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Culture and Cognition

Culture and Cognition

Bradley Franks

(2011)

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Abstract

Human culture depends on human minds for its creation, meaning and exchange. But minds also depend on culture for their contents and processes. Past resolutions to this circularity problem have tended to give too much weight to one side and too little weight to the other.
In this groundbreaking and timely work, Bradley Franks demonstrates how a more plausible resolution to the circularity problem emerges from reframing mind and culture and their relations in evolutionary terms. He proposes an alternative evolutionary approach that draws on views of mind as embodied and situated. By grounding social construction in evolution, evolution of mind is intrinsically connected to culture – resolving the circularity problem.
In developing his theory, Franks provides a balanced critical assessment of modularity-based and social constructionist approaches to understanding mind and culture.
In this breathtakingly wide-ranging survey of recent efforts to understand the relationship between mind and culture, Franks seeks a novel rapprochement between social constructionism and nativism by grounding both in an overarching evolutionary framework... This book should stimulate much debate among social scientists.' Harvey Whitehouse, Professor of Social Anthropology, University of Oxford

 

''Is the mind a product of culture or is culture a product of the mind? Clearly, both must be true, but the circularity of this observation has long impaired our understanding of the true relationship between the mind and culture. Using new insights from evolutionary theory, Bradley Frank shows how to break out of this circularity. The result is a book that should be read by a wide range of anthropologists, psychologists, and philosophers.'' Lee Cronk, Professor of Anthropology, Rutgers University

'As the author himself admits in his conclusion, the Circularity Problem is hardly solved here. But the sophistication of his evolutionary approach, the sheer depth and complexity of his argument, makes this book a welcome addition to an enduring issue in the human sciences.' - Michael Bloomfield, Creative Intelligence International, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
BRADLEY FRANKS is a senior lecturer in psychology at the London School of Economics. He has published widely in the areas of cognition, culture, evolutionary theory and philosophy of mind.
This book provides a critical assessment of modularity-based and social constructionist approaches to understanding mind and culture. In this groundbreaking and timely work, Franks demonstrates how a more plausible resolution to the circularity problem emerges from reframing mind and culture and their relations in evolutionary terms.
 

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Half title i
Title iii
Copyright iv
Dedication v
Contents vii
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction 1
1 The Circularity Problem and Social Constructionist Views 6
Mind and culture: the Circularity Problem 7
Social Construction, relativism and the emphasis on the cultural 10
Varieties of Social Constructionism 12
Challenges for Social Constructionism in general 17
Challenges for Social Constructionism and the mind 19
Challenges for Social Constructionism and culture 25
The value of Social Constructionism 29
Conclusions 31
2 The Circularity Problem and Naturalistic Views 32
Naturalism, universals and the emphasis on the cognitive 32
(Non-) problems of naturalism regarding mind and culture 36
Reductionism 36
Individualism 41
Other non-problems 44
Integrating social construction and naturalism 46
Integrating social construction and naturalism and addressing the circularity problem 50
Conclusions 54
3 Massive Modularity and Psychological Essentialism 55
Massive Modularity 55
A sketch of Massive Modularity 55
Empirical findings and Massive Modularity 59
Folk biology 63
Folk sociology 69
Conclusions 74
4 Explanatory Approaches:Cultural and Cognitive Environments and the Evolutionary Past 75
Introduction 75
What might the EEA be? 76
Critiques of the EEA concept 78
Empirical limitations 78
Empirical contradictions 80
The EEA as theoretical construct 84
Responses to challenges to the EEA concept 91
Deny a role for the EEA (and adaptations) 91
Reframe the nature and role of the EEA 91
Conclusions 95
5 Massive Modularity and Adaptations 97
Problems of modules as mental faculties 97
Problems of modules as adaptations 100
The nature of modules versus the nature of adaptations 101
Modular distinctions and adaptive functions 116
Adaptations again 118
Adaptation by natural selection andother evolutionary possibilities 120
Implications for representations and adaptations 125
Conclusions 127
6 Representation, Motivation and Affect 129
Representation producers and consumers: representation-of and representation-for 129
Motivation, affect and cognition: inward-facing embodiment 135
Embodiment in mind 136
Inward-facing embodiment: affect 137
Motivation, affect and cognition: egocentrism 150
Indication, representation and adaption 153
Conclusions 154
7 Mind, Situation and Representation 156
Context and flexibility in cognition 156
Modularity, context and flexibility 158
Flexible modularity: flexibility within module operation 159
Flexible modularity: modularization 161
Flexible modularity: module orchestration 166
Context effects: extended cognition 168
External memory and extended thought 169
Indication, affordance and extendedness 173
Decoupled representations 181
Evolution and extended cognition 187
Conclusions 188
8 Culture, Embodiment and Extended Mind 189
Culture and mind: affordances, indication and representation 189
General cultural affordances 189
Dialogical affordances and cultural affordances 191
Extendedness, niches and resources for thinking 198
Niches 199
Folk theories and resources for thinking and acting 202
Culture, decoupling, translationism and transformationism 206
Culture again 209
Joint and individual intentions 209
Culture again again 212
Culture and social construction again 214
Conclusions 215
9 Varieties of Theory of Mind, Affordances, Indication and Culture 216
Introduction: theory of mind and culture 216
Aspects of theory of mind 218
Embodiment, egocentrism and theory of mind 222
Affect, subjectivity and theory of mind 222
Affordances, indication and theory of mind 229
Egocentrism and theory of mind 234
Conclusions 238
10 Adaptations, Culture and External Theory of Mind 239
Adaptations for theory of mind 239
Culture and external theory of mind 242
External theory of mind 243
External theory of mind and transformationist relations between mind and culture 252
Conclusions 255
11 Cultural Evolution, Cultural Transmission and Cultural Patterns 256
Culture once more 256
Cultural evolution 260
Biological adaptations that are implicated in culture: imitation and related notions 262
Cultural adaptations: external theory of mind 269
External theory of mind: adaptive or maladaptive cultural change? 271
Cultural patterns 273
Systematicity of culture: holism and the frame problem 273
Culture, implicitness and explicitness 277
Holism and cumulative cultural evolution 282
Group and multi-level selection 282
Multi-level selection 282
Diffi culties in assessing the role of group selection 284
Cultural impacts on biology? 287
Conclusions 290
12 Circularity Revisited: Mind and Culture in Interaction 291
Introduction 291
Revisiting folk biology and folk sociology 292
Weak social construction 292
Affect and embodiment 299
Forms of culture, shareability and decoupled representations 300
Decoupling, shareability and portability 300
Culture and decoupling: affect and egocentrism 307
Culture and decoupling: contradictory cultural pressures 313
Adaptations for culture 320
Mind and culture: circularity revisited 322
References 326
Index 355