BOOK
Global Hematology, An Issue of Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, E-Book
David J. Roberts | Sir David J. Weatherall
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue will focus on the global state of hematology and will include articles such as: The Global Burden of Anemia, Iron Deficiency Anemia: Problems in Diagnosis and Therapy, Progress Towards the Control and Management of the Thalassemias, Problems and Approaches for Blood Transfusion in the Developing Countries, and many more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Global Hematology\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Global Hematology\r | vii | ||
| Introduction: The Complexity and Challenge of Preventing, Treating, and Managing Blood Diseases in the Developing Countries\r | vii | ||
| The Global Burden of Anemia\r | vii | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia: Problems in Diagnosis and Prevention at the Population Level\r | vii | ||
| The Present and Future Global Burden of the Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin\r | viii | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa\r | viii | ||
| Progress Toward the Control and Management of the Thalassemias\r | viii | ||
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency\r | viii | ||
| Hematologic Changes Associated with Specific Infections in the Tropics\r | ix | ||
| Global Approach to Hematologic Malignancies\r | ix | ||
| Hematological Practice in India\r | ix | ||
| Hematological Practice in Hong Kong and China\r | ix | ||
| Hematology in Africa\r | x | ||
| Problems and Approaches for Blood Transfusion in the Developing Countries\r | x | ||
| Improving Laboratory and Clinical Hematology Services in Resource Limited Settings\r | x | ||
| HEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| June 2016 | xi | ||
| August 2016 | xi | ||
| October 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| February 2016 | xi | ||
| December 2015 | xi | ||
| October 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface:Global Hematology\r | xiii | ||
| Introduction: The Complexity and Challenge of Preventing, Treating, and Managing Blood Diseases in the Developing Countries | 233 | ||
| Key points | 233 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND MULTIPLE CAUSES OF ANEMIA IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD | 234 | ||
| HEMATOLOGIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC INFECTIONS IN THE TROPICS | 236 | ||
| Malaria | 236 | ||
| Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) | 237 | ||
| Schistosomiasis | 237 | ||
| Trypanosomiasis | 237 | ||
| Hookworm | 237 | ||
| Complex Hematology of Childhood Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the Developing Countries | 237 | ||
| TROPICAL EOSINOPHILIA | 238 | ||
| HEMATOLOGIC ASPECTS OF MALABSORPTION IN THE TROPICS | 238 | ||
| HEMOSTATIC FAILURE AS A MANIFESTATION OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE IN THE TROPICS | 240 | ||
| Dengue | 240 | ||
| Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | 241 | ||
| GEOGRAPHIC VARIABILITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION AND EXPRESSION OF HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE | 241 | ||
| Lymphoma and Leukemia | 241 | ||
| Hereditary Blood Disorders | 242 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 242 | ||
| Hematologic Disorders Unique to Certain Countries | 243 | ||
| SUMMARY | 243 | ||
| REFERENCES | 243 | ||
| The Global Burden of Anemia | 247 | ||
| Key points | 247 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 247 | ||
| METHODS | 248 | ||
| Estimation of Overall Anemia | 248 | ||
| Etiologic Attribution of Anemia Cases | 249 | ||
| Uncertainty and Aggregation | 251 | ||
| RESULTS | 251 | ||
| SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION | 301 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 304 | ||
| REFERENCES | 306 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 309 | ||
| Key points | 309 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANEMIA | 309 | ||
| FRAMEWORK FOR ANEMIA CONTROL | 312 | ||
| OTHER MEASURES TO ADDRESS IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA | 313 | ||
| Delayed Cord Clamping | 313 | ||
| Malaria Control | 313 | ||
| Antihelminthic Therapy | 314 | ||
| Iron Enrichment of Cooked Foods | 314 | ||
| Benefits from Iron on Functional Health Outcomes | 314 | ||
| Risks of Iron Supplementation | 315 | ||
| Infection | 315 | ||
| Clinical trials data | 315 | ||
