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Rehabilitation of the Equine Athlete, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, E-Book

Rehabilitation of the Equine Athlete, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, E-Book

Melissa R. King | Elizabeth J. Davidson

(2016)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Drs. Melissa King and Elizabeth Davidson have put together a comprehensive list of topics on the Rehabilitation of the Equine Athlete. Articles include: Principles and Practical Applications of Equine Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy Assessment, Biomechanics of Rehabilitation, Joint Mobilization/Manual Therapy, Hydrotherapy, Advancements in the Rehabilitation of Bone Injuries, Returning to a High Level of Performance Following a Joint Injury, Advancements in the Rehabilitation of Tendon and Ligament Injuries, Rehabilitating Equine Athletes with Muscle Injuries, and more!

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Rehabilitation of the Equine Athlete\r i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITORS iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents vii
Preface: Innovations in Equine Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation\r vii
Introduction to Equine Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation\r vii
Pain: Its Diagnosis and Management in the Rehabilitation of Horses\r vii
Physiotherapy Assessment for the Equine Athlete\r vii
Core Training and Rehabilitation in Horses\r vii
Acupuncture and Equine Rehabilitation\r viii
Joint Mobilization and Manipulation for the Equine Athlete\r viii
Kinesio Taping Fundamentals for the Equine Athlete\r viii
Principles and Application of Hydrotherapy for Equine Athletes\r viii
Electrophysical Therapies for the Equine Athlete\r ix
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Equine Rehabilitation: Putting the Pressure on Disease\r ix
Controlled Exercise in Equine Rehabilitation\r ix
Practical Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy for the General Equine Practitioner\r ix
VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: EQUINE PRACTICE\r xi
FORTHCOMING ISSUES xi
August 2016 xi
December 2016 xi
April 2017 xi
RECENT ISSUES xi
December 2015 xi
August 2015 xi
April 2015 xi
Preface:Innovations in Equine Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation\r xiii
Introduction to Equine Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation 1
Key points 1
INTRODUCTION 1
HISTORY OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2
DEFINITION OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 3
REGULATIONS AND THE TEAM APPROACH 3
CORE PRINCIPLES OF EQUINE PHYSIOTHERAPY 4
Neuromotor Control and the Sensorimotor System 4
Neuromotor Control in the Spine and Pelvis (Axial Skeleton) 5
Neuromotor control principles in physiotherapy (spine and pelvis) 5
Neuromotor control principles in equine physiotherapy (spine and pelvis) 6
Neuromotor Control in the Appendicular Skeleton 6
Application in physiotherapy 7
Applications in equine physiotherapy 7
Horse Rider/Horse-Tack Interaction 7
SUMMARY 8
REFERENCES 8
Pain 13
Key points 13
INTRODUCTION 13
BRIEF REVIEW OF PAIN PHYSIOLOGY 14
Acute Pain 14
Chronic Pain 14
TOOLS AVAILABLE TO ASSESS PAIN IN HORSES 15
Physiologic Measurements 15
Observational and Interactive Methods 15
Behavior assessment 15
Facial expression patterns 16
Lameness grading 16
Lameness scales 16
Lameness scale modifiers 16
Functional tests 17
Pain scales 17
Objective Methods 17
Biomechanical analysis 17
Kinetics 17
Kinematics 19
Gait analysis technology 19
Goniometery 19
Pressure algometry 19
Thermography 20
Response to Treatment 20
Diagnostic anesthesia 20
Response to medication 20
