BOOK
Helicobacter Pylori Therapies, An Issue of Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a worldwide disease with a significant morbidity and mortality; it is the leading cause of non-ulcer dyspepsia, peptic ulcers and gastric tumors, including low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. In addition, it has also been recognized that the interaction between H. pylori and non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs is damaging to the gastroduodenal mucosa. H. pylori treatment still remains a challenge for physicians, since no current first-line therapy is able to cure the infection in all treated patients. This issue will serve to update gastroenterologists on current therapies, evaluation and management of disease progression, and the future of management of H. pylori infection.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Managementof Helicobacterpylori–Related Diseases | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Helicobacter pylori\r | vii | ||
| Preface: Helicobacter pylori: New Thoughts and Practices \r | vii | ||
| Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Proton Pump Inhibitor Era \r | vii | ||
| Practical Aspects in Choosing a Helicobacter pylori Therapy \r | vii | ||
| How to Effectively Use Bismuth Quadruple Therapy: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly\r | vii | ||
| Is There a Role for Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori Therapy?\r | viii | ||
| Molecular Approaches to Identify Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance\r | viii | ||
| When Is Endoscopic Follow-up Appropriate After Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy?\r | viii | ||
| Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Following Its Eradication\r | viii | ||
| Molecular Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Cancer\r | ix | ||
| Helicobacter pylori Eradication to Eliminate Gastric Cancer: The Japanese Strategy\r | ix | ||
| Treatment Strategy for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma\r | ix | ||
| Rationale for a Helicobacter pylori Test and Treatment Strategy in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease\r | ix | ||
| Screening to Identify and Eradicate Helicobacter pylori Infection in Teenagers in Japan\r | x | ||
| Current Status and Prospects for a Helicobacter pylori Vaccine\r | x | ||
| GASTROENTEROLOGY\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| December 2015 | xi | ||
| March 2016 | xi | ||
| June 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| June 2015 | xi | ||
| March 2015 | xi | ||
| December 2014 | xi | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | xiii | ||
| Helicobacter pylori: New Thoughts and Practices | xv | ||
| Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Proton Pump Inhibitor Era | 507 | ||
| Key points | 507 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 507 | ||
| INVASIVE TESTS | 508 | ||
| Histology | 508 | ||
| Culture | 510 | ||
| Rapid urease test | 510 | ||
| Molecular tests | 511 | ||
| Noninvasive Tests | 512 | ||
| Urea breath test | 512 | ||
| Stool antigen tests | 512 | ||
| SEROLOGY | 513 | ||
| SUMMARY: DIAGNOSIS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN THE PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS ERA | 514 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 515 | ||
| REFERENCES | 515 | ||
| Practical Aspects in Choosing a Helicobacter pylori Therapy | 519 | ||
| Key points | 519 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 520 | ||
| Why Is Helicobacter pylori Difficult to Treat? | 520 | ||
| CHOICE OF THERAPY | 522 | ||
| FIRST-LINE REGIMENS | 524 | ||
| Nonbismuth Quadruple Therapies | 525 | ||
| Sequential therapy | 525 | ||
| Concomitant therapy | 526 | ||
| Hybrid (sequential-concomitant) therapy | 526 | ||
| Bismuth Quadruple Therapy | 527 | ||
| RESCUE THERAPY | 527 | ||
| Fluoroquinolone-Containing Therapy | 528 | ||
| Bismuth Quadruple Therapy, Including Furazolidone-Containing Regimens | 529 | ||
| Rifabutin-Containing Therapy | 529 | ||
| PROBIOTICS | 530 | ||
| SUMMARY | 530 | ||
| REFERENCES | 531 | ||
| How to Effectively Use Bismuth Quadruple Therapy | 537 | ||
| Key points | 538 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 538 | ||
| BISMUTH IN THE ERA OF NEW CONCEPTS REGARDING PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER | 538 | ||
| BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY FOR H PYLORI ERADICATION | 540 | ||
| THE EFFECT OF METRONIDAZOLE RESISTANCE AS EXAMINED BY META-ANALYSIS | 542 | ||
| CALCULATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY | 542 | ||
| ADHERENCE (COMPLIANCE) WITH BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY | 543 | ||
| Adherence to the Protocol | 543 | ||
| HOW TO MAKE BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY MORE ACCEPTABLE | 546 | ||
| DOXYCYCLINE | 547 | ||
| EXAMINATION OF OUTCOME IN REGIONS WHERE BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY FREQUENTLY FAILS (EG, TURKEY AND IRAN) | 547 | ||
| BISMUTH, TETRACYCLINE, AMOXICILLIN, PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS QUADRUPLE THERAPY | 552 | ||
