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MR in the Emergency Room, An issue of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, E-Book

MR in the Emergency Room, An issue of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, E-Book

Jorge A Soto

(2016)

Abstract

This issue of MRI Clinics of North America focuses on MR in the Emergency Room. Articles will include: MR Imaging of Stroke; MR Imaging of Acute Head and Neck Infections; Use of MR in the Evaluation of Cranial Trauma; MR of Spinal Emergencies; Emergency MR Imaging of Musculoskeletal Trauma; Use of MR in Non-traumatic Musculoskeletal Emergencies; MR Imaging of Abdominal Pain in Pregnancy; MR of Pelvic and Gastrointestinal Emergencies; Use of MR in Pediatric Emergencies; Use of MR in Pancreatico-Biliary Emergencies; and more!


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITORS iii
EDITOR iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents vii
Foreword\x0B vii
Preface: Magnetic Resonance in the Emergency Room\r vii
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Stroke\r vii
Use of Magnetic Resonance in the Evaluation of Cranial Trauma\r vii
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Emergencies\r vii
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Head and Neck Infections\r vii
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Nontraumatic Musculoskeletal Emergencies\r viii
Emergency Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Musculoskeletal Trauma\r viii
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Abdominal and Pelvic Pain in the Pregnant Patient\r viii
Magnetic Resonance of Pelvic and Gastrointestinal Emergencies\r viii
Use of Magnetic Resonance in Pancreaticobiliary Emergencies\r ix
Pediatric Emergency Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Current Indications, Techniques, and Clinical Applications\r ix
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r x
FORTHCOMING ISSUES x
August 2016 x
November 2016 x
February 2017 x
RECENT ISSUES x
February 2016 x
November 2015 x
August 2015 x
CME Accreditation Page xi
PROGRAM OBJECTIVE xi
TARGET AUDIENCE xi
LEARNING OBJECTIVES xi
ACCREDITATION xi
DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST xi
UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE xi
TO ENROLL xi
METHOD OF PARTICIPATION xi
CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS xi
Foreword xiii
Preface:\rMR in the Emergency Room xv
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Stroke 293
Key points 293
INTRODUCTION 293
ROLE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN STROKE IMAGING 293
HOW I DO IT? 294
Image Acquisition (Technical Aspects) 294
IMAGING COMPONENTS 294
Parenchymal Imaging 294
Diffusion-weighted imaging 294
Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery 296
Gradient-echo imaging 296
Magnetic Resonance Angiogram 298
Magnetic Resonance Perfusion 298
Defining ischemic penumbra 298
Collateral flow status 300
Differential diagnosis: transient ischemic attack, seizure 302
Transient ischemic attack 302
Seizure 302
SUMMARY 302
REFERENCES 302
Use of Magnetic Resonance in the Evaluation of Cranial Trauma 305
Key points 305
INTRODUCTION 305
INTRA-AXIAL TRAUMA 305
Contusions 305
Penetrating Injury 306
Diffuse Axonal Injury 307
Traumatic Cranial Nerve Injury 308
EXTRA-AXIAL TRAUMA 309
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 309
Epidural Hematoma 311
Subdural Hematoma 312
Subdural Hygromas 313
SECONDARY BRAIN INJURY 315
Posttraumatic Cerebral Edema 315
Cerebral Herniations 316
Posttraumatic Infarction 317
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak 318
VASCULAR IMAGING 319
SUMMARY 322
REFERENCES 322
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Emergencies 325
Key points 325
INTRODUCTION 325
PROTOCOLS AND SEQUENCES 325
SPINE TRAUMA 327
UPPER CERVICAL SPINE TRAUMA 327
SUBAXIAL CERVICAL, THORACIC, AND LUMBAR SPINE TRAUMA 330
DISC INJURY AND HERNIATION 333
SPINAL CORD TRAUMA 335
SPINAL INFECTION 336
Acute Complications of Spine Tumors 337
Spinal metastases 337
PRIMARY SPINE NEOPLASMS 339
Primary Intramedullary Neoplasms 339
Primary Extramedullary/Intradural Neoplasms 340
NON-NEOPLASTIC SPINAL CORD LESIONS 342
SUMMARY 343
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 343
REFERENCES 343
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Head and Neck Infections 345
Key points 345
INTRODUCTION 345
ORBITS 346
Periorbital and Orbital Infections 346
PARANASAL SINUSES 346
Bacterial Infection 346
Fungal Infection 348
SALIVARY GLANDS 350
Sialadenitis 350
TEMPORAL BONE 350
Acute Otitis Media/Otomastoiditis 350
Labyrinthitis 355
Facial Neuritis (Bell's Palsy) 356
PHARYNGEAL AND LARYNGEAL INFECTIONS 356
Acute Tonsillitis/Peritonsillar Abscess 356
Retropharyngeal Abscess 359
CERVICAL LYMPHADENITIS 360
Suppurative Lymphadenopathy 360
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis 360
Viral and Other Lymphadenitis 364
ODONTOGENIC INFECTIONS 364
SUMMARY 366
REFERENCES 366
