Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This is the updated version of the hugely popular Applied Microbiology for Nurses, providing essential information about how infection occurs, methods to prevent it and the precautions required to contain it. The new edition is fully revised to include primary infection control issues alongside important concepts of applied microbiology.
'Although it has been written for nurses and nursing students, this is a useful text for all healthcare workers. This book would be well thumbed in the clinical setting.' - Jane Brown, Nursing Standard
DINAH GOULD is Professor of Applied Health at City University, London. Her programmes of research include infection prevention, especially hand hygiene, patient safety and the prevention of iatrogenesis. She has been teaching nurses and other health professionals since 1982.
CHRIS BROOKER is a self-employed nursing author, editor and lecturer. She worked as a ward sister before moving into nurse education in 1976 and has taught nurses in a variety of settings. Since 1988 she has written and edited many books for nurses and other professionals.
This is the updated version of the hugely popular Applied Microbiology for Nurses, providing essential information about how infection occurs, methods to prevent it and the precautions required to contain it. The new edition is fully revised to include primary infection control issues alongside important concepts of applied microbiology.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover\r | Front Cover | ||
| Title Page\r | iii | ||
| Table of Contents\r | v | ||
| List of Figures | xi | ||
| List of Tables | xii | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Foreword | xv | ||
| Part 1: Microbiology\r | 1 | ||
| 1 Microorganisms and disease\r | 3 | ||
| Introduction to medical microbiology and microorganisms causing disease\r | 3 | ||
| Bacteria | 4 | ||
| Pathogenic activity | 4 | ||
| Infection and colonization | 5 | ||
| Describing bacteria | 6 | ||
| Establishing infection | 11 | ||
| Invasion: portals of entry | 11 | ||
| Virulence | 12 | ||
| Bacterial growth requirements | 13 | ||
| Bacterial reproduction and genetics | 15 | ||
| Escape and dissemination | 17 | ||
| Viruses | 20 | ||
| Viruses and malignancy | 23 | ||
| Fungi | 23 | ||
| Protozoa | 24 | ||
| Rickettsiae and chlamydiae | 25 | ||
| Mycoplasmas | 26 | ||
| Helminths | 26 | ||
| Threadworms | 26 | ||
| References\r | 29 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 30 | ||
| 2 Response of the body to infection\r | 31 | ||
| Introduction to the immune response, immunity and immunology\r | 31 | ||
| Types of immunity | 32 | ||
| Innate immunity: preventing invasion | 32 | ||
| Innate immunity: limiting spread | 33 | ||
| Adaptive immunity | 42 | ||
| Individual variation in the immune response and pre disposition to infection\r | 47 | ||
| Immunity throughout the lifespan | 47 | ||
| Immunity and community health | 48 | ||
| Standard immunization against infectious diseases | 50 | ||
| Health promotion | 53 | ||
| Environmental factors, epidemics and vaccines | 54 | ||
| Risks in hospital | 55 | ||
| References\r | 56 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 58 | ||
| 3 The microbiology laboratory\r | 59 | ||
| Introduction to the microbiology laboratory | 59 | ||
| Diagnostic laboratory services | 60 | ||
| Initial examination | 60 | ||
| Microscopic examination | 60 | ||
| Identifying bacteria | 62 | ||
| Virology: identifying viral infections | 65 | ||
| Identifying fungal infections | 65 | ||
| Specimens for microbiological examination | 66 | ||
| Principles of good practice | 66 | ||
| Collecting different types of specimens | 66 | ||
| Safe transport of specimens | 71 | ||
| The interpretation of laboratory results | 71 | ||
| References\r | 72 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 72 | ||
| 4 Antimicrobial drugs\r | 73 | ||
| Introduction to antimicrobial drugs | 73 | ||
| The purpose of antibiotic therapy | 74 | ||
| Historical development of antibiotic therapy | 75 | ||
| Range of antibiotic action | 77 | ||
| Mode of antibiotic action | 77 | ||
| Adverse reactions to antibacterial drugs | 79 | ||
| Bacterial resistance to antibiotics | 81 | ||
| Principles of antibiotic therapy | 84 | ||
| Main groups of antimicrobial drugs | 85 | ||
| Penicillins | 85 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 87 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 87 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 87 | ||
