Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Nursing Research and Statistics
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Front matter | iii | ||
| Nursing research & statistics second edition | i | ||
| Copyright page | ii | ||
| Foreword | v | ||
| Preface to the second edition | vii | ||
| Preface to the first edition | ix | ||
| Acknowledgements | xi | ||
| Table of contents | xiii | ||
| I FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING RESEARCH | 1 | ||
| 1 Foundation of nursing research | 1 | ||
| Learning objectives | 3 | ||
| Introduction | 4 | ||
| Methods of acquiring knowledge in nursing | 4 | ||
| Unstructured methods | 5 | ||
| Structured methods | 6 | ||
| Problem solving | 7 | ||
| Problem-solving process | 7 | ||
| Scientific methods | 9 | ||
| Characteristics of scientific methods | 9 | ||
| Purposes of scientific methods | 9 | ||
| Steps of scientific methods | 10 | ||
| Limitations of scientific methods | 10 | ||
| Meaning of research and nursing research | 10 | ||
| Research | 10 | ||
| Nursing research | 11 | ||
| Need and purposes of nursing research | 13 | ||
| Importance and significance of nursing research | 13 | ||
| Historical evolution of nursing research | 14 | ||
| Contribution of florence nightingale (1820–1910) | 15 | ||
| Major milestones of nursing research in western countries | 15 | ||
| Major milestones of nursing research in india | 17 | ||
| Characteristics of good research | 19 | ||
| Types of research | 21 | ||
| Quantitative and qualitative research (table 1.2) | 22 | ||
| Quantitative research | 22 | ||
| Qualitative research | 23 | ||
| Basic and applied research | 24 | ||
| Basic research | 24 | ||
| Applied research | 24 | ||
| Scope and areas of nursing research | 25 | ||
| Research in clinical nursing practices | 26 | ||
| Research in nursing education | 26 | ||
| Research in nursing administration | 27 | ||
| Research in health systems and outcomes of care | 27 | ||
| Problems in nursing, health, and social research | 28 | ||
| Concept of evidence-based practice | 29 | ||
| Meaning of ebp | 29 | ||
| Steps for process of ebp | 30 | ||
| Purposes of ebp | 32 | ||
| Barriers in ebp | 33 | ||
| Review questions | 34 | ||
| Long answer and short answer questions | 34 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 34 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 35 | ||
| Further reading | 36 | ||
| 2 Overview of research process | 38 | ||
| Learning objectives | 38 | ||
| Introduction | 39 | ||
| Basic research terms | 39 | ||
| Quantitative research process: Overview | 42 | ||
| Qualitative research process: Overview | 45 | ||
| Ethics in nursing research | 48 | ||
| Definition | 48 | ||
| Importance of ethics in nursing research | 48 | ||
| Code of ethics in nursing research | 49 | ||
| Principle of beneficence | 49 | ||
| Principle of justice | 49 | ||
| Principle of respect of human dignity | 50 | ||
| Informed consent | 50 | ||
| Waiver of informed consent | 52 | ||
| Responsibilities of an investigator in obtaining informed consent | 53 | ||
| Icmr ethical guidelines for biomedical research | 54 | ||
| Code of ethics for nurses in india | 57 | ||
| Ethical responsibilities of a nurse researcher | 58 | ||
| Review questions | 58 | ||
| Long answer and short answer questions | 58 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 59 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 60 | ||
| Further reading | 60 | ||
| 3 Research problem | 62 | ||
| Learning objectives | 62 | ||
| Introduction | 63 | ||
| Definitions | 63 | ||
| Identification of research problem | 64 | ||
| Sources of research problem | 64 | ||
| Criteria for selecting a good research problem | 66 | ||
| Formulation of research problem | 68 | ||
| Identification of variables | 71 | ||
| Operational definitions | 74 | ||
| Essential characteristics of operational definitions | 76 | ||
| Writing research objectives | 76 | ||
| Meaning of research objectives | 76 | ||
| Characteristics of research objectives | 77 | ||
| Need of research objectives | 78 | ||
| Types of research objectives | 78 | ||
| Method of stating objectives | 79 | ||
| Review questions | 81 | ||
| Long answer and short answer questions | 81 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 81 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 83 | ||
| Further reading | 83 | ||
| 4 Hypothesis and assumption | 84 | ||
| Learning objectives | 84 | ||
| Hypothesis | 85 | ||
| Definitions | 85 | ||
| Importance of hypothesis in research | 86 | ||
| Characteristics of a good hypothesis | 86 | ||
| Sources of hypotheses | 87 | ||
| Types of hypothesis | 88 | ||
| Formulating hypotheses | 90 | ||
| Assumption | 92 | ||
| Definitions | 92 | ||
| Uses of assumption in research | 93 | ||
| Types of assumption | 93 | ||
| Examples of assumption | 94 | ||
| Delimitations | 94 | ||
| Uses of delimitations | 96 | ||
| Types of delimitations | 96 | ||
| Points to remember while writing delimitations | 96 | ||
| Review questions | 97 | ||
| Long answer and short answer questions | 97 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 97 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 98 | ||
| Further reading | 98 | ||
| 5 Literature review | 100 | ||
| Learning objectives | 100 | ||
| Introduction | 101 | ||
| Meaning of literature review | 101 | ||
| Importance of literature review | 102 | ||
| Purposes of literature review | 103 | ||
| Types of literature review | 103 | ||
| Sources of literature review | 105 | ||
| Primary sources | 105 | ||
| Secondary sources | 105 | ||
| Steps of literature review | 109 | ||
| Points to be considered for literature review | 115 | ||
| Review questions | 116 | ||
| Long answer and short answer questions | 116 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 116 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 117 | ||
| Further reading | 117 | ||
| 6 Theories, models, and frameworks in nursing research | 120 | ||
| Learning objectives | 120 | ||
| Meaning of theory | 121 | ||
| Meaning of conceptual model | 121 | ||
| Theoretical and conceptual frameworks | 122 | ||
| Theoretical framework | 122 | ||
| Conceptual framework | 124 | ||
| Nature and characteristics of theories | 127 | ||
| Purposes and uses of theories, models, and frameworks | 128 | ||
| Theories | 129 | ||
| Models and framework | 129 | ||
| Using theory in research | 130 | ||
| Testing and developing theories | 130 | ||
| Evaluation of theory-testing research | 130 | ||
| Evaluation of theory development research | 131 | ||
| Developing conceptual or theoretical framework and models | 132 | ||
| Prerequisites to develop the conceptual framework | 132 | ||
| Sources of concepts to develop conceptual framework | 132 | ||
| Steps of developing conceptual framework | 133 | ||
| Review questions | 134 | ||
| Long answer and short answer questions | 134 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 135 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 135 | ||
| Further reading | 135 | ||
| 7 Research approaches and designs | 137 | ||
| Learning objectives | 137 | ||
| Introduction | 138 | ||
| Definitions | 138 | ||
| Elements of research design | 138 | ||
| The approach | 138 | ||
| Population, sample, and sampling technique | 139 | ||
| The time, place, and sources of data collection | 139 | ||
| Tools and methods of data collection | 139 | ||
| Methods of data analysis | 140 | ||
| Selection of research design | 140 | ||
| Factors affecting selection of research design | 140 | ||
| Validity of research designs | 141 | ||
| Internal validity | 141 | ||
| External validity | 143 | ||
| Types of research design | 144 | ||
| Experimental research designs | 146 | ||
| True experimental designs | 147 | ||
| Essential characteristics | 147 | ||
| Manipulation | 147 | ||
| Control | 147 | ||
| Randomization | 148 | ||
| Methods of randomization | 149 | ||
| Symbolic presentations | 149 | ||
| Types of true experimental designs | 151 | ||
| Post-test-only control design | 151 | ||