MODULATION OF PAIN IN EQUINE PATIENTS 20
Pharmacologic Options 20
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 20
Corticosteroids 21
Opioids 21
Tramadol 21
Alpha-2 agonists 21
Local anesthetics 21
Ketamine 21
Gabapentin 22
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans 22
Sarapin 22
Interventional Therapies 22
Manual therapy 22
Chiropractic 22
Physiotherapy 22
Massage 23
Therapeutic exercise 23
Other Therapeutic Modalities 23
Hydrotherapy 23
Buoyancy 23
Hydrostatic pressure 23
Tissue temperature 23
Cryotherapy 23
Acupuncture 24
Low-level laser therapy 24
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy 24
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 24
Therapeutic ultrasound 24
Kinesiotaping 24
SUMMARY 25
REFERENCES 25
Physiotherapy Assessment for the Equine Athlete 31
Key points 31
INTRODUCTION 31
The Basis of Equine Physiotherapy Assessment 32
OBSERVATION 33
The Physical Examination 34
Soft Tissue Palpation 35
Palpation of Peripheral Articular Structures 38
Palpation of Articulations of the Vertebral Column 39
Neuromechanical Testing 42
OUTCOME MEASURES 43
SUMMARY 45
REFERENCES 45
Core Training and Rehabilitation in Horses 49
Key points 49
CORE ANATOMY, FUNCTION, AND DYSFUNCTION 49
EFFECT OF THE RIDER ON SPINAL POSTURE AND MOVEMENT 54
PRINCIPLES OF REHABILITATION FOR THE CORE MUSCULATURE 55
DYNAMIC MOBILIZATION EXERCISES 55
Rounding Exercises 56
Lateral Bending Exercises 57
Neck Extension Exercise 57
Evidence-Based Research on Dynamic Mobilization Exercises 57
CORE STRENGTHENING EXERCISES 61
Sternum, Withers, and Thoracic Lifting 61
Lateral Lifting at the Withers 61
Lumbar and Lumbosacral Lifting 61
Lumbar Lifting and Lateral Bending 62
Combined Techniques for Thoracic, Lumbar, and Lumbosacral Lifting 62
BALANCING EXERCISES 62
Backward Weight Shift 63
Tail Pull 63
Destabilizing with a Leg Raised 63
Combination Exercises 63
EXERCISE AT DIFFERENT GAITS AND SPEEDS 63
EXERCISE ON CIRCLES 65
GRADIENTS 65
JUMPING 67
POLES 67
UNSTABLE FOOTING 67
REFERENCES 68
Acupuncture and Equine Rehabilitation 73
Key points 73
INTRODUCTION 73
HISTORY OF ACUPUNCTURE 75
MECHANISMS OF ACTION 75
Acupoints 75
Neurologic Mechanisms of Acupuncture Action 76
Connective Tissue and Fascial Mechanisms 77
Neurogenic Regeneration 79
THERAPEUTIC POINTS RECOMMENDED FOR SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 79
Cervical Vertebral Malformation and/or Cervical Pain with or Without Proprioceptive Deficits 79
Facial Nerve Paresis 80
Laryngeal Hemiplegia 80
Suprascapular Nerve Paresis (Sweeney) 80
Radial Nerve Paresis 80
Wither Pain 80
Thoracolumbar Pain 81
Caudal Lumbar and/or Pelvic Pain and Stiffness 81
Sacroiliac Region Pain or Cauda Equina 81
Intermittent Upward Fixation of the Patella 81
Thoracic Limb Pain (Including Postoperative on Distal Limb) 82
Rear Limb Pain/Weakness 82
Chronic Debilitating Conditions 82
Appetite Stimulation 82
REFERENCES 82
Joint Mobilization and Manipulation for the Equine Athlete 87
Key points 87
INTRODUCTION 87
OBJECTIVES OF TREATMENT 88
JOINT MECHANICS 88
MECHANISMS OF ACTION 90
CLINICAL INDICATIONS 91
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE STRETCHING EXERCISES 92
JOINT MOBILIZATION AND MANIPULATION TECHNIQUES 94
MUSCULOSKELETAL EXAMINATION 95
CONTRAINDICATIONS 97
ADVERSE EFFECTS 98
REFERENCES 98
Kinesio Taping Fundamentals for the Equine Athlete 103
Key points 103
INTRODUCTION 103
MECHANISM OF ACTION 105
Characteristics of the Tape 105
Embryology Concept 105
Inflammation Concept 106
Pressure Concept 106
MUSCLE APPLICATIONS 106
Sensory–Motor Cortex Communication 106
Action of the Tape 106
Use of Muscle Taping in Equine Rehabilitation 107
TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS 107