| Macrolides | 88 | ||
| Antituberculosis drugs | 88 | ||
| Examples of other antimicrobial drugs | 89 | ||
| Antiviral drugs | 92 | ||
| Antifungal drugs | 92 | ||
| References\r | 94 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 95 | ||
| Part II: Principles of Infection Prevention and Control\r | 97 | ||
| 5 Infection control policies in healthcare settings\r | 99 | ||
| Introduction to strategies that prevent infection | 99 | ||
| Risk factors associated with hospital admission and in other healthcare settings\r | 100 | ||
| The importance of preventing the spread of infection in healthcare settings\r | 101 | ||
| Policies and procedures to prevent infection | 101 | ||
| Standard and high-risk situations | 102 | ||
| Decontamination | 104 | ||
| Cleaning the environment | 104 | ||
| Disinfection | 106 | ||
| Hand hygiene | 111 | ||
| Sterilization | 114 | ||
| Disposing of waste, dealing with laundry and other contaminated items\r | 116 | ||
| Waste disposal policies | 116 | ||
| Untitled | 118 | ||
| Crockery and cutlery | 118 | ||
| Personal protective equipment | 119 | ||
| Aprons, gowns and tabards | 119 | ||
| Surgical masks | 119 | ||
| Hair covering | 120 | ||
| Overshoes | 120 | ||
| Theatre precautions | 120 | ||
| Reducing the risks of infection in theatre | 120 | ||
| Isolation policies | 122 | ||
| Disease-specific isolation precautions | 123 | ||
| Categories of isolation | 123 | ||
| Protective isolation | 124 | ||
| References\r | 125 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 129 | ||
| 6 Preventing infection in healthcare settings\r | 131 | ||
| Introduction | 131 | ||
| The significance of healthcare-associated infection | 131 | ||
| The extent of healthcare-associated infection | 132 | ||
| Monitoring healthcare-associated infection\r | 133 | ||
| Pathogens causing healthcare-associated infection | 135 | ||
| Staphylococcal infection | 135 | ||
| Clostridium difficile | 138 | ||
| Streptococcal infection | 138 | ||
| Enterococci | 140 | ||
| Gram-negative infections | 142 | ||
| Infection prevention and control services | 142 | ||
| The role of infection prevention and control services in hospital | 142 | ||
| Infection control policies, guidelines and standards | 144 | ||
| References\r | 144 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 148 | ||
| Part III: ApplyingKnowledgeto Practice\r | 149 | ||
| 7 Urinary infection and catheterization\r | 151 | ||
| Introduction: urinary infection and catheterization | 151 | ||
| The use of urinary catheters | 151 | ||
| Urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary catheterization | 152 | ||
| The closed urinary drainage system | 155 | ||
| Portals of entry | 155 | ||
| Recommendations for clinical practice: reducing the problems of catheterization\r | 156 | ||
| Patient/resident education | 157 | ||
| Choice of catheter material | 157 | ||
| Catheter length | 158 | ||
| Catheter gauge | 158 | ||
| Balloon size | 158 | ||
| Catheter insertion | 158 | ||
| Meatal hygiene care | 159 | ||
| Management and choice of drainage system | 159 | ||
| Auditing the use of urinary catheters | 160 | ||
| References\r | 161 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 164 | ||
| 8 Wound infections\r | 165 | ||
| Introduction to wounds, healing and wound infection | 165 | ||
| Historical aspects of wound care | 167 | ||
| Classifying wounds | 167 | ||
| Wound healing | 168 | ||
| Proliferative phase of wound healing | 169 | ||
| Phase of maturation of wound healing | 172 | ||
| Surgical intervention and approaches to wound repair | 173 | ||
| Wound (surgical site) infection | 174 | ||
| Auditing wound infection | 176 | ||
| Identifying wound infection | 176 | ||
| Factors associated with surgical wound infection | 179 | ||
| Aseptic dressing technique | 185 | ||
| References\r | 186 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 188 | ||
| 9 Respiratory infections\r | 190 | ||
| Introduction: the importance of respiratory infections | 190 | ||
| Lower respiratory tract infections | 190 | ||
| Community-acquired pneumonia | 192 | ||
| Hospital-acquired pneumonia | 192 | ||
| Upper respiratory tract infections | 198 | ||
| Coughs and colds | 198 | ||
| Acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion | 200 | ||
| Croup | 201 | ||
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 201 | ||
| Pertussis | 201 | ||
| Diphtheria | 201 | ||
| Influenza | 202 | ||
