BOOK
Infectious Diseases in Geriatric Medicine, An Issue of Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, E-Book
Thomas T. Yoshikawa | Dean C. Norman
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, guest edited by Drs. Thomas T. Yoshikawa and Dean C. Norman, is devoted to Infectious Diseases in Geriatric Medicine. Articles in this issue include: Host Resistance and Immunology of Aging; Clinical Features of Infection; Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy; Bacterial Pneumonia; Tuberculosis; Intraabdominal Infections; Infectious Diarrhea: Clostridium Difficile and Norovirus; Urinary Tract Infection; Herpes Zoster; Bone and Joint Infections; Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Infections in the Long-Term Care Setting; and Vaccinations.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Infectious Diseases inGeriatric Medicine | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Host Resistance and Immune Aging | vii | ||
| Clinical Features of Infection in Older Adults | vii | ||
| Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy in Older Adults | vii | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia in Older Adults | vii | ||
| Tuberculosis in Older Adults | viii | ||
| Intraabdominal Infections in Older Adults | viii | ||
| Infectious Diarrhea: Norovirus and Clostridium difficile in Older Adults | viii | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections in the Older Adult | viii | ||
| Herpes Zoster | ix | ||
| Bone and Joint Infections in Older Adults | ix | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Older Adults | ix | ||
| Infections in Nursing Homes: Epidemiology and Prevention Programs | x | ||
| Vaccinations for the Older Adult | x | ||
| CLINICS IN GERIATRIC MEDICINE | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| November 2016 | xi | ||
| February 2017 | xi | ||
| May 2017 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| May 2016 | xi | ||
| February 2016 | xi | ||
| November 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Host Resistance and Immune Aging | 415 | ||
| Key points | 415 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 415 | ||
| CHANGES IN INNATE IMMUNITY WITH AGING | 416 | ||
| Age-related Dysregulation of Inflammation | 416 | ||
| Neutrophils | 416 | ||
| Monocytes | 417 | ||
| Dendritic Cells | 418 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 418 | ||
| Origins of Age-related Inflammation | 419 | ||
| CHANGES IN THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM WITH AGING | 420 | ||
| T-Cell Aging | 420 | ||
| B-Cell Aging | 423 | ||
| SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF IMMUNE AGING | 424 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 425 | ||
| REFERENCES | 425 | ||
| Clinical Features of Infection in Older Adults | 433 | ||
| Key points | 433 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 433 | ||
| PRESENTATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN OLD AGE | 434 | ||
| SIGNIFICANCE OF BLUNTED FEBRILE RESPONSE IN OLDER PERSONS | 435 | ||
| BASELINE TEMPERATURE, SIGNIFICANCE OF FEVER, AND FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN | 438 | ||
| REFERENCES | 439 | ||
| Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy in Older Adults | 443 | ||
| Key points | 443 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 443 | ||
| IMPACT OF ANTIBIOTIC USE IN OLDER ADULTS | 444 | ||
| AGING AND ANTIBIOTIC PHARMACOKINETICS | 444 | ||
| INITIAL APPROACH TO PRESUMPTIVE INFECTION | 447 | ||
| WHAT ANTIBIOTICS TO PRESCRIBE | 448 | ||
| CHOOSING THE ROUTE OF ANTIBIOTIC ADMINISTRATION | 450 | ||
| COMMON SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS | 452 | ||
| ANTIBIOTICS AND INTERACTIONS WITH COMMON DRUGS USED BY OLDER ADULTS | 453 | ||
| ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP | 454 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 455 | ||
| REFERENCES | 455 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia in Older Adults | 459 | ||
| Key points | 459 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 460 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 460 | ||
| Risk Factors for Bacterial Pneumonia | 461 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 462 | ||
| CAUSE OF PNEUMONIA AND ETIOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS | 462 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF PNEUMONIA | 464 | ||
| RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF PNEUMONIA | 465 | ||
| SITE OF CARE DECISION | 466 | ||
| ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY | 468 | ||
| USE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS FOR PNEUMONIA | 471 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF CARE OTHER THAN ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY | 471 | ||
| LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF PNEUMONIA | 472 | ||
| REFERENCES | 472 | ||
| Tuberculosis in Older Adults | 479 | ||
| Key points | 479 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 479 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 480 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 481 | ||
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | 482 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 482 | ||
| Tuberculin Skin Testing | 482 | ||
| Interferon-Gamma Release Assays | 483 | ||
| Chest Radiography and Computer-Aided Diagnosis | 483 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 484 | ||
| Other Tuberculosis Diagnostics | 484 | ||
| Molecular diagnostics | 484 | ||
| Biomarkers | 485 | ||
| Serologic tests | 485 | ||
| Volatile organic compounds | 485 | ||
| TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE | 485 | ||
| Monitoring of Response to Drug Therapy | 487 | ||
| TREATMENT OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION | 488 | ||
| INFECTION CONTROL ISSUES | 489 | ||
| REFERENCES | 490 | ||
| Intraabdominal Infections in Older Adults | 493 | ||
| Key points | 493 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 493 | ||
| Anatomic Classification | 493 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 494 | ||
| Management Options | 495 | ||
| Important Considerations | 496 | ||
| SPECIFIC CONDITIONS | 497 | ||
| Biliary Tract | 497 | ||
| Stomach and Duodenum | 498 | ||
| Small Bowel | 500 | ||
| Appendix | 500 | ||
| Colon | 501 | ||
| Clostridium difficile Infection | 502 | ||
| Solid Organs: Pancreas, Spleen, and Liver | 503 | ||
| REFERENCES | 503 | ||