| Mechanistic evidence for increased risk from iron interventions on malaria | 316 | ||
| Experimental evidence for increased risk from iron interventions on diarrhea | 317 | ||
| Other risks of iron supplementation | 318 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF IRON STATUS IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXT | 318 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 320 | ||
| REFERENCES | 321 | ||
| The Present and Future Global Burden of the Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin | 327 | ||
| Key points | 327 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 327 | ||
| INHERITED DISORDERS OF HEMOGLOBIN | 328 | ||
| Structural Hemoglobin Variants | 328 | ||
| Hemoglobin S | 328 | ||
| Hemoglobin C | 328 | ||
| Hemoglobin E | 329 | ||
| Thalassemias | 329 | ||
| α-Thalassemia | 329 | ||
| β-Thalassemia | 329 | ||
| GLOBAL HEALTH BURDEN | 330 | ||
| Awareness and Recognition | 330 | ||
| World Health Organization | 330 | ||
| Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study | 331 | ||
| Thalassaemia International Federation | 331 | ||
| Global Sickle Cell Disease Network, Caribbean Association for Researchers in Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassemia, and Sickl ... | 331 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Health Burden of the Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin | 332 | ||
| Malaria selection | 332 | ||
| Consanguinity | 332 | ||
| Population growth | 332 | ||
| Epidemiologic transition | 333 | ||
| Human migrations | 333 | ||
| Population stratification | 334 | ||
| Current Health Burden | 334 | ||
| Newborn estimates | 334 | ||
| Population estimates | 334 | ||
| Future Health Burden | 336 | ||
| Preventing affected births | 336 | ||
| Managing affected births | 337 | ||
| Carrier detection | 337 | ||
| SUMMARY | 337 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 338 | ||
| REFERENCES | 338 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa | 343 | ||
| Key points | 343 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 343 | ||
| ORIGINS OF THE SICKLE MUTATION | 344 | ||
| SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA | 345 | ||
| THE NATURAL HISTORY OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN AFRICA | 346 | ||
| MALARIA | 346 | ||
| BACTEREMIA | 348 | ||
| THE FUTURE OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA | 349 | ||
| BOTTLENECKS IN THE CARE OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA | 349 | ||
| FUTURE PRIORITIES FOR SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN AFRICA | 351 | ||
| SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA | 351 | ||
| SUMMARY | 352 | ||
| REFERENCES | 353 | ||
| Progress Toward the Control and Management of the Thalassemias | 359 | ||
| Key points | 359 | ||
| PROGRESS OF THALASSEMIA CONTROL IN THAILAND | 359 | ||
| Thalassemia in Thailand | 359 | ||
| PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THALASSEMIA IN THAILAND | 361 | ||
| THALASSEMIA IN OTHER REGIONS OF ASIA | 362 | ||
| GLOBAL ISSUES | 369 | ||
| SUMMARY | 370 | ||
| REFERENCES | 370 | ||
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency | 373 | ||
| Key points | 373 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 373 | ||
| BIOCHEMISTRY OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE AND GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY | 374 | ||
| MOLECULAR-GENETIC BASIS OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY | 376 | ||
| EVOLUTION | 379 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MALARIA SELECTION | 380 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY | 381 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY | 384 | ||
| ANIMAL MODELS AND DRUG SCREENING | 384 | ||
| TESTING FOR GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY AND MALARIA CONTROL | 386 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 387 | ||
| REFERENCES | 388 | ||
| Hematologic Changes Associated with Specific Infections in the Tropics | 395 | ||
| Key points | 395 | ||
| MALARIA | 396 | ||
| The Life Cycle of Malaria Infection and Human Infection | 396 | ||
| SEVERE MALARIA | 397 | ||
| Malarial Anemia | 398 | ||
| Role of Hemolysis | 398 | ||
| Role of the Spleen | 399 | ||
| Massive Intravascular Hemolysis | 400 | ||
| Decreased Erythrocyte Deformability | 400 | ||
| Immune Complex–Mediated Hemolysis | 400 | ||
| Defective Marrow Response | 401 | ||
| Coagulation Abnormalities | 403 | ||
| MALARIA IN PREGNANCY | 403 | ||
