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Anomalistic Psychology

Anomalistic Psychology

Christopher C. French | Anna Stone

(2013)

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Book Details

Abstract

The science behind claims of alien encounters and visions of ghosts can be even more fascinating than the sensationalist headlines. What leads some people to believe in the paranormal? Why might someone think they have been abducted by aliens? And is there any room for superstition in the modern world of science?
Anomalistic Psychology
* Provides a lively and thought-provoking introduction to the psychology underlying paranormal belief and experience
* Covers the latest psychological theories and experiments, and examines the science at the heart of the subject
* Uses a unique approach to apply different psychological perspectives – including clinical, developmental and cognitive approaches – to shed new light on the key debates
Whether you are a psychology student or simply curious about the paranormal, Anomalistic Psychology is the essential introduction to this contested and controversial field. Belief in the paranormal has been reported in every known society since the dawn of time – find out why.
Christopher C. French is Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London, UK.
Anna Stone is Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology, University of East London, UK.

"A fantastic resource for anyone interested in learning more about anomalous experiences." - Caroline Watt, Senior Lecturer, Koestler Parapsychology Unit, University of Edinburgh, UK

"Christopher French and Anna Stone have written a balanced, authoritative, and reader-friendly guide about unusual but poorly understood psychological phenomena. There is nothing quite like it in the field." - Stanley Krippner, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, Saybrook University, USA, and co-author, Demystifying Shamans and their World

"Lots of people believe they have had strange experiences, such as alien abduction or seeing heaven when near death. French and stone, in this meticulously researched and beautifully written book, help us understand why. Anomalistic Psychology is a masterful, one-of-a-kind book that will interest anyone who cares about the sometimes seemingly bizarre workings of the human mind." - Elizabeth F. Loftus, PhD, Distinguished Professor, University of California, Irvine, USA, Past President of the Association for Psychological Science, and author of Eyewitness Testimony

"Anomalistic Psychology provides an excellent introduction to this topic. The style is engaging, informative and easy to read, without any loss of depth or critical evaluation. I think that students will find it an engaging and thoughtful book, and because it contains relevant examples drawn from current cultural topics, they will find it accessible and entertaining. I will certainly recommend this text to the students on my Parapsychology course." - Nick Neave, Reader in the Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, UK

"Anomalistic psychology tries to explain bizzare and/or paranormal experiences and beliefs. A listing of these would be endless, but among those that French and Stone consider are alien abduction, extrasensory perception, near-death experiences, and past-life memories." - Choice


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Contents vii
List of Table, Figures, and Boxes xi
Preface xii
Acknowledgements and Publisher's Acknowledgements xiv
1 Introduction 1
What is anomalistic psychology? 1
Just imagine … 2
Paranormal belief and experience 6
Problems with defining the paranormal 7
Measuring paranormal beliefs 9
The relationship between anomalistic psychology and parapsychology 14
The structure of this book 18
Suggested further reading 23
2 Individual Differences 24
Introduction 24
Gender 26
Age 29
Socio-economic status 30
Race 32
Marital status 32
Cross-cultural comparisons 33
The social marginality hypothesis 36
Return to gender differences in paranormal belief 38
Personality and related variables 42
The fantasy-prone personality 46
Conclusion 50
Suggested further reading 51
3 Clinical Perspectives 53
Introduction 53
Personality measures associated with psychological well-being 55
Reality monitoring 66
Psychosis, spirituality, and anomalous experiences 66
Conclusion 67
Suggested further reading 68
4 Developmental Perspectives 69
Introduction 69
Childhood beliefs: Magical thinking and wishes 71
Magical thinking from childhood to adolescence and adulthood 77
Superstition from childhood to adulthood 81
The relationship between childhood magical thinking and obsessive-compulsive disorder 83
The psychodynamic functions hypothesis 85
Suggested further reading 93
5 Psychobiological Perspectives 94
Introduction 94
REM sleep intrusions into the waking state 95
Cortical arousal 96
Temporal lobe hyperactivity 98
Neural interconnectedness and transliminality 101
Hemispheric dominance 102
Out-of-body experiences 104
Near-death experiences 108
Conclusion 112
Suggested further reading 114
6 Cognitive Perspectives 115
Introduction 115
Reasoning ability and critical thinking 116
Syllogistic reasoning 118
The danger of groupthink 119
Misunderstanding of probabilities 120
The specific example of regression to the mean 124
Repetition avoidance 125
The availability heuristic 126
The representativeness heuristic 126
Illusory correlation 128
Illusory control 129
Distorting the evidence 130
Confirmation bias 132
The Barnum effect 133
Seeing forms in randomness 134
Perceptual errors 135
How faulty is our reasoning and perception? 136
Selective scientific research 137
Biases in memory 137
Hindsight bias and selective memory 139
False memory 140
Individual differences 141
Conclusions 147
Suggested further reading 148
7 Social Perspectives 149
Introduction 149
Learning from parents 152
Genetic transmission from parents to children 153
Learning from peers 154
Learning from observation of experts and practitioners 158
Cold reading 159
The influence of the media 163
The role of formal (scientific) education 172
The role of narrative convention 172
Cultural traditions of paranormal belief 177
The socio-cognitive view of hypnosis, false memories, and multiple identities 180
Houran and Lange's attributional model of paranormal belief and experience 185
Suggested further reading 185
8 Evolutionary Perspectives 187
Introduction 187
Thinking, fast and slow 188
Patterns and meaning 190
Religious concepts 191
Anthropomorphism 192
Agency 193
Ghost-hunting for beginners 196
Magical thinking as an adaptive cognitive tool 198
Conclusions 199
Suggested further reading 200
9 Integrating the Different Approaches: Alien Contact Claims 201
Introduction 201
Types of alien contact claim 201
Is there intelligent life elsewhere in the universe? 207
Alien abductions: The ET hypothesis 208
Alien abductions: Psychological factors 210
Concluding comment 222
Suggested further reading 223
10 Parapsychological Perspectives 224
Introduction 224
Can you tell who has sent you a message? 227
Can you tell if someone is staring at you? 228
Can you see an image or video shown to another person in a remote location? 230
Can you describe remote locations without using the known senses? 232
Consistently inconsistent findings? 235
Can you obtain information about events before they occur? 236
Can your thoughts influence the physical state of another person? 241
Can you influence a physical object using only your mind? 242
The survival hypothesis 244
Conclusion and the way ahead 246
Suggested further reading 247
11 Philosophical Perspectives 249
Introduction 249
The scientific status of parapsychology 250
Parapsychology and the mind–body problem 255
Suggested further reading 260
12 Future Prospects of Anomalistic Psychology and Parapsychology 261
Introduction 261
Future prospects of anomalistic psychology 261
Future prospects of parapsychology 266
Suggested further reading 272
Glossary of Terms 273
References 282
Index 325