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Book Details
Abstract
Drs. Cohen, Powderly and Opal, three of the most-respected names in infectious disease medicine, lead a diverse team of international contributors to bring you the latest knowledge and best practices. Extensively updated, the fourth edition includes brand-new information on advances in diagnosis of infection; Hepatitis C; managing resistant bacterial infections; and many other timely topics. An abundance of photographs and illustrations; a practical, clinically-focused style; highly-templated organization; and robust interactive content combine to make this clinician-friendly resource the fastest and best place to find all of the authoritative, current information you need.
- Hundreds of full-color photographs and figures provide unparalleled visual guidance.
- Consistent chapter organization and colorful layouts make for quick searches.
- Clinically-focused guidance from "Practice Points" demonstrates how to diagnose and treat complicated problems encountered in practice.
- The "Syndromes by Body System", "HIV and AIDS", and "International Medicine" sections are designed to reflect how practicing specialists think when faced with a patient.
- Sweeping updates include new or revised chapters on:
- Hepatitis C and antivirals
- Fungal infection and newer antifungals
- Microbiome and infectious diseases as well as advances in diagnosis of infection; Clostridium difficile epidemiology; infection control in the ICU setting; Chlamydia trachomatis infection; acquired syndromes associated with autoantibodies to cytokines;; management of multidrug resistant pathogens; probiotics, polymyxins, and the pathway to developing new antibiotics
- HIV including HIV and aging, antiretroviral therapy in developing countries, and cure for HIV
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9780702063381v1_WEB.pdf | 1 | ||
| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| Inside Front Cover | 2 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 3 | ||
| Copyright Page | 6 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 7 | ||
| Preface to the Fourth Edition | 16 | ||
| List of Contributors | 17 | ||
| Dedication | 39 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Infectious Diseases | 41 | ||
| 1 The Evolution of Koch’s Postulates | 41 | ||
| Key Concepts | 41 | ||
| Introduction | 41 | ||
| A Historical Perspective | 41 | ||
| Limitations of Koch’s Postulates | 42 | ||
| Virulence, Pathogenicity and Causation | 42 | ||
| Beyond Infection: Micro-organisms and Chronic Disease | 43 | ||
| Conclusions – and a Note of Caution | 43 | ||
| Key References | 43 | ||
| References | 44 | ||
| 2 Nature and Pathogenicity of Micro-organisms | 45 | ||
| Key Concepts | 45 | ||
| Introduction | 45 | ||
| The Normal Microbial Flora of the Human Host | 45 | ||
| Definition and Comparison of Infectious Agents | 45 | ||
| General Properties and Classification of Viruses | 46 | ||
| Taxonomy of Viruses | 46 | ||
| Common Steps in Viral Replication | 46 | ||
| Structure of Viruses | 46 | ||
| The Viral Genome | 47 | ||
| The Capsid | 47 | ||
| The Envelope | 49 | ||
| Viral Gene Expression Strategies | 49 | ||
| General Properties and Classification of Bacteria | 49 | ||
| Bacterial Dichotomy Revealed by a Simple Staining Technique | 51 | ||
| Organization of the Bacterial Cell | 51 | ||
| Transcription and Translation in Bacteria | 51 | ||
| Motility | 51 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease | 51 | ||
| Lifestyles and Pathogenesis | 53 | ||
| Endogenous Infections and Normal Microbial Flora of the Human Host | 53 | ||
| Exogenous Infections and the Normal Flora | 53 | ||
| Exogenous Infections | 54 | ||
| The Infection Process | 54 | ||
| Attachment to Host Cells | 54 | ||
| Adherence | 54 | ||
| Ubiquitous Receptors | 54 | ||
| Bacterial Adhesins | 54 | ||
| Pili and Fibrillae. | 55 | ||
| Afimbrial Adhesins. | 55 | ||
| Viral Adhesion | 55 | ||
| Invasion | 56 | ||