| MALARIA IN SPLENECTOMIZED PATIENTS | 404 | ||
| HYPERREACTIVE MALARIAL SPLENOMEGALY SYNDROME | 404 | ||
| ASPECTS OF THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF MALARIAL ANEMIA | 405 | ||
| VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS (KALA-AZAR) | 406 | ||
| SCHISTOSOMIASIS | 407 | ||
| TRYPANOSOMIASIS | 408 | ||
| American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) | 408 | ||
| African Trypanosomiasis | 408 | ||
| HOOKWORM | 409 | ||
| BARTONELLOSIS | 410 | ||
| SUMMARY | 411 | ||
| REFERENCES | 411 | ||
| Global Approach to Hematologic Malignancies | 417 | ||
| Key points | 417 | ||
| GLOBAL APPROACH TO PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES | 417 | ||
| THE ROLE OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES | 418 | ||
| BUILDING CAPACITY | 419 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 420 | ||
| Incidence | 420 | ||
| Treatment and outcomes | 421 | ||
| Core resources required to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia in low- and middle-income countries | 423 | ||
| Future directions | 423 | ||
| Changes in care delivery | 423 | ||
| Improved parent/child support systems | 424 | ||
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia | 424 | ||
| Incidence | 424 | ||
| Treatment and outcomes | 424 | ||
| Core resources required to treat acute myelogenous leukemia in low- and middle-income countries | 424 | ||
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | 425 | ||
| Future directions | 425 | ||
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | 425 | ||
| Incidence | 425 | ||
| Treatment and outcome | 425 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 426 | ||
| Incidence | 426 | ||
| Treatment and outcomes | 426 | ||
| Core resources required to treat B-cell lymphoma in low- and middle income countries | 427 | ||
| Future directions | 427 | ||
| REFERENCES | 427 | ||
| Hematological Practice in India | 433 | ||
| Key points | 433 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 433 | ||
| DISORDERS OF RED CELLS | 434 | ||
| Nutritional Anemias | 434 | ||
| Thalassemias and Hemoglobinopathies | 435 | ||
| Other Anemias | 435 | ||
| Hereditary Hemochromatosis | 435 | ||
| DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS AND COAGULATION | 436 | ||
| Inherited Coagulation Disorders | 436 | ||
| Qualitative Disorders of Platelets | 436 | ||
| Management of Bleeding Disorders | 436 | ||
| Thrombotic Disorders | 437 | ||
| HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES | 437 | ||
| Myeloproliferative Disorders | 437 | ||
| Acute Leukemias | 439 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | 440 | ||
| Lymphoproliferative Neoplasms | 440 | ||
| SUMMARY | 441 | ||
| REFERENCES | 441 | ||
| Hematological Practice in Hong Kong and China | 445 | ||
| Key points | 445 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 445 | ||
| Health Care Systems in China and Hong Kong | 446 | ||
| Burden of Hematological Diseases | 446 | ||
| NONMALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES: GENETIC DISORDERS | 446 | ||
| Thalassemias | 446 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis for Thalassemias | 446 | ||
| Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis | 447 | ||
| Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis of α-Thalassemia | 447 | ||
| Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis of β-Thalassemia | 447 | ||
| Transfusion and Iron Chelation Therapy for Thalassemia Major | 447 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Thalassemia Major | 448 | ||
| Hemophilia | 448 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis for Hemophilias | 448 | ||
| Treatment of Hemophilias | 448 | ||
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency | 449 | ||
| MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES | 449 | ||
| Different Patterns of Lymphomas | 449 | ||
| Epidemiology and Pathology of Natural Killer/T-cell Lymphomas | 449 | ||
| Advances in Natural Killer/T-cell Lymphomas | 450 | ||
| Treatment of Natural Killer/T-cell Lymphomas | 450 | ||
| Monitoring of Treatment Outcome | 450 | ||
| Prognostication of Natural Killer/T-cell Lymphomas | 450 | ||
| Other T-cell Lymphoid Malignancies | 451 | ||
| Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: The Chinese Revolution | 451 | ||
| All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Induction Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: The Shanghai Connection | 451 | ||