| Infectious Diarrhea | 509 | ||
| Key points | 509 | ||
| NOROVIRUS | 509 | ||
| Introduction | 509 | ||
| Transmission | 511 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 512 | ||
| Diagnosis | 512 | ||
| Treatment | 512 | ||
| Prevention/Intervention | 513 | ||
| Vaccines and Antivirals | 513 | ||
| CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE | 514 | ||
| Introduction | 514 | ||
| Epidemiology | 514 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 515 | ||
| Risk Factors | 515 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 516 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 516 | ||
| Nucleic acid amplification tests such as polymerase chain reaction tests | 516 | ||
| Enzyme immunoassay for Clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase | 516 | ||
| Enzyme immunoassay for Clostridium difficile toxins A and B | 516 | ||
| Cell culture cytotoxicity assay | 517 | ||
| Selective anaerobic culture | 517 | ||
| Treatment | 517 | ||
| Antibiotics | 517 | ||
| Alternative therapies | 517 | ||
| Cholestyramine | 517 | ||
| Probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardi; lactobacillus; bifidobacterium) | 517 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 517 | ||
| Fecal microbiota transplant | 517 | ||
| Surgery | 519 | ||
| Infection Control and Prevention | 519 | ||
| REFERENCES | 519 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections in the Older Adult | 523 | ||
| Key points | 523 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 523 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 524 | ||
| Community Populations | 524 | ||
| Institutionalized Populations | 525 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 525 | ||
| Host Factors | 525 | ||
| Community population | 525 | ||
| Herpes Zoster | 539 | ||
| Key points | 539 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 539 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 540 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 540 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 542 | ||
| TREATMENT | 542 | ||
| Acute Herpes Zoster | 542 | ||
| General principles | 542 | ||
| Antiviral therapy | 542 | ||
| Analgesics | 544 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 544 | ||
| Adjuvant agents | 544 | ||
| Postherpetic Neuralgia | 545 | ||
| General principles | 545 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 545 | ||
| Other treatments | 549 | ||
| PREVENTION | 549 | ||
| Live Attenuated Zoster Vaccine | 549 | ||
| Subunit Adjuvanted Zoster Vaccine | 551 | ||
| SUMMARY | 551 | ||
| REFERENCES | 551 | ||
| Bone and Joint Infections in Older Adults | 555 | ||
| Key points | 555 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 555 | ||
| HOST FACTORS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS | 556 | ||
| NATIVE JOINT INFECTIONS | 557 | ||
| OSTEOMYELITIS | 559 | ||
| PROSTHETIC JOINT INFECTIONS | 561 | ||
| SUMMARY | 566 | ||
| REFERENCES | 566 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Older Adults | 571 | ||
| Key points | 571 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 571 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 572 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION IN OLDER PATIENTS | 572 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION AND CASE IDENTIFICATION | 572 | ||
| TREATMENT | 574 | ||
| Timing of Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy | 575 | ||
| Selection of Therapy | 575 | ||
| Response to Therapy | 575 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION | 576 | ||
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS--ASSOCIATED, NON-ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME COMPLICATIONS | 576 | ||
| PREVENTION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION | 580 | ||
| SUMMARY | 580 | ||
| REFERENCES | 581 | ||
| Infections in Nursing Homes | 585 | ||
| Key points | 585 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 585 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR INFECTION IN NURSING HOMES | 586 | ||
| Resident-level Risk Factors | 586 | ||
| Environmental-level and Institutional-level Risk Factors | 587 | ||
| Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics | 588 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COMMON INFECTIONS | 588 | ||
| Burden of Infections in Nursing Homes and the Importance of Colonization | 588 | ||
| Urinary tract infections | 590 | ||
| Lower respiratory tract infections | 591 | ||
| Skin and soft tissue infections | 591 | ||
| CHALLENGES IN INFECTION RECOGNITION AND ROLE OF ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMS | 591 | ||
| Definitions of Infection and Adherence to Guidelines | 591 | ||
| Special Challenges in Diagnosing Infection in Older Adults | 592 | ||
| Antibiotic Stewardship Programs | 592 | ||
| INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAMS | 592 | ||
| Infection Control Committee | 593 | ||
| Overview of Key Elements of an Infection Control Program | 593 | ||
| Hand Hygiene: Central to an Infection Prevention Program | 597 | ||
| Device Care | 598 | ||
| Multidrug-resistant Organism Prevention | 599 | ||
| Staff Education | 599 | ||
| SUMMARY | 601 | ||
| REFERENCES | 601 | ||
| Vaccinations for the Older Adult | 609 | ||
| Key points | 609 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 609 | ||
| INFLUENZA AND INFLUENZA VACCINATION | 610 | ||
| Influenza Epidemiology | 610 | ||
| INFLUENZA VACCINES AND VACCINE ADMINISTRATION | 613 | ||
| INFLUENZA VACCINATION OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS | 613 | ||
| PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE AND PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION | 614 | ||
| Epidemiology of Pneumococcal Disease | 614 | ||
| POLYSACCHARIDE PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE | 615 | ||
| CONJUGATED PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES | 616 | ||
| PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE ADMINISTRATION RECOMMENDATIONS | 616 | ||
| INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC DISEASE AND IMMUNOCOMPROMISED STATES | 618 | ||
| TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, AND PERTUSSIS | 618 | ||
| Tetanus | 618 | ||
| DIPHTHERIA | 619 | ||
| PERTUSSIS | 619 | ||
| TETANUS TOXOID, REDUCED DIPHTHERIA TOXOID, AND ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS VACCINATION | 622 | ||
| SUMMARY | 623 | ||
| REFERENCES | 623 | ||
| Index | 627 |