Corrective Techniques and Proprioceptive Awareness 107
Use of Ligament or Tendon Correction in Equine Rehabilitation 108
KINESIO TAPING AND FASCIA 108
Use of Kinesio Taping in the Treatment of Fascia 109
LYMPHATIC TAPING 109
Channeling Concept 109
Taping Application for Lymphatic Conditions 110
USE OF KINESIO TAPING FOR JOINT DISEASES 110
A New Perspective: The Epidermis, Dermis, Fascia Taping 111
INDICATIONS FOR KINESIO TAPING TREATMENT 112
FUTURE STUDIES 112
REFERENCES 112
Principles and Application of Hydrotherapy for Equine Athletes 115
Key points 115
INTRODUCTION 115
PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF ACTION 116
Buoyancy 116
Viscosity 117
Hydrostatic Pressure 117
Temperature 118
Cryotherapy 118
Thermotherapy 119
Osmolality 119
EFFICACY OF HYDROTHERAPY 119
HYDROTHERAPY VARIABLES 121
PRECAUTIONS 122
TREATMENT PROTOCOL CONSIDERATIONS 122
MONITORING PROCEDURES 123
SUMMARY 123
REFERENCES 123
Electrophysical Therapies for the Equine Athlete 127
Key points 127
INTRODUCTION 127
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION 128
Origin 128
Mechanism of Action 128
Treatment Protocols 128
Potential Complications 128
Indications for Use 129
Contraindications for Use 129
Current Research 129
NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 130
Origin 130
Mechanism of Action 131
Treatment Protocols 131
Potential Complications 131
Indications for Use 131
Contraindications for Use 131
Current Research 131
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY: PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY 131
Origin 131
Mechanism of Action 133
Treatment Protocols 133
Potential Complications 134
Indications for Use 134
Contraindications for Use 134
Current Research 134
THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND 135
Origin 135
Mechanism of Action 135
Potential Complications 136
Indications for Use 136
Contraindications for Use 137
Current Research 137
EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCKWAVE THERAPY 137
Origin 137
Mechanism of Action 137
Treatment Protocols 138
Potential Complications 139
Indications for Use 139
Contraindications for Use 139
Current Research 139
LASER THERAPY 139
Origin 139
Mechanism of Action 140
Treatment Protocols 141
Potential Complications 141
Indications for Use 141
Contraindications for Use 141
Current Research 141
VIBRATION THERAPY 142
Origin 142
Mechanism of Action 142
Treatment Protocols 143
Potential Complications 143
Indications for Use 143
Contraindications for Use 143
Current Research 143
SUMMARY 143
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 144
REFERENCES 144
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Equine Rehabilitation 149
Key points 149
HISTORY OF HYPERBARIC MEDICINE 149
HOW IT WORKS 149
THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY 150
INDICATIONS FOR HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY 154
APPLICATION OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY 154
REFERENCES 155
Controlled Exercise in Equine Rehabilitation 159
Key points 159
INTRODUCTION 159
TISSUE HEALING AFTER INJURY 159
Specific Tissue Injuries 160
Muscle 160
Bone 161
Tendon and ligament 161
Cartilage 161
PRESCRIPTION FOR CONTROLLED EXERCISE PROGRAM 162
REFERENCES 164
Practical Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy for the General Equine Practitioner 167
Key points 167
THERMAL THERAPY 168
Cold Therapy 168
Heat Therapy 170
THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND 172
EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE THERAPY 173
Treatment Protocols 173
Impulses 174
Energy levels 174
Focus depth 174
Aftercare and treatment intervals 175
LASER THERAPY 175
MANIPULATIVE THERAPY 175
EXERCISE 176
REFERENCES 178
Index 181