| Relapse of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia After All-Trans Retinoic Acid Therapy | 452 | ||
| As2O3 in Relapsed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: The Harbin Connection | 452 | ||
| Role of As2O3 in Newly-Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia | 452 | ||
| Oral As2O3: The Hong Kong Connection | 452 | ||
| Oral-As2O3 Maintenance of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia in CR1 (First Complete Remission) Decreases Relapses | 452 | ||
| DEVELOPING STRATEGIES | 453 | ||
| HAPLOIDENTICAL ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION: SCIENCE DRIVEN BY CLINICAL NEED | 453 | ||
| SUMMARY | 453 | ||
| REFERENCES | 453 | ||
| Hematology in Africa | 457 | ||
| Key points | 457 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 457 | ||
| RED CELL DISORDERS | 458 | ||
| Anemia | 458 | ||
| Malaria | 459 | ||
| Pregnancy | 460 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 461 | ||
| Hyperreactive Malarial Splenomegaly | 461 | ||
| Inherited Red Cell Disorders | 461 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 462 | ||
| Nutritional Anemia | 464 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 464 | ||
| Folate Deficiency | 465 | ||
| Vitamin B12 Deficiency | 465 | ||
| BONE MARROW DEPRESSION OR APLASIA | 465 | ||
| WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS | 466 | ||
| Malignant White Cell Disorders | 466 | ||
| Chronic Myeloid Leukemia | 467 | ||
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | 467 | ||
| Adult T-Cell Leukemia and Lymphoma | 467 | ||
| PLATELET DISORDERS | 468 | ||
| Vascular Purpura | 468 | ||
| HEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS | 468 | ||
| Coagulopathies | 468 | ||
| Thromboembolic Disease | 469 | ||
| Anticoagulation Therapy | 469 | ||
| Snake Bite | 469 | ||
| Low Prothrombin and Vitamin K–Dependent Coagulation Factors | 469 | ||
| Hemophilia | 470 | ||
| von Willebrand Disease | 470 | ||
| BLOOD TRANSFUSION | 470 | ||
| SUMMARY | 471 | ||
| REFERENCES | 471 | ||
| Problems and Approaches for Blood Transfusion in the Developing Countries | 477 | ||
| Key points | 477 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 477 | ||
| SAFETY AND SUPPLY | 478 | ||
| BLOOD-BORNE INFECTIONS | 478 | ||
| Blood-Borne Viral Infections | 479 | ||
| Other Infections | 479 | ||
| TESTING BLOOD PRODUCTS | 480 | ||
| SUPPLY AND USAGE | 480 | ||
| Blood Donors | 480 | ||
| Use of Blood Products | 481 | ||
| Systems | 483 | ||
| Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa | 483 | ||
| IMPROVEMENTS | 484 | ||
| Putting the World Health Organization Objectives into Practice | 484 | ||
| Development of a National Transfusion Service in Nigeria | 484 | ||
| Improving the Blood Supply | 485 | ||
| Improving Screening for Blood-Transmitted Infections | 486 | ||
| Meeting the Financial Requirements of Transfusion Services | 486 | ||
| Improving the Clinical Use of Blood | 487 | ||
| The Ebola Pandemic in West Africa | 488 | ||
| Research Directions in Transfusion Medicine | 488 | ||
| SUMMARY | 489 | ||
| REFERENCES | 490 | ||
| Improving Laboratory and Clinical Hematology Services in Resource Limited Settings | 497 | ||
| Key points | 497 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 497 | ||
| IMPROVING CLINICAL SERVICES IN RESOURCE-POOR SETTINGS | 498 | ||
| Expansion of Medical Education | 498 | ||
| Medical school | 498 | ||
| Pediatrics | 498 | ||
| Hematology | 498 | ||
| Possible approaches to change | 499 | ||
| Improved Delivery of Care | 499 | ||
| Organization of clinical facilities | 499 | ||
| Re-organization of the structure of the health care team | 499 | ||
| Emphasis on clinical skills and ‘low tech’ approaches to care | 500 | ||
| Data management | 501 | ||
| Increased access to essential medicines | 501 | ||
| Changes in attitude | 501 | ||
| IMPROVING LABORATORY SERVICES IN RESOURCE-POOR SETTINGS | 502 | ||
| Implementing Quality Improvement | 503 | ||
| Step 1 of Quality Improvement Cycle: Benchmarking | 503 | ||
| Step 2 of Quality Improvement Cycle: Identify Gaps or Deficiencies in Current Provision | 505 | ||
| Step 3 of Quality Improvement Cycle: Consider the Whole System - the Sample Journey | 505 | ||
| Step 4 of the Quality Improvement Cycle - Developing a Plan for Service Improvement | 510 | ||
| Steps 5 and 6 of the Quality Improvement Cycle: Test, Monitor, Implement and Sustain Successful Changes | 510 | ||
| SUMMARY | 510 | ||
| REFERENCES | 510 | ||
| FURTHER READINGS | 512 | ||
| Index | 513 |