| BISMUTH SEQUENTIAL THERAPIES | 552 | ||
| INFORMATION NEEDED TO OBTAIN GENERALIZABLE RESULTS | 552 | ||
| ISSUES RIPE FOR SYSTEMATIC STUDY | 554 | ||
| Relation of Drug Administration and Meals | 554 | ||
| Reduction of Side Effects with Bismuth Quadruple Therapy | 555 | ||
| PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS DOSAGE | 556 | ||
| EFFICIENT STUDY DESIGN | 556 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS | 556 | ||
| REFERENCES | 557 | ||
| Is There a Role for Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori Therapy? | 565 | ||
| Key points | 565 | ||
| WHAT PROBIOTICS ARE | 565 | ||
| PROBIOTICS | 566 | ||
| Use of Probiotics Clinically | 567 | ||
| PROBIOTICS AS ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION | 567 | ||
| PROBIOTICS AS CURE FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION | 569 | ||
| SUMMARY | 572 | ||
| REFERENCES | 572 | ||
| Molecular Approaches to Identify Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance | 577 | ||
| Key points | 577 | ||
| MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO MACROLIDES | 578 | ||
| Mechanisms | 578 | ||
| Methods | 579 | ||
| Real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of Helicobacter pylori resistance to macrolides | 579 | ||
| Principle | 579 | ||
| Advantages of this procedure | 580 | ||
| Variants of the method | 581 | ||
| The TaqMan format | 581 | ||
| Advantages and limitations | 581 | ||
| The scorpion format | 581 | ||
| Multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by strip hybridization | 581 | ||
| Advantages and limits | 581 | ||
| Dual priming oligonucleotide–polymerase chain reaction | 583 | ||
| Other polymerase chain reaction–based assays | 583 | ||
| Nested polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing or standard polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing or res ... | 583 | ||
| Allele-specific primer polymerase chain reaction | 584 | ||
| Primer mismatch polymerase chain reaction | 584 | ||
| Invader assay for single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping | 584 | ||
| Non–polymerase chain reaction–based assays | 585 | ||
| Fluorescence in situ hybridization | 585 | ||
| Advantages | 585 | ||
| Peptide nucleic acid–fluorescence in situ hybridization | 585 | ||
| Other methods | 586 | ||
| Correlation with Clinical Outcome | 586 | ||
| MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO FLUOROQUINOLONES | 588 | ||
| Mechanisms | 588 | ||
| Methods | 588 | ||
| Real-time polymerase chain reaction | 588 | ||
| Multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by strip hybridization | 588 | ||
| Other polymerase chain reaction–based assays | 588 | ||
| Sequencing of the gyrA quinolone resistance-determining region | 588 | ||
| Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction | 589 | ||
| Correlation with Clinical Outcome | 589 | ||
| MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO TETRACYCLINE | 589 | ||
| Mechanisms | 589 | ||
| Methods | 590 | ||
| Real-time polymerase chain reaction | 590 | ||
| Standard polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing or polymerase chain reaction–restriction length polymorphism | 590 | ||
| MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO OTHER ANTIBIOTICS | 590 | ||
| Rifampins | 590 | ||
| Amoxicillin | 590 | ||
| 5-Nitroimidazoles | 591 | ||
| REFERENCES | 591 | ||
| When Is Endoscopic Follow-up Appropriate After Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy? | 597 | ||
| Key points | 597 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 597 | ||
| HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION | 599 | ||
| UNINVESTIGATED AND NONULCER DYSPEPSIA | 599 | ||
| PEPTIC ULCER | 600 | ||
| PREMALIGNANT GASTRIC LESIONS AND EARLY GASTRIC CANCER | 601 | ||
| HEREDITARY RISK FOR GASTRIC CANCER | 603 | ||
| MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE LYMPHOMA | 604 | ||
| SUMMARY | 605 | ||
| REFERENCES | 605 | ||
| Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Following Its Eradication | 609 | ||
| Key points | 609 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 610 | ||
| HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF GASTRIC CANCER RISK | 610 | ||
| GASTRIC CANCER RISK: EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS | 611 | ||
| GASTRIC CANCER RISK: THE ASSESSMENT | 611 | ||
| Demographics | 611 | ||
| Noninvasive Methods | 612 | ||
| Invasive Methods | 614 | ||
| Endoscopy and biopsy protocols | 614 | ||
| Histology | 614 | ||
| GASTRIC CANCER RISK IN ERADICATED PATIENTS | 615 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori Eradication as a Primary Prevention of Gastric Cancer | 616 | ||
| How to Assess/Quantify Cancer Risk After Helicobacter pylori Eradication | 616 | ||
| SUMMARY | 620 | ||
| REFERENCES | 621 | ||
| Molecular Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Cancer | 625 | ||
| Key points | 625 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 625 | ||
| CLASSIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF GASTRIC CANCER | 626 | ||
| HELICOBACTER PYLORI VIRULENCE FACTORS ON GASTRIC EPITHELIUM DURING GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS | 627 | ||
