 | ||
| Construct Validity Limitations | 583 | ||
| Problems With Study Implementation | 585 | ||
| Internal Validity Limitations | 585 | ||
| External Validity Limitations | 585 | ||
| Statistical Conclusion Validity Limitations | 586 | ||
| Generalizing the Findings | 587 | ||
| Considering Implications for Practice, Theory, and Knowledge | 588 | ||
| Suggesting Further Research | 589 | ||
| Forming Final Conclusions | 590 | ||
| Key Points | 590 | ||
| References | 591 | ||
| 27 Disseminating Research Findings | 593 | ||
| Components of a Research Report | 593 | ||
| Title | 594 | ||
| Abstract | 595 | ||
| Introduction | 595 | ||
| Review of Literature | 595 | ||
| Framework | 596 | ||
| Methods | 596 | ||
| Design | 596 | ||
| Sample and Setting | 596 | ||
| Data Collection Process and Procedures | 597 | ||
| Analysis Plan | 597 | ||
| Results | 597 | ||
| Discussion | 597 | ||
| Reference Citations | 597 | ||
| Types of Research Reports | 598 | ||
| Quantitative Research Reports | 598 | ||
| Presentation of Results in Figures and Tables | 599 | ||
| Figures. | 600 | ||
| Tables. | 602 | ||
| Qualitative Research Report | 604 | ||
| Theses and Dissertations | 606 | ||
| Audiences for Communication of Research Findings | 606 | ||
| Nurses and Other Healthcare Professionals | 606 | ||
| Policymakers | 606 | ||
| Consumers | 606 | ||
| Strategies for Presentation and Publication of Research Findings | 607 | ||
| Conferences | 607 | ||
| The Abstract Submission Process | 607 | ||
| Podium Presentation Research Findings | 608 | ||
| Developing an oral research presentation. | 608 | ||
| Delivering a research report and responding to questions. | 609 | ||
| Poster Presentation of Research Findings | 610 | ||
| Publishing Research Findings | 611 | ||
| Journals | 612 | ||
| Selecting a journal. | 612 | ||
| Journal impact factor. | 613 | ||
| Developing a query letter. | 613 | ||
| Preparing a manuscript. | 613 | ||
| Submitting a manuscript for review. | 614 | ||
| Peer review. | 614 | ||
| Responding to requests to revise a manuscript. | 615 | ||
| Online Journals | 615 | ||
| Books | 616 | ||
| Errors to Avoid | 616 | ||
| Key Points | 617 | ||
| References | 617 | ||
| Unit Five Proposing and Seeking Funding for Research | 620 | ||
| 28 Writing Research Proposals | 620 | ||
| Writing a Research Proposal | 620 | ||
| Developing Ideas Logically | 620 | ||
| Determining the Depth of a Proposal | 621 | ||
| Identifying Critical Points | 621 | ||
| Developing an Aesthetically Appealing Copy | 621 | ||
| Types of Research Proposals | 621 | ||
| Student Proposals | 621 | ||
| Condensed Proposals | 622 | ||
| Letters of Intent or Preproposals | 622 | ||
| Contents of Student Proposals | 622 | ||
| Content of a Quantitative Research Proposal | 623 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction | 623 | ||
| Chapter 2: Review of Relevant Literature | 623 | ||
| Chapter 3: Framework | 623 | ||
| Chapter 4: Methods and Procedures | 625 | ||
| Content of a Qualitative Research Proposal | 626 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction and Background | 627 | ||
| Chapter 2: Review of Relevant Literature | 627 | ||
| Chapter 3: Philosophical Foundation for the Selected Method | 627 | ||
| Chapter 4: Method of Inquiry | 629 | ||
| Seeking Approval for a Study | 630 | ||
| Approval Process | 631 | ||
| Preparing Proposals for Review Committees | 631 | ||
| Social and Political Factors | 632 | ||
| Verbal Presentation of a Proposal | 632 | ||
| Revising a Proposal | 633 | ||
| Example Quantitative Research Proposal | 633 | ||
| Key Points | 646 | ||
| References | 647 | ||
| 29 Seeking Funding for Research | 649 | ||
| Building a Program of Research | 649 | ||
| Contribution | 651 | ||
| Capacity | 651 | ||
| Capital | 651 | ||
| Building Capital | 652 | ||
| Level of Commitment | 652 | ||
| Support of Other People | 652 | ||
| Grantsmanship | 653 | ||
| Attending Courses and Workshops | 653 | ||
| Experienced Researchers | 653 | ||
| Regional Nursing Research Organizations | 653 | ||
| Serving on Research Committees | 653 | ||
| Identifying Funding Sources | 654 | ||
| Types of Grants | 654 | ||
| Private or Local Funding | 654 | ||
| National Nursing Organizations | 655 | ||
| Industry | 655 | ||
| Foundations | 655 | ||
| Other Funders | 656 | ||
| Government Funding | 656 | ||
| Submitting a Proposal for a Federal Grant | 657 | ||
| Ensuring a Unique Proposal | 657 | ||
| Verifying Institutional Support | 657 | ||
| Making Time to Write | 658 | ||
| Understanding the Review Process | 658 | ||
| Responding to Rejected Grant Proposals | 659 | ||
| Grant Management | 659 | ||
| Managing the Budget | 659 | ||
| Training Research Personnel | 659 | ||
| Maintaining the Study Schedule | 659 | ||
| Coordinating Activities | 660 | ||
| Submitting Reports | 660 | ||
| Planning Your Next Grant | 660 | ||
| Key Points | 660 | ||
| References | 660 | ||
| Appendices | 662 | ||
| Appendix A z Values Table | 662 | ||
| Appendix B Critical Values for Student’s t Distribution | 665 | ||
| Appendix C Critical Values of r for Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient | 667 | ||
| Appendix D Critical Values of F for α = 0.05 and α = 0.01 | 668 | ||
| Appendix E Critical Values of the χ2 Distribution | 670 | ||
| Glossary | 671 | ||
| A | 671 | ||
| B | 672 | ||
| C | 672 | ||
| D | 675 | ||
| E | 677 | ||
| F | 678 | ||
| G | 679 | ||
| H | 679 | ||
| I | 680 | ||
| J | 682 | ||
| K | 682 | ||
| L | 682 | ||
| M | 682 | ||
| N | 684 | ||
| O | 685 | ||
| P | 686 | ||
| Q | 689 | ||
| R | 689 | ||
| S | 691 | ||
| T | 694 | ||
| U | 695 | ||
| V | 695 | ||
| W | 696 | ||
| Y | 696 | ||
| Z | 696 | ||
| Index | 697 | ||
| A | 697 | ||
| B | 697 | ||
| C | 698 | ||
| D | 700 | ||
| E | 701 | ||
| F | 702 | ||
| G | 703 | ||
| H | 703 | ||
| I | 704 | ||
| J | 705 | ||
| K | 705 | ||
| L | 705 | ||
| M | 706 | ||
| N | 707 | ||
| O | 708 | ||
| P | 709 | ||
| Q | 710 | ||
| R | 712 | ||
| S | 714 | ||
| T | 717 | ||
| U | 718 | ||
| V | 718 | ||
| W | 718 | ||
| Y | 718 | ||
| Z | 718 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |