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Endoscopy, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 18-3, E-Book

Endoscopy, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 18-3, E-Book

Stephen J. Divers

(2016)

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Book Details

Abstract

Drs. Stephen Divers and Laila Proença have assembled an expert team of authors focused on Endoscopy and Exotic Animals. Articles include: Definitive diagnosis in exotic animal practice: the essential value of endoscopy, Guinea pig cystoscopy and urolith removal, Flexible endoscopy including gastroscopy in ferrets with a section on Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) Tube Placement and Use, Endoscopic rabbit sterilization, Endoscopy of small NH primates, Pulmonoscopy of snakes, and more!

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
VETERINARY CLINICSOF NORTH AMERICA:EXOTIC ANIMAL PRACTICE i
Copyright \r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITORS iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents v
Preface: Endoscopic Research and Practice Development Marches Forward\r v
Making the Difference in Exotic Animal Practice: The Value of Endoscopy\r v
Transurethral Cystoscopy and Endoscopic Urolith Removal in Female Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)\r v
Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)\r v
Endoscopic Ovariectomy of Exotic Mammals Using a Three-Port Approach\r v
Oculoscopy in Rabbits and Rodents\r vi
Video Otoscopy in Exotic Companion Mammals\r vi
Endoscopy and Endosurgery in Nonhuman Primates\r vi
The Value of Endoscopy in a Wildlife Raptor Service\r vi
Endoscopy in Amphibians\r vii
Pulmonoscopy of Snakes\r vii
Clinical Applications of Cystoscopy in Chelonians\r vii
Gender Identification by Cloacoscopy and Cystoscopy in Juvenile Chelonians\x0B vii
Endoscopic Sex Identification in Chelonians and Birds (Psittacines, Passerines, and Raptors)\r viii
Coelioscopic and Endoscope-Assisted Sterilization of Chelonians\r viii
Video Telescope Operating Microscopy\r viii
Endoscopy Practice Management, Fee Structures, and Marketing\r viii
Two-Portal Access Laparoscopic Ovariectomy Using Ligasure Atlas in Exotic Companion Mammals\r ix
VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: EXOTIC\rANIMAL PRACTICE\r x
FORTHCOMING ISSUES x
January 2016 x
May 2016 x
September 2016 x
RECENT ISSUES x
May 2015 x
January 2015 x
September 2014 x
Preface\r xi
Making the Difference in Exotic Animal Practice 351
Key points 351
INTRODUCTION 351
THE DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS 353
THE ENDOSCOPIC SOLUTION 354
REFERENCES 356
Transurethral Cystoscopy and Endoscopic Urolith Removal in Female Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) 359
Key points 359
INTRODUCTION 359
INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS 360
PATIENT PREPARATION AND POSITIONING 360
ENDOSCOPIC EQUIPMENT 361
PROCEDURE 362
ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS 364
BENEFITS OF CYSTOSCOPY 364
COMPLICATIONS OF TRANSURETHRAL CYSTOSCOPY 365
PATIENT MANAGEMENT 366
SUMMARY 366
REFERENCES 367
Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) 369
Key points 369
INTRODUCTION 369
CLINICAL ANATOMY OF THE FERRET GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 370
Esophagus 370
Stomach 370
Small Intestine 371
Duodenum 371
Jejunoileum 371
Large Intestine 371
Colon 371
Rectum and Anus 371
EQUIPMENT 372
Flexible Endoscope 372
Basic Construction and Handling 374
Flexible Instruments 377
Pumps and Insufflators 377
PATIENT PREPARATION AND POSITIONING 378
Evaluation of the Patient 378
Preparation 378
Anesthesia 378
Positioning 380
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ENDOSCOPY 380
Indications 380
Limitations 380
Contraindications 381
Complications 381
Esophagoscopy 381
Gastroscopy 382
Duodenoscopy 385
Biopsy 386
Gastric biopsies 386
Duodenal biopsies 386
Biopsy interpretation 387
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy 387
Patient preparation and positioning 388
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement 388
Complications and postoperative care 390
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube removal 390
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding 391
Diseases of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 391
Esophageal disease 391
Gastric disease 391
LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ENDOSCOPY 393
Indications 393
Contraindications 393
Complications 393
Colonoscopy and Jejunoileoscopy Procedure 393
Biopsy 397
Diseases of the Lower Intestinal Tract 397
SUMMARY 397
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 398
REFERENCES 398
Endoscopic Ovariectomy of Exotic Mammals Using a Three-Port Approach 401
Key points 401
INTRODUCTION 401
EQUIPMENT 403
ANESTHESIA AND PATIENT PREPARATION 403
ENDOSCOPIC OVARIECTOMY 403
RECOVERY AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE 410
COMPLICATIONS 411
SUMMARY 414
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 414
REFERENCES 414
Oculoscopy in Rabbits and Rodents 417
Key points 417
INTRODUCTION 417
INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS 418
PATIENT PREPARATION AND POSITIONING 419
OCULOSCOPY TECHNIQUE 419
COMPLICATIONS 420
RABBIT OCULAR ANATOMY 420
RODENT OCULAR ANATOMY 421
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 423
SUMMARY 428
REFERENCES 428
Video Otoscopy in Exotic Companion Mammals 431
Key points 431
INTRODUCTION 431
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 432
INSTRUMENTATION AND EQUIPMENT 432
PATIENT PREPARATION, ANESTHESIA, AND POSITIONING 434
VIDEO OTOSCOPY 434
NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE EXTERNAL EAR AND TYMPANIC MEMBRANE OF THE RABBIT 440
EAR DISEASES 444
FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 444
SUMMARY 444
REFERENCES 444
Endoscopy and Endosurgery in Nonhuman Primates 447
Key points 447
INTRODUCTION 447
EQUIPMENT 448
PATIENT PREPARATION 449
PROCEDURES 450
BENEFITS OF ENDOSCOPY 459
COMPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL ADVERSE OUTCOMES 459
CONTROVERSIES/FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 460
SUMMARY 461
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 461
REFERENCES 461
The Value of Endoscopy in a Wildlife Raptor Service 463
Key points 463
INTRODUCTION 463
EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION 464
General Suggestions 464
Specific Comments on the Purchase of Used Endoscopic Components 465
Rigid endoscope 465
Light cable 465
Light source 465
Endoscopy camera 465
Monitor 466
Carts 466
Storage 467
Cleaning 467
PATIENT SELECTION: INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 467
Procedure Preparation 468
Patient Preparation 468
Fasting 468
Anesthesia 468
Positioning 469
PROCEDURES AND BENEFITS 471
Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Conditions 471
Tracheoscopy 471
Celioscopy 471
Foreign Body Removal 473
Diagnosis of Miscellaneous Conditions 473
Treatment of Miscellaneous Conditions 474
Gender Identification 475
Research and Conservation 475
POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS 475
SUMMARY 475
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 476
REFERENCES 476
Endoscopy in Amphibians 479
Key points 479
INTRODUCTION 479
INDICATIONS 480
CONTRAINDICATIONS 480
EQUIPMENT 480
PATIENT PREPARATION 480
ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 481
ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURES 481
Stomatoscopy and Gastroscopy 482
Coelioscopy 482
Biopsy 490
Carbon Dioxide Removal, Closure of the Coelom, and Postoperative Care 490
BENEFITS OF ENDOSCOPY 490
COMPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL ADVERSE OUTCOMES 490
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 490
SUMMARY 491
REFERENCES 491
Pulmonoscopy of Snakes 493
Key points 493
INTRODUCTION 493
Topography of the Serpentine Respiratory System 493
Snake’s Lung Anatomy 494
INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS 495
TECHNIQUE 496
Instrumentation 496
Patient Preparation 496
Preoperative care 496
Anesthesia, analgesia 496
Pulmonoscopy Techniques 497
Tracheal approach 497
Transcutaneous approach 497
COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 498
POSTOPERATIVE CARE 500
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 500
NORMAL TRACHEAL, LUNG, AND AIR SAC APPEARANCE 500
COMMON DISEASES OF LUNGS IN SNAKES 501
OUTCOMES 502
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES/FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 502
SUMMARY 504
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 504
REFERENCES 505
Clinical Applications of Cystoscopy in Chelonians 507
Key points 507
INTRODUCTION 507
Morphology 507
Size 508
INDICATIONS 509
TECHNIQUE 509
Chelonian Positioning 509
Special equipment 510
ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURES 510
Cystoscopy 510
Identification of Coelomic Organs via Cystoscopy 510
Identification of the gastrointestinal tract via cystoscopy 511
Identification of liver, pancreas, and spleen via cystoscopy 512
Identification of heart and lungs via cystoscopy 514
Identification of the kidneys and reproductive tract via cystoscopy 514
Identification and Treatment of Bladder Disorders via Cystoscopy 517
Urinary bladder calculi 517
Ectopic eggs in the urinary bladder 517
Bladder rupture and urocoelom 519
Other findings 521
Accessory Bladder Cystoscopy 521
LIMITATIONS 522
Sterility 522
Species-specific Differences 522
COMPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL ADVERSE OUTCOMES 523
Emesis 523
Bladder Rupture 523
Other Complications 523
POSTOPERATIVE CARE 523
PRACTICE MANAGEMENT 524
SUMMARY 524
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 524
REFERENCES 524
Gender Identification by Cloacoscopy and Cystoscopy in Juvenile Chelonians 527
Key points 527
INTRODUCTION 527
INDICATION AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR GENDER IDENTIFICATION BY CLOACOSCOPY AND CYSTOSCOPY IN JUVENILE CHELONIANS 528
APPROACH 528
TECHNIQUE/PROCEDURE 529
Preparation/Patient Positioning 529
Basic Equipment 532
Special Equipment 532
TECHNIQUE/PROCEDURE 533
Cloacoscopy 533
PHALLUS/CLITORIS IDENTIFICATION 534
CYSTOSCOPY 535
GONAD IDENTIFICATION 535
COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 537
POSTOPERATIVE CARE 537
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES/FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 537
SUMMARY 537
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 537
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 538
REFERENCES 538
Endoscopic Sex Identification in Chelonians and Birds (Psittacines, Passerines, and Raptors) 541
Key points 541
INTRODUCTION 541
EQUIPMENT 542
BIRDS 543
Patient Preparation and Anesthesia 543
Endoscopic Procedure 544
Postoperative Care 546
Complications 546
REPTILES 546
Patient Preparation and Anesthesia 548
Endoscopic Procedure 549
Postoperative Care 552
Complications 552
REFERENCES 552
Coelioscopic and Endoscope-Assisted Sterilization of Chelonians 555
Key points 555
INTRODUCTION 555
INDICATIONS FOR CHELONIAN STERILIZATION 556
CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR CHELONIAN STERILIZATION 556
ENDOSCOPIC EQUIPMENT 556
PATIENT PREPARATION 557
ORCHIECTOMY 557
General Comments 557
Patient Positioning 558
Surgical Technique 558
OOPHORECTOMY/OVARIECTOMY/OVARIOSALPINGECTOMY 561
General Comments 561
Patient Positioning 561
Mature Chelonian Ovariectomy/Oophorectomy 563
Immature Chelonian Ovariectomy/Oophorectomy 564
Ovariosalpingectomy 564
Prefemoral Coeliotomy Closure 565
COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 568
POSTOPERATIVE CARE 568
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES/FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 568
SUMMARY 568
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 569
REFERENCES 569
Video Telescope Operating Microscopy 571
Key points 571
INTRODUCTION 571
ILLUMINATION AND MAGNIFICATION: VIDEO TELESCOPIC OPERATING MICROSCOPE 572
ADRENALECTOMY IN A FERRET (MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO) 573
EXPLORATORY COELIOTOMY IN A BEARDED DRAGON (POGONA VITTICEPS) 574
OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY IN A RAT (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) 576
SUMMARY 577
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 577
REFERENCES 577
Endoscopy Practice Management, Fee Structures, and Marketing 579
Key points 579
INTRODUCTION 579
SURVEY 580
EQUIPMENT 580
EQUIPMENT CHARGES AND ANCILLARY FEES 580
ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURAL FEES 580
MARKETING 582
SUMMARY 585
Two-Portal Access Laparoscopic Ovariectomy Using Ligasure Atlas in Exotic Companion Mammals 587
Key points 587
INTRODUCTION 587
LAPAROSCOPIC EQUIPMENT 589
PATIENT PREPARATION AND ANESTHESIA 589
TWO-PORTAL LAPAROSCOPIC OVARIECTOMY USING LIGASURE ATLAS 590
Patient Positioning 590
Surgical Technique 590
COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 593
Postoperative Care 594
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES/FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 594
SUMMARY 594
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 595
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 595
REFERENCES 595
Index 597