| Roles of CagA in Gastric Carcinogenesis | 627 | ||
| Roles of Vacuolating Cytotoxin A in Gastric Carcinogenesis | 629 | ||
| Role of Peptidoglycan in Gastric Carcinogenesis | 629 | ||
| HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DURING GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS | 629 | ||
| GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS | 630 | ||
| Mechanisms of Induction of Genetic Alterations | 630 | ||
| Deamination | 630 | ||
| Oxidative stress | 631 | ||
| Chromosomal instability | 632 | ||
| Mechanisms of Induction of Epigenetic Alterations | 632 | ||
| Mechanisms of Induction of microRNA Alterations | 633 | ||
| SUMMARY | 633 | ||
| REFERENCES | 633 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori Eradication to Eliminate Gastric Cancer | 639 | ||
| Key points | 639 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 639 | ||
| PREVIOUS PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR GASTRIC CANCER IN JAPAN | 640 | ||
| CURRENT STATUS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SCREENING FOR GASTRIC CANCER IN JAPAN | 640 | ||
| THE EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION FOR GASTRIC CANCER PREVENTION | 642 | ||
| HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION THERAPY IN JAPAN | 642 | ||
| STRATEGY FOR THE ELIMINATION OF GASTRIC CANCER IN JAPAN | 643 | ||
| REFERENCES | 646 | ||
| Treatment Strategy for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma | 649 | ||
| Key points | 649 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 649 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 650 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | 650 | ||
| Genetic Aberrations | 650 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 650 | ||
| Histopathology | 650 | ||
| Endoscopic Findings | 651 | ||
| Clinical Staging | 652 | ||
| TREATMENTS | 652 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori Eradication | 652 | ||
| Strategies for Patients not Responding to Helicobacter pylori Eradication | 657 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 657 | ||
| REFERENCES | 658 | ||
| Rationale for a Helicobacter pylori Test and Treatment Strategy in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 661 | ||
| Key points | 661 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 661 | ||
| THE EFFECT OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR TREATMENT ON CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI–RELATED GASTRITIS | 662 | ||
| THE EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION ON CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND ATROPHY RELATED TO HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION | 662 | ||
| GASTRITIS AND ADENOCARCINOMA IN MONGOLIAN GERBILS | 662 | ||
| A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR THERAPY IN INFECTED SUBJECTS WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE | 663 | ||
| THE CASE AGAINST HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION THERAPY IN GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE | 663 | ||
| COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS | 664 | ||
| SUMMARY | 665 | ||
| REFERENCES | 665 | ||
| Screening to Identify and Eradicate Helicobacter pylori Infection in Teenagers in Japan | 667 | ||
| Key points | 667 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 668 | ||
| AN EXAMINATION AND TREATMENT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS | 668 | ||
| First Screening Examination for Helicobacter pylori Infection | 668 | ||
| Further Examination for Helicobacter pylori Infection | 668 | ||
| Endoscopic Findings | 669 | ||
| Histologic Findings | 670 | ||
| Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to Clarithromycin, Metronidazole, and Amoxicillin | 671 | ||
| Outcome of Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy | 671 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 672 | ||
| Costs | 672 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 672 | ||
| Other Effectiveness Except Preventing of Gastric Cancers | 674 | ||
| Problems of Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection in High School Students | 674 | ||
| Other Studies of a Screen-and-Treat Approach for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Japanese Adolescents | 675 | ||
| SUMMARY | 675 | ||
| REFERENCES | 675 | ||
| Current Status and Prospects for a Helicobacter pylori Vaccine | 677 | ||
| Key points | 677 | ||
| THE NEED FOR AN HELICOBACTER PYLORI VACCINE: LATE DIAGNOSIS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI-ASSOCIATED GASTRIC CANCER | 677 | ||
| HIGH INCIDENCE OF GASTRIC CANCER IN DEVELOPING NATIONS | 678 | ||
| CHALLENGES IN INDUCING PROTECTIVE HELICOBACTER PYLORI IMMUNITY AT THE GASTRIC MUCOSA | 678 | ||
| RESULTS FROM THE MOUSE MODEL THAT CONTRIBUTED TO VACCINE DEVELOPMENT | 679 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS | 681 | ||
| RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS AND NEW CONSIDERATIONS IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI VACCINE DEVELOPMENT | 683 | ||
| REFERENCES | 685 | ||
| Index | 691 |