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Nontraumatic Musculoskeletal Emergencies 369
Key points 369
BONES 369
Osteomyelitis 369
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 369
Imaging findings and pathology 370
Summary 373
Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head 373
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 373
Imaging findings and pathology 373
Summary 375
Stress Fracture 375
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 375
Imaging findings and pathology 376
Summary 377
Pathologic Fracture 377
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 377
Imaging findings and pathology 377
Summary 379
JOINTS 379
Septic Arthritis 379
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 379
Imaging findings and pathology 379
Summary 380
MUSCLE 381
Rhabdomyolysis 381
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 381
Imaging findings and pathology 382
Summary 383
Compartment Syndrome 383
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 383
Imaging findings and pathology 384
Summary 385
SOFT TISSUES 385
Necrotizing Fasciitis 385
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 385
Imaging findings and pathology 385
Summary 386
REFERENCES 387
Emergency Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Musculoskeletal Trauma 391
Key points 391
INTRODUCTION 391
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SEQUENCES AND TECHNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS 391
Occult Scaphoid Fracture 392
Occult Hip Fracture 392
Traumatic Chondral and Osteochondral Injuries 393
Lisfranc Injury 393
Patellar Dislocation, Transient Patellar Dislocation 394
Internal Derangement of the Knee 395
Sternoclavicular Joint Injury 397
Acromioclavicular Joint Injury 398
Costochondral Injury 398
Tendon Injuries 398
Muscle Injury 399
Morel-Lavallée 400
SUMMARY 400
REFERENCES 401
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Abdominal and Pelvic Pain in the Pregnant Patient 403
Key points 403
POTENTIAL RISKS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE TO THE FETUS 403
SAFETY OF MR IMAGING IN PREGNANCY 404
SAFETY OF INTRAVENOUS GADOLINIUM IN PREGNANCY 404
STATUS OF ACADEMIC RADIOLOGY PRACTICES IN ABDOMINAL IMAGING OF PREGNANT PATIENTS 405
MR IMAGING PROTOCOL 405
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF IMAGING PREGNANT PATIENTS WITH ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC PAIN 405
APPENDICITIS 406
Role of Ultrasound 407
Role of MR Imaging 407
Protocol 407
Normal appearance of the appendix on MR imaging 407
MR imaging features of appendicitis 407
NEPHROLITHIASIS AND PYELONEPHRITIS 408
Role of Ultrasound 408
Role of MR Urography 409
Role of Computed Tomography 409
GYNECOLOGIC AND OBSTETRIC DISORDERS 409
BILIARY TRACT DISORDERS 411
EVALUATION OF OTHER BOWEL DISORDERS 412
OTHER CAUSES 413
ROLE OF MR IMAGING IN TRAUMA 413
EVALUATION OF MALIGNANCY 414
SUMMARY 415
REFERENCES 415
Magnetic Resonance of Pelvic and Gastrointestinal Emergencies 419
Key points 419
INTRODUCTION 419
NORMAL ANATOMY AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES 419
IMAGING PROTOCOLS 420
PELVIC EMERGENCIES 421
Degenerating Leiomyoma 421
Twisted Pedunculated Leiomyoma 421
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease/Tubo-ovarian Abscess 422
Ovarian Torsion 423
Testicular Torsion 424
GASTROINTESTINAL EMERGENCIES 424
Acute Appendicitis 424
Acute Diverticulitis 425
Active Crohn Disease 426
Terminal Ileitis 426
Omental Infarction and Epiploic Appendagitis 426
Bowel Obstruction 428
Intra-abdominal Abscess 428
Acute Pancreaticobiliary Diseases 429
SUMMARY 429
REFERENCES 430
Use of Magnetic Resonance in Pancreaticobiliary Emergencies 433
Key points 433
INTRODUCTION 433
NORMAL ANATOMY AND IMAGING TECHNIQUE 434
Imaging Protocols 434
IMAGING FINDINGS AND PATHOLOGY 434
Pancreatic Trauma 434
Bile Leak 436
Acute Cholecystitis 436
Biliary Obstruction 439
Pancreatitis 441
SUMMARY 447
REFERENCES 447
Pediatric Emergency Magnetic Resonance Imaging 449
Key points 449
INTRODUCTION 449
IMAGING TECHNIQUE 450
PATIENT PREPARATION 450
Sedation 450
Intravenous Contrast Administration 450
IMAGING SEQUENCES 450
Brain 450
Spine 450
Body 451
SPECTRUM OF DISORDERS 452
Vasculopathic Disorders 452
Arterial ischemic stroke 452
Cerebral venous thrombosis 455
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome 455
INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS 456
Brain 456
Meningitis 456
Encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 458
Cerebritis and cerebral abscess 460
Empyema 460
Spine 461
Epidural abscess 461
Discitis with or without osteomyelitis 463
Transverse myelitis and other fulminant demyelinating disease; Guillain-Barré syndrome 465
Body 466
Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis 466
Appendicitis 468
NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS 469
Brain 469
Intracranial neoplasms 469
Spine 471
Oncologic spinal cord compression 471
Traumatic Disorders 472
Spinal compression, contusion, and transection 472
SUMMARY 475
REFERENCES 475
Index 481