| References\r | 205 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 207 | ||
| 10 Infections associated with intravascular devices\r | 208 | ||
| Introduction | 208 | ||
| Infections associated with intravascular devices | 210 | ||
| Bacterial colonization and infection of intravascular devices | 210 | ||
| Presentation of infection associated with intravascular cannulation | 211 | ||
| Risk factors associated with intravascular infection | 212 | ||
| Types of intravascular device | 214 | ||
| Prevention of infection associated with intravascular devices | 215 | ||
| Insertion of the intravascular catheter | 216 | ||
| Maintaining the intravascular system | 216 | ||
| References\r | 218 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 220 | ||
| 11 Enteric infection\r | 221 | ||
| Introduction | 221 | ||
| Incidence of enteric infection | 221 | ||
| Risk factors | 222 | ||
| Food infection and intoxication | 223 | ||
| Invasive gastrointestinal infection | 224 | ||
| Food-borne intoxication | 231 | ||
| Investigating outbreaks of enteric infection in hospitals, care and nursing homes\r | 232 | ||
| Enteric infection caused by viruses | 233 | ||
| Viruses involved in enteric infections | 233 | ||
| Protozoal causes of enteric infection | 235 | ||
| Giardia intestinalis | 235 | ||
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 235 | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 236 | ||
| Preventing food-borne infection | 236 | ||
| Legal requirements | 236 | ||
| Training for food-handlers | 237 | ||
| Safe practice at home: educating the public | 237 | ||
| Using new methods safely | 239 | ||
| References\r | 240 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 242 | ||
| 12 Infection risks from blood and body fluids\r | 244 | ||
| Introduction: the risk of infection and health and social care practitioners\r | 244 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 245 | ||
| Transmission of HIV | 246 | ||
| Occupational health risks | 246 | ||
| Public health: reducing the risks of HIV infection | 247 | ||
| Hepatitis | 247 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 248 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 251 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 252 | ||
| Other hepatitis viruses | 252 | ||
| Reducing the risk of exposure to blood-borne viruses | 253 | ||
| Handwashing and decontamination | 253 | ||
| Personal protective equipment | 253 | ||
| Other equipment | 254 | ||
| Dealing with sharps | 255 | ||
| Dealing with sharps injuries | 256 | ||
| Contamination of the conjunctivae and mucous membranes | 257 | ||
| Spillage of blood and body fluids | 258 | ||
| References\r | 259 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 261 | ||
| 13 Sexually transmitted infections\r | 262 | ||
| Introduction | 262 | ||
| Incidence of sexually transmitted infections | 262 | ||
| Sexual health and the role of sexual health clinics | 263 | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections | 264 | ||
| Syphilis | 265 | ||
| Gonorrhoea | 269 | ||
| Chlamydia | 270 | ||
| Genital warts | 271 | ||
| Herpes simplex | 272 | ||
| Candidiasis (candidosis) | 274 | ||
| Trichomoniasis | 275 | ||
| Bacterial vaginosis | 276 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 276 | ||
| References\r | 283 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 285 | ||
| 14 Epidemiology: changing trends of communicable diseases\r | 286 | ||
| Introduction | 286 | ||
| Introduction to epidemiology | 286 | ||
| Epidemiological patterns: the distribution of contagious disease | 287 | ||
| Factors affecting the incidence of infectious disease | 289 | ||
| Interpreting epidemiological data | 290 | ||
| International recommendations | 291 | ||
| Control of communicable disease in the UK | 291 | ||
| Notifiable infections | 292 | ||
| Changing trends of communicable diseases | 293 | ||
| Malaria | 293 | ||
| Meningitis | 296 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 298 | ||
| Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease | 300 | ||
| Enteric fevers | 301 | ||
| Cholera | 303 | ||
| Legionnaires’ disease | 304 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 305 | ||
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome | 308 | ||
| Viral haemorrhagic fevers | 309 | ||
| Rabies | 310 | ||
| References\r | 312 | ||
| Further reading and information sources\r | 315 | ||
| Appendix I: Answers to self-assessment questions\r | 317 | ||
| Appendix II: Glossary\r | 319 | ||
| Back Cover\r | 353 |