| Pretest–post-test-only design | 151 | ||
| Solomon four-group design | 152 | ||
| Factorial design | 153 | ||
| Randomized block design | 153 | ||
| Crossover design | 154 | ||
| Latin square design | 155 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages of true experimental design | 156 | ||
| Advantages | 156 | ||
| Disadvantages | 156 | ||
| Randomized control trials in nursing | 157 | ||
| Definitions of rct | 158 | ||
| History of rct | 158 | ||
| Characteristics of rct (fig. 7.9) | 158 | ||
| Purposes of rct | 158 | ||
| Randomization in rct | 159 | ||
| Types of randomization | 159 | ||
| Classification of rcts | 160 | ||
| Use of placebos in rcts | 161 | ||
| Difficulties in conducting rct | 161 | ||
| Advantages of rcts | 162 | ||
| Disadvantages of rcts | 162 | ||
| Quasi-experimental research design | 162 | ||
| Main characteristics | 163 | ||
| Types of quasi-experimental designs | 163 | ||
| Time series design (fig. 7.11) | 163 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages of quasi-experimental design | 164 | ||
| Advantages | 164 | ||
| Disadvantages | 164 | ||
| Pre-experimental research design | 165 | ||
| Types of pre-experimental research design | 165 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages of pre-experimental design | 166 | ||
| Advantages | 166 | ||
| Disadvantages | 166 | ||
| Nonexperimental research design | 166 | ||
| Need of nonexperimental design | 166 | ||
| Types of nonexperimental research designs | 167 | ||
| Descriptive research designs | 167 | ||
| Main features | 167 | ||
| Types of descriptive research design | 168 | ||
| Univariant descriptive design | 168 | ||
| Exploratory design | 168 | ||
| Comparative design | 169 | ||
| Correlational/ex-post facto research design | 170 | ||
| Main features | 170 | ||
| Types of correlational research design | 170 | ||
| Prospective research design | 171 | ||
| Retrospective research design | 171 | ||
| Ambispective research design | 171 | ||
| Developmental research design | 172 | ||
| Types of developmental research design | 172 | ||
| Cross-sectional research design | 173 | ||
| Longitudinal research design | 173 | ||
| Epidemiological research designs | 173 | ||
| Cohort study designs | 174 | ||
| Case–control studies | 174 | ||
| Survey research design | 175 | ||
| Main features | 176 | ||
| Types of the survey | 176 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages of nonexperimental research design | 177 | ||
| Advantages | 177 | ||
| Disadvantages | 177 | ||
| Other additional research designs | 177 | ||
| Methodological studies | 178 | ||
| Meta-analysis | 178 | ||
| Steps in conducting a meta-analysis | 178 | ||
| Secondary data analysis | 179 | ||
| Outcome research | 180 | ||
| Evaluation studies | 180 | ||
| Operational research | 181 | ||
| Qualitative research designs | 182 | ||
| Importance of qualitative research designs | 182 | ||
| Characteristics of qualitative research design | 182 | ||
| Phases of the qualitative research design | 183 | ||
| Main types of qualitative data collection | 184 | ||
| Types of qualitative research designs | 184 | ||
| Phenomenological research | 184 | ||
| Characteristics of the phenomenological approach | 185 | ||
| Types of the phenomenological research | 187 | ||
| Ethnographic research | 188 | ||
| Characteristics of the ethnographic research | 188 | ||
| Grounded theory | 188 | ||
| Characteristics of the grounded theory | 189 | ||
| Types of the grounded theory | 192 | ||
| Historical research design | 192 | ||
| Characteristics of historical research design | 193 | ||
| Steps of historical research | 193 | ||
| First step: Data collection | 193 | ||
| Second step: Criticism of the data | 194 | ||
| Third step: Presentation of the facts | 195 | ||
| Areas of historical study | 196 | ||
| Methods and tools used in historical research | 196 | ||
| Action research | 197 | ||
| Data collection methods | 197 | ||
| Importance of action research in nursing | 198 | ||
