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Postmenopausal Endocrinology, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book

Postmenopausal Endocrinology, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book

Nanette Santoro

(2015)

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Book Details

Abstract

This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, edited by Drs. Nanette Santoro and Lubna Pal, is devoted to Postmenopausal Endocrinology.  Articles in this issue include: Endocrinology of Menopause; Menopausal Symptoms; Bone Health and Osteoporosis; Surgical Menopause; Premature Menopause; Cardiovascular Changes; MHT: Current Considerations; Breast Cancer and Hormones; Other Cancers and Menopause; CAM for Menopausal Symptoms; Menopause and Sexuality; and Menopause and Metabolism.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Postmenopausa\rlEndocrinology i
Copyright ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITORS iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents vii
Foreword: Postmenopausal Endocrinology vii
Preface: Menopause and Perimenopause vii
Endocrinology of the Menopause vii
Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management vii
Bone Health and Osteoporosis vii
Surgical Menopause viii
Premature Menopause viii
Menopause and the Heart viii
Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Current Considerations viii
The Effect of Menopausal Hormone Therapies on Breast Cancer: Avoiding the Risk ix
Menopause and Cancers ix
Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Menopause ix
Menopause and Sexuality ix
Regulation of Body Composition and Bioenergetics by Estrogens x
ENDOCRINOLOGY AND\rMETABOLISM CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA xi
FORTHCOMING ISSUE xi
December 2015 xi
RECENT ISSUES xi
June 2015 xi
March 2015 xi
December 2014 xi
Postmenopausal Endocrinology xiii
Menopause and Perimenopause xvii
Erratum xix
Endocrinology of the Menopause 485
Key points 485
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN NORMAL WOMEN 486
OVARIAN AGING IN WOMEN 487
CHANGES IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY WITH REPRODUCTIVE AGING 487
Response to the Loss of Ovarian Feedback 487
Aging of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Possible Contribution to Menopause 488
INTEGRATION OF HORMONAL CHANGES WITH REPRODUCTIVE AGING IN WOMEN 489
Maintenance of Follicle Development and Estrogen Secretion in Early Ovarian Aging 489
Hormonal Variability of the Menopause Transition 490
Stability of Hormone Secretion after Menopause 491
Clinical Assessment of Reproductive Aging and Menopause 492
SUMMARY 492
REFERENCES 492
Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management 497
Key points 497
INTRODUCTION 497
THE CORE 4 SYMPTOMS: VASOMOTOR, VAGINAL, INSOMNIA, AND MOOD 498
Epidemiology 498
Vasomotor symptoms 498
Vulvovaginal atrophy 499
Sleep disturbances and insomnia 502
Adverse mood 503
Menopause and cognition 506
SUMMARY 512
REFERENCES 512
Bone Health and Osteoporosis 517
Key points 517
INTRODUCTION 517
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 517
DIAGNOSIS AND INITIAL EVALUATION 519
Measurement of Bone Mineral Density 519
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 519
Other technologies to measure bone mass 520
Assessment of Fracture Risk 520
Who Should be Screened for Osteoporosis? 521
Initial Evaluation 521
TREATMENT 521
Nutrition 521
Exercise 522
Other Lifestyle Modifications 522
Prevention of Falls 522
Pharmacologic Treatment 523
Indication for treatment 523
United States Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs for osteoporosis 523
Bisphosphonates 524
Estrogen therapy 526
Selective estrogen receptor modulators: raloxifene (brand name Evista) 526
Teriparatide (brand name Forteo) 526
Denosumab (brand name Prolia) 526
Calcitonin (brand names Miacalcin or Fortical) 527
Choice of antiosteoporotic therapy 527
Combination therapy 527
Monitoring response to treatment 527
SUMMARY 528
REFERENCES 528
Surgical Menopause 531
Key points 531
INTRODUCTION 531
CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS IN LOW-RISK PREMENOPAUSAL PATIENTS 532
INDICATIONS FOR OOPHORECTOMY IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS 533
HORMONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATURAL MENOPAUSE AND SURGICAL MENOPAUSE 533
ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF SURGICAL MENOPAUSE 534
Menopausal Symptoms 534
Cardiovascular Disease 534
Bone Loss, Osteoporosis, and Fracture Risk 535
Cognition and central nervous system disease 535
Sexual function 536
All-cause mortality 537
SUMMARY 537
REFERENCES 537
Premature Menopause 543
Key points 543
INTRODUCTION 543
SYMPTOMS 544
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND TESTS 544
Physical Evaluation 544
Tests 545
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 546
Spontaneous Primary Ovarian Insufficiency 547
X Chromosome Abnormalities 547
Uncommon Genetic Disorders Associated with Primary Ovarian Insufficiency 548
Autoimmunity 549
Infection 550
Iatrogenic 550
Surgical premature menopause 550
Chemotherapy and radiation 550
TREATMENT 550
ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS 552
Psychological Well-Being 552
Reproductive Concerns 552
Sexuality: Role for Androgen Therapy? 553
Genetic Counseling 553
Skeletal Health 553
Cardiovascular Health 554
Associated Disorders 554
SUMMARY 554
REFERENCES 554
Menopause and the Heart 559
Key points 559
INTRODUCTION 559
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES 560
Nurses Health Study 560
RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS 560
HERS: a Secondary Prevention Trial 560
WHI: a Primary Prevention Trial 561
Sorting Through the Conundrum 562
RECENTLY COMPLETED TRIALS 562
The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study 563
Early Versus Late Intervention Trial with Estrogen 563
Recommendations 563
REFERENCES 564
Menopausal Hormone Therapy 565
Key points 565
MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY: THE STATE OF THE EVIDENCE 565
MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY—CURRENT CONSIDERATIONS 569
CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO THE PATIENT 570
Engage Your Patient and Individualize Her Care 570
How bothered is she by her symptoms? 570
What does she want? 570
Will therapy be safe? 573
Choose Your Patients (for Whom You Recommend Menopausal Hormone Therapy) Wisely 573
Limit initiation of hormone therapy to women younger than 60 years of age or less than 10 years past onset of menopause 573
Review contraindications to menopausal hormone therapy 573
Assess cardiovascular risk 574
Assess breast cancer risk 574
Consolidate benefit/risk assessment 576
Consider Lower Doses 576
Consider Transdermal Therapies 576
Keep Progestogens in Perspective 577
Combination Therapy with Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Bazedoxifene 578
Plan to Limit the Duration of Menopausal Hormone Therapy (with Some Caveats) 578
Recognize and Treat Genitourinary Symptoms of Menopause 579
Vaginal estrogen therapies 579
Ospemifene therapy 579
Revisiting the Decision to Continue Menopausal Hormone Therapy 579
What to Do After Stopping Menopausal Hormone Therapy? 580
SUMMARY 581
REFERENCES 581
The Effect of Menopausal Hormone Therapies on Breast Cancer 587
Key points 587
INTRODUCTION 587
MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY IN CLINICAL TRIALS 588
MAMMARY GLAND BIOLOGY AND BREAST CANCER 590
BREAST CANCER CELLS: STUDIES IN VITRO 590
PROGESTOGEN REGIMENS 591
BREAST CANCER IN ANIMAL MODELS 592
BREAST CANCER AND THE WOMEN’S HEALTH INITIATIVE: POSTINTERVENTION CLINICAL DATA 593
TISSUE SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR COMPLEX AND BREAST CANCER 596
ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY AND BREAST CANCER RISK 596
SUMMARY 597
REFERENCES 597
Menopause and Cancers 603
Key points 603
INTRODUCTION 603
INCIDENCE 604
COMMON CANCERS 604
Endometrial Cancer 604
Ovarian Cancer 606
Cervical Cancer 607
Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers 608
Lung Cancer 609
Colon Cancer 609
PREMATURE MENOPAUSE AND CANCER 610
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION 611
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 611
REFERENCES 611
Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Menopause 619
Key points 619
INTRODUCTION: WHY IS COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE SO POPULAR? 619
DEFINING COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 620
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MENOPAUSE 621
BOTANICALS COMMONLY RECOMMENDED FOR MENOPAUSE 622
THE PHYTOESTROGENS: SOY, SOY DERIVATIVES, AND RED CLOVER EXTRACT 622
Soy 622
SOY-DERIVED ISOFLAVONE ISOLATES 625
S-Equol 625
Genistein 626
Daidzein 626
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOY, SOY FOODS, SOY EXTRACTS, AND SOY METABOLITES 626
Red Clover–Based Isoflavone Supplements 627
THE SAFETY OF SOY 627
OTHER BOTANICALS USED FOR MENOPAUSE (LISTED ALPHABETICALLY) 629
Black Cohosh 629
Recommendations 630
Crinum 630
Dioscorea villosa (Wild Yam) 631
Recommendation 631
Dong Quai 632
Recommendation 632
Evening Primrose 632
Recommendation 633
Flaxseed 633
Recommendations 633
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 633
Recommendations 634
Hops 634
Menopause and Sexuality 649
Key points 649
INTRODUCTION 649
ATTITUDES ABOUT SEX AND THE MENOPAUSE 650
PHYSIOLOGY 650
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 650
SEX AND HORMONES 650
HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDER 651
SYMPTOMATIC VULVOVAGINAL ATROPHY 653
CHRONIC DISEASES AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION 653
MEDICATIONS 654
QUALITY OF LIFE IMPACT ON MENOPAUSAL WOMEN 654
TREATMENTS 655
Psychological Counseling 655
Estrogen 655
Testosterone 657
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 658
SUMMARY 658
REFERENCES 658
Regulation of Body Composition and Bioenergetics by Estrogens 663
Key points 663
INTRODUCTION 663
BASIC RESEARCH 664
Regulation of Adiposity by Estradiol 664
Regulation of Bioenergetics by Estradiol 666
PRECLINICAL RESEARCH 666
Regulation of Adiposity by Estradiol 666
Regulation of Bioenergetics by Estradiol 667
CLINICAL RESEARCH 669
Regulation of Adiposity by Estrogens 669
Regulation of Bioenergetics by Estrogens 671
SUMMARY 672
REFERENCES 673
Index 677