| Invasive and Noninvasive Micro-Organisms | 56 | ||
| Enteroinvasive Pathogens and the Membranous Cell Gateway | 56 | ||
| Actin-Based Intracellular Motility of Microbial Pathogens | 57 | ||
| Subepithelial Invasion and Spread Through the Body | 58 | ||
| Infection of Distant Target Organs | 58 | ||
| Viral Invasion: the Example of Measles Virus | 59 | ||
| Cell and Tissue Damage Induced by Micro-Organisms | 59 | ||
| Bacterial Toxins | 59 | ||
| The Diphtheria Toxin as Example of an A–B Toxin | 60 | ||
| Hydrolyzing Enzymes | 60 | ||
| Apoptosis | 60 | ||
| Virus-Induced Cytopathic Effect | 60 | ||
| Infection and Cancer | 62 | ||
| Damage Resulting from Cytotoxic Lymphocytes | 62 | ||
| Harmful Immune Responses | 62 | ||
| Autoimmunity | 62 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Reactions | 62 | ||
| Type I or Immediate Hypersensitivity. | 62 | ||
| Type II or Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity. | 62 | ||
| Type III or Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity. | 63 | ||
| Type IV or Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. | 63 | ||
| Superantigens and Bacterial Components Associated with Toxic and Septic Shock | 63 | ||
| How Micro-Organisms Escape Host Defense | 63 | ||
| Surviving the Phagocyte | 63 | ||
| Inhibition of Phagocyte Mobilization | 63 | ||
| Killing the Phagocytes before Being Ingested | 63 | ||
| ‘Professional’ Phagocytes as Vectors or Refuges | 64 | ||
| Avoiding Ingestion | 64 | ||
| Survival within Phagocytes | 64 | ||
| Inactivation of Reactive Oxygen Species | 64 | ||
| Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides | 64 | ||
| Antigenic and Phase Variations | 65 | ||
| Antigenic Variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 65 | ||
| Shift and Drift in Influenza A Viruses | 66 | ||
| Antigenic Variations in Trypanosoma brucei (see Chapter 110) | 66 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 66 | ||
| Conclusion | 66 | ||
| Key References | 66 | ||
| References | 67 | ||
| 3 Host Responses to Infection | 68 | ||
| Key Concepts | 68 | ||
| Overview | 68 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 68 | ||
| Barrier Functions of the Innate Immune Response | 68 | ||
| Recognition and Effector Functions of the Innate Immune Response | 69 | ||
| Innate Immune Recognition by Pattern Recognition Receptors | 69 | ||
| Toll-like Receptors (TLRs). | 69 | ||
| NOD-like Receptors (NLRs). | 72 | ||
| C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs). | 73 | ||
| Collaborative Interactions Between PRRs. | 73 | ||
| Phagocytes | 73 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 74 | ||
| Cellular Immune Responses | 74 | ||
| Overview | 74 | ||
| CD4+ T-Cell Responses | 74 | ||
| CD8+ T-Cell Responses | 75 | ||
| Regulatory T-Cell Responses | 75 | ||
| Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) | 75 | ||
| Humoral Immune Response | 76 | ||
| Antibodies | 76 | ||
| Antibody Structure | 76 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Classes | 76 | ||
| Generation of Antibody Diversity and Isotype Switching | 77 | ||
| Antibody Functions | 78 | ||
| Neutralization. | 78 | ||
| Complement Activation. | 78 | ||
| Opsonization. | 79 | ||
| Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. | 79 | ||
| Modulation of the Immune Response. | 79 | ||
| Complement | 79 | ||
| Initiation of the Complement Cascade | 79 | ||
| Classic Pathway. | 79 | ||
| Alternate Pathway. | 79 | ||
| Lectin Pathway. | 79 | ||
| Formation of the Membrane Attack Complex. | 79 | ||
| Disorders of the Complement System | 81 | ||
| Key References | 81 | ||
| References | 82 | ||
| 4 Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens and Diseases, and Health Consequences of a Changing Climate | 84 | ||
| Key Concepts | 84 | ||
| Introduction | 84 | ||
| A Short History of Emerging Infectious Diseases | 85 | ||
| Human–Ecosystem Interactions and Emerging Infectious Diseases | 86 | ||
| Travel and Emerging Infectious Diseases | 87 | ||