| Case study | 198 | ||
| Triangulation (mixed methods) | 200 | ||
| Review questions | 201 | ||
| Long answer and short answer questions | 201 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 202 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 203 | ||
| Further reading | 204 | ||
| 8 Population, sample, and sampling | 205 | ||
| Learning objectives | 205 | ||
| Introduction | 206 | ||
| Terminology used in sampling | 206 | ||
| Purposes of sampling | 207 | ||
| Characteristics of good sample | 208 | ||
| Sampling process | 208 | ||
| Factors influencing sampling process | 210 | ||
| Nature of the researcher | 210 | ||
| Nature of the sample | 210 | ||
| Circumstances | 210 | ||
| Types of sampling techniques (fig. 8.3) | 211 | ||
| Probability sampling techniques | 211 | ||
| Features of the probability sampling | 211 | ||
| Types of probability sampling | 213 | ||
| Simple random sampling technique | 213 | ||
| Merits | 214 | ||
| Demerits | 214 | ||
| Stratified random sampling | 215 | ||
| Merits | 217 | ||
| Demerits | 217 | ||
| Systematic random sampling | 217 | ||
| Merits | 218 | ||
| Demerits | 218 | ||
| Cluster or multistage sampling | 218 | ||
| Types of cluster samples | 218 | ||
| Merits | 219 | ||
| Demerits | 219 | ||
| Sequential sampling | 219 | ||
| Merits | 220 | ||
| Demerits | 220 | ||
| Nonprobability sampling | 220 | ||
| Features of the nonprobability sampling | 220 | ||
| Uses of nonprobability sampling | 221 | ||
| Types of the nonprobability sampling | 221 | ||
| Purposive sampling | 221 | ||
| Merits | 222 | ||
| II STATISTICS | 379 | ||
| 12 Introduction and descriptive statistics | 379 | ||
| Learning objectives | 381 | ||
| Introduction | 382 | ||
| Definitions | 382 | ||
| Uses and applications of statistics | 382 | ||
| Uses | 382 | ||
| Applications | 383 | ||
| Terms related to statistics | 383 | ||
| Scales of measurements | 384 | ||
| Nominal-level measurement | 384 | ||
| Ordinal-level measurement | 384 | ||
| Interval-level measurement | 385 | ||
| Ratio-level measurement | 385 | ||
| Classification of statistics | 386 | ||
| Frequency distribution | 386 | ||
| Graphical presentation of data | 389 | ||
| Constructing diagrams/graphs | 389 | ||
| Types of diagram and graphs | 390 | ||
| Limitations of graphs | 394 | ||
| Measures of central tendency | 395 | ||
| Definitions | 396 | ||
| Objectives of central value | 396 | ||
| Requisites of good averaging | 396 | ||
| Measures of central tendency | 396 | ||
| Arithmetic mean | 396 | ||
| Merits of arithmetic mean | 398 | ||
| Demerits of arithmetic mean | 398 | ||
| Median | 398 | ||
| Appendixes | 467 | ||
| Appendix I | 467 | ||
| Appendix II | 468 | ||
| Appendix III | 468 | ||
| Appendix IV | 471 | ||
| Appendix V | 472 | ||
| Appendix VI | 474 | ||
| Appendix VII | 474 | ||
| Appendix VIII | 474 | ||
| Appendix IX | 474 | ||
| Appendix X | 476 | ||
| Appendix XI | 477 | ||
| Study title | 477 | ||
| Sample design | 478 | ||
| Method of sampling | 478 | ||
| Stage 1: Selection of district | 478 | ||
| Stage 2: Selection of sub-district for rural and urban | 480 | ||
| Stage 3: Selection of villages from the selected sub-district for rural area: | 480 | ||
| Stage 4: Systematic selection of households within each selected village | 480 | ||
| Sample selection in rural areas | 481 | ||
| Sample selection in urban areas | 481 | ||
| Appendix XII | 481 | ||
| Important institutes for health science research funding in india | 481 | ||
| Appendix XIII | 482 | ||
| Vancouver style of reference writing | 482 | ||
| Harvard style of reference writing | 482 | ||
| 489 | |||
| Glossary | 490 | ||
| Index | 509 | ||
| A | 509 | ||
| B | 509 | ||
| C | 509 | ||
| D | 510 | ||
| E | 511 | ||
| F | 511 | ||
| G | 511 | ||
| H | 511 | ||
| I | 512 | ||
| J | 512 | ||
| K | 512 | ||
| L | 512 | ||
| M | 513 | ||
| N | 513 | ||
| O | 514 | ||
| P | 514 | ||
| Q | 514 | ||
| R | 515 | ||
| S | 515 | ||
| T | 516 | ||
| U | 517 | ||
| V | 517 | ||
| W | 517 | ||
| Z | 517 |