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Understanding Human Development

Understanding Human Development

Stephanie Thornton

(2008)

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Book Details

Abstract


How does a fertilized egg become a person? How do the processes which shape the common features of human development also produce the rich variety of individual diversity? Understanding Human Development explores these questions in a lively and wide-ranging survey of the subject, offering both a topical and a chronological view of development. 
 
The author critically reviews research on human development from the earliest studies to the theories and issues of the 21st century, including recent breakthroughs in neuropsychology, cross-cultural psychology and in the application of dynamic systems theory. Coverage of methodology and ethics combined with thorough revision summaries in each chapter make this an invaluable introduction for students of developmental psychology. 

'Thornton deftly draws us into the many intellectual puzzles that confront developmental psychologists. She communicates a vivid sense of the discipline's major achievements, but without neglecting the complexities and caveats that a sophisticated understanding of the field requires.' – Mark Bennett, Professor of Development Psychology, University of Dundee, UK, Editor of Infant and Child Development 

 

'This refreshing introduction successfully integrates a wide variety of literatures. Thornton has done an excellent job framing this text in terms of broad developmental questions, and has created a text that is both engaging and provocative.' – Jessica Giles, Assistant Professor of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, USA 

 

'A thorough and truly accessible review of developmental psychology as it has unfolded over past two centuries. This text is a remarkable achievement.' – Catherine O'Hanlon, Lecturer in Developmental Psychology, Newcastle University, UK

 

'...a comprehensive and rigorous review covering not only the classic issues of cognitive and social development, but many more pragmatic topics...' - Pete Henshaw, SecEd (The Voice for Secondary Education)

 

'Given the range, scope and complexity of child and human psychological development, any textbook on this subject is a massive undertaking...Stephanie Thornton is to be congratulated on tackling this as a single author. Understanding Human Development covers topics in more depth, and more recent research is included. In addition, the style is more thoughtful, intelligent comments are made, and the complexities and uncertainties are made apparent