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Counselling and Identity

Counselling and Identity

Alex Howard

(2004)

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Abstract

Questions relating to personal identity are of central importance within counselling, which is often seen as an essentially (and perhaps excessively) 'me-focussed' activity. People often come to counsellors to find, reclaim, come to terms with, or control (aspects of) 'themselves.' They want to see how they have been shaped, helped or damaged by their circumstances. Yet there has been surprisingly little systematic examination of the conceptions of 'self' that are, could be, or should be available to counsellors.
This accessible book meets this need and more deeply than most other texts into the foundations and underlying presuppositions of the subject. Alex Howard takes a fresh look at counselling and psychotherapy and advocates greater philosophical and sociological awareness for trainees.
Questions relating to personal identity are of central importance within counselling, which is often seen as an essentially (and perhaps excessively) 'me-focussed' activity. People often come to counsellors to find, reclaim, come to terms with, or control (aspects of) 'themselves.' They want to see how they have been shaped, helped or damaged by their circumstances. Yet there has been surprisingly little systematic examination of the conceptions of 'self' that are, could be, or should be available to counsellors.
This accessible book meets this need and more deeply than most other texts into the foundations and underlying presuppositions of the subject. Alex Howard takes a fresh look at counselling and psychotherapy and advocates greater philosophical and sociological awareness for trainees.

'This profoundly humane, civilized and civilizing account of who and what we are, and want to be, provides a much needed counter to both the cynicism and the despair of our 'postmodern' times. Written with Alex Howard's customary erudition and clarity, the book is a vital corrective to the confusion and superficiality of so much of the writing in the counselling field; counsellors are extremely fortunate to have such a sympathetic critic and champion. But the book has much wider relevance and appeal: it is impossible to read without profiting from it.' - Professor (emeritus) David Smail, Nottingham Trent University

'There's an unmistakeable streak of passionate honesty and humanism in Howard's writing that provides more of a tonic than reading yet-another-counselling-book would. Counselling and Identity deserves a wide readership but few will be comfortable with their encounter with this sharp, informed, relentelssly questioning, hypocrisy exposing author. If you want the same old tame personal development, look elsewhere; if you dare risk a painful, intellectual, moral self-examination, try this.' - Colin Feltham, Sheffield Hallam University

'There's an unmistakable streak of passionate honesty and humanism in Howard's writing that provides more of a tonic than reading yet-another-counselling-book would. If you want the same old tame personal development, look elsewhere; if you dare risk a painful, intellectual, moral self-examination, try this.' - Colin Feltham, Reader in Counselling, Sheffield Hallam University

'Alex Howard has penned a masterpiece on identity and its relation to counselling. This book should be required reading for all who engage, philosophically or otherwise, with selves and others.' - Lou Marinoff, author of Plato Not Prozac and Therapy for the Sane

'Alex Howard has tackled a most complex topic with consummate skill and has produced an extremely stimulating, wonderfully researched and much-needed alternative to the usual literature dealing with issues of identity and self.' - Professor Ernesto Spinelli, School of Psychotherapy and Counselling, Regent's College, London UK

'This wise and balanced book provides new resources for grasping the whole array of philosophical and sociological ideas that impinge on understanding self-identity. Howard has written a very practical treatise that will be a great gift for counsellors, therapists, and philosophers who want their work to matter.' - Tom Morris, Author of True Success, If Aristotle Ran General Motors, and The Art of Achievement

' Written with Alex Howard's customary erudition and clarity, [this] book is a vital corrective to the confusion and superficiality of so much of the writing in the counselling field; counsellors are extremely fortunate to have such a sympathetic critic and champion. But the book has much wider relevance and appeal: it is impossible to read without profiting from it.' - Professor (Emeritus) David Smail, Clinical psychologist, Nottingham University


ALEX HOWARD has over twenty-five years' experience as a tutor and manager in adult education. He has published five books, including Challenges to Counselling and Psychotherapy (Palgrave 1996) and Philosophy for Counselling and Psychotherapy (Palgrave 2000).

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Contents vii
Acknowledgements x
1 Introduction: Identity and Why It Matters 1
Identity matters, whether you know it or not 2
Identity matters, whether you discuss it or not 3
Identity matters, even when you don't need to think about it 4
Therapist views of identity 4
Preserving identity from chaos – and naïvety 5
Sociologies of identity 6
Identity past and present 10
Single and multiple selves 14
Early explorations of the problem of identity 16
The familiar and mysterious self 20
Present day threats to identity 24
Identity matters 27
Questions for Counsellors 28
2 In Search of Self – Counselling and Identity 29
Historical overview 29
Looking for patterns in the debates about identity 36
Can identity ever be 'pinned down'? 39
Is there a 'real' me? 42
Finding ourselves and losing ourselves 47
Postmodern identities 50
Diversity and integrity of identity 53
Self as subject and object 54
Self, autonomy and agency 58
Questions for Counsellors 60
3 Telling What's Wrong – Narratives and Metaphors of Sickness and Health 62
Health and 'satisfaction' 63
Quantities versus qualities of health 63
Health and humanity 65
Individual health and social progress 66
Are we all proletarians now? 71
Myths of a healthy 'golden age' 74
Finding our own narratives of health 77
A broader view of health 79
Evidence of health and sickness 82
Healthy and unhealthy narratives of health 86
Healthy points of view 92
Questions for Counsellors 97
4 Truth Telling – Identity and Reality 98
Secular and spiritual realities 99
Cosmopolitanism or chaos? 101
Deconstructing, or destroying, 'truth'? 104
How much truth can we stand? 108
How conscious do we need to be? 110
Why won't truth stand still? 113
The myth of the 'detached' seeker after truth 118
The search for enlightenment 124
Questions for Counsellors 130
5 Honoured and Esteemed? Identity and Happiness 133
How deserved is your self-esteem? 133
Happiness and goodness 137
Happiness, consumerism and the good life 141
Happiness and wealth creation – the pessimist's perspective 143
Happiness and wealth creation – the optimist's perspective 149
A rise or fall in gross domestic happiness? 152
Personal happiness and social progress 155
Questions for Counsellors 163
6 Feeling Good and Being Good: Identity and Ethics 165
Who is an authority concerning ethics? 166
Ethical authorities and ethical authoritarianism 169
The myth of ethical neutrality 172
Ethics within schools of counselling 175
Ethics and beliefs in progress 178
Ethics and corruption 180
Ethics and language 184
Are we disinterested, dissociated or committed? 190
Questions for Counsellors 195
7 What Was It Like For You? – Measuring and Assessing Change in Identity 198
Persons and reasons versus treatments and results 198
Professionals versus amateurs 201
All must have prizes? 207
Resourcefulness versus resources 211
In search of 'objectivity' 212
Treatment of a client versus treatment as a person 214
First person versus third person perspectives 217
First persons as language users, not ghosts in a machine 219
The research agenda: are we asking the wrong questions? 221
Qualitative research 226
Future prospects 229
Questions for Counsellors 232
8 Transcending Self: Identity, Society and the Transpersonal 234
Personal prospects and social trends 235
Designer spirituality 240
Transcending oneself 243
Anchoring oneself 245
The role of 'peak experiences' 249
Transcending time 253
Secular and transcendental identity 256
Mechanical versus organic identities 258
Taking a larger perspective 261
Questions for Counsellors 264
9 Conclusion – Identities, Past, Present and Future 266
Questions for Counsellors 277
Notes 279
Bibliography 283
Index 292