| Poverty and Emerging Infectious Diseases | 87 | ||
| Governmental and Geopolitical Factors Associated with Emerging Infectious Diseases | 87 | ||
| Behavioral Changes and Emerging Infectious Diseases | 89 | ||
| Crowding, Population Density and Emerging Infectious Diseases | 89 | ||
| Medical Technology and Emerging Infectious Diseases | 90 | ||
| Climate, Weather, Natural Disasters and Emerging Infectious Diseases | 90 | ||
| Detecting Emerging Pathogens and Outbreaks | 92 | ||
| Conclusion | 92 | ||
| Key References | 92 | ||
| References | 93 | ||
| 5 Mathematical Models in Infectious Disease Epidemiology | 95 | ||
| Key Concepts | 95 | ||
| Dynamics of Infectious Disease Transmission | 95 | ||
| A Typical Epidemic | 95 | ||
| Insights from Transmission-Dynamic Modeling | 96 | ||
| Use of Models for Analysis of Epidemics and Interventions | 96 | ||
| Epidemiologic Data | 96 | ||
| Reproduction Numbers | 96 | ||
| Structure of Models of Infectious Diseases | 97 | ||
| Example Compartmental Model of Influenza | 97 | ||
| Emergency Preparedness and Response | 98 | ||
| Pandemic Influenza | 98 | ||
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | 98 | ||
| Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | 99 | ||
| Future Research | 99 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 99 | ||
| Key References | 99 | ||
| References | 100 | ||
| 6 Infection Prevention and Control, and Antimicrobial Stewardship | 101 | ||
| Key Concepts | 101 | ||
| Introduction | 101 | ||
| Trends and Complexity of Current Healthcare in Higher-Income Countries | 101 | ||
| Organization of Infection Prevention and Control | 101 | ||
| Manage Critical Data and Information | 101 | ||
| Develop, Implement and Monitor Surveillance Based upon an Institution-Specific Risk Assessment | 101 | ||
| Develop and Implement Policies and Procedures to Prevent or Minimize Infection Risk | 102 | ||
| Intervene to Prevent Disease Transmission | 102 | ||
| Outbreak Investigation and Control | 102 | ||
| The Role of the Microbiology Laboratory | 103 | ||
| Education and Training | 104 | ||
| Collaborate with Other Programs to Achieve Common Goals | 104 | ||
| Occupational and Employee Health | 104 | ||
| Environmental Health and Safety and Environmental Services | 104 | ||
| Disinfection and Sterilization | 104 | ||
| Pharmacy and Therapeutics, and Antimicrobial Stewardship | 104 | ||
| Safety, Quality and Public Reporting | 105 | ||
| Disaster and Bioterrorism Preparedness | 105 | ||
| Isolation Precautions | 105 | ||
| Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions | 105 | ||
| Standard Precautions | 105 | ||
| Gloves, Masks, Eye Protection and Face Shields, Aprons, Gowns and Other Protective Body Equipment. | 105 | ||
| Transmission-Based Precautions | 105 | ||
| Contact Precautions. | 105 | ||
| Droplet Precautions. | 106 | ||
| Airborne Precautions. | 106 | ||
| Vacating an Airborne-Precautions Patient Room. | 106 | ||
| Healthcare and Device-Associated Infections | 107 | ||
| Device-Related HAI | 107 | ||
| Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections | 107 | ||
| Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia | 107 | ||
| Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections | 107 | ||
| Procedure-Related HAI | 107 | ||
| Multidrug-Resistant Organisms | 107 | ||
| Key References | 108 | ||
| References | 109 | ||
| 7 Bacterial Genomes | 110 | ||
| Key Concepts | 110 | ||
| Introduction | 110 | ||
| Sequencing Strategies | 111 | ||
| Benchtop Sequencers | 111 | ||
| Single-Cell Genome Sequencing | 111 | ||
| Analysis of Genome Sequences | 111 | ||
| Data Analysis | 111 | ||
| Pangenomics | 111 | ||
| Metagenomics | 113 | ||
| Using Genome Sequences | 113 | ||
| Real-Time Genomics | 113 | ||
| Design of Molecular Assays for Detection of Bacterial Pathogens | 113 | ||
| Molecular Genotyping | 113 | ||
| Taxono-Genomics | 113 | ||
| Phenotype Prediction | 114 | ||
| Development of Specific Culture Media | 114 | ||
| Detection of Resistance to Antimicrobials | 114 | ||
| Identification of Virulence Factors | 114 | ||
| Proteome Prediction | 114 | ||
| Development of Serologic Tools | 114 | ||
| Vaccine Design | 114 | ||
| Conclusions and Perspectives | 114 | ||
| Key References | 115 | ||
| References | 116 | ||
| 8 The Microbiome in Infectious Diseases | 117 | ||
| Key Concepts | 117 | ||
| Introduction | 117 | ||
| Culture-Independent Sequence-Based Taxonomic and Functional Profiling of the Microbiome | 118 | ||
| Targeted Metagenomic Sequencing | 118 | ||
| 16S rRNA Gene | 118 | ||
| 18S rRNA Gene | 119 | ||
| Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing | 119 | ||
| The ‘Healthy Microbiome’ | 120 | ||
| Microbiome and Infectious Diseases | 121 | ||
| Microbiome and Bacterial Infections | 121 | ||
| Microbiome and Viral Infections | 122 | ||
| Microbiome and Micro-Eukaryotic Infections | 122 | ||
| Microbiome and Fungal Infections | 122 | ||
| Microbiome and Parasite Infections | 122 | ||
| Key References | 123 | ||
| References | 124 | ||
| 2 Syndromes by Body System | 126 | ||
| Skin and Soft Tissue | 126 | ||
| 9 Viral Exanthems | 126 | ||
| Key Concepts | 126 | ||
| Introduction | 126 | ||
| Classic Viral Exanthems | 126 | ||
| Varicella (see also Chapter 166) | 126 | ||
| Clinical Features | 126 | ||
| Complications | 126 | ||
| Management | 127 | ||
| Morbilli (see also Chapter 163) | 127 | ||
| Clinical Features | 127 | ||
| Complications | 128 | ||
| Management | 128 | ||
| Rubella (see also Chapter 163) | 128 | ||
| Clinical Features | 128 | ||
| Management | 129 | ||
| Erythema Infectiosum | 129 | ||
| Clinical Features | 129 | ||
| Complications | 129 | ||
| 9780702063381v2_WEB | 1078 | ||
| Front Cover | 1078 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 1079 | ||
| Copyright Page | 1082 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 1083 | ||
| Preface to the Fourth Edition | 1092 | ||
| List of Contributors | 1093 | ||
| Dedication | 1115 | ||
| 5 HIV and AIDS | 1116 | ||
| 89 Epidemiology of HIV Infection | 1116 | ||
| Key Concepts | 1116 | ||
| Introduction | 1116 | ||
| Surveillance of HIV Infection | 1116 | ||
| Modes of Transmission | 1117 | ||
| Sexual Transmission | 1117 | ||
| Perinatal and Postnatal Transmission | 1118 | ||
| Contaminated Blood Transfusions | 1118 | ||
| Injection Drug Use | 1119 | ||
| Geographic Distribution of HIV Infection | 1119 | ||
| North America, Australia and New Zealand | 1119 | ||
| Europe and Central Asia | 1120 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 1121 | ||
| Asia and the Pacific | 1121 | ||
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 1123 | ||
| Middle East and North Africa | 1123 | ||
| Global Response to HIV/AIDS | 1123 | ||
| Treatment Scale-up | 1123 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy for Prevention among HIV-Positives | 1124 | ||
| Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Prevention among HIV-Negatives | 1124 | ||
| Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV | 1125 | ||
| Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision | 1125 | ||
| HIV Testing and Counseling | 1125 | ||
| Key References | 1127 | ||
| References | 1128 | ||
| Prevention | 1130 | ||
| 90 Bio-behavioral Interventions to Prevent HIV Transmission | 1130 | ||
| Key Concepts | 1130 | ||
| HIV Transmission Dynamics | 1130 | ||
| Biologic Issues Related to HIV Transmission | 1130 | ||
| Epidemiologic Issues Related to HIV Transmission | 1131 | ||
| Antiretrovirals for the Prevention of HIV Transmission | 1131 | ||
| Treating Sexually Transmitted Infections | 1132 | ||
| HIV Screening as a Prevention Modality | 1132 | ||
| Behavioral Approaches – Overview | 1132 | ||
| Psychosocial Models of Risk Behavior Underlying Prevention Interventions | 1132 | ||
| Outcome of Large-Scale and High-Impact-for-HIV Prevention Studies in the USA | 1133 | ||
| Prevention Trials Delivered Primarily to Heterosexual Individuals in STI and Primary Care Clinics | 1133 | ||
| Prevention Trials for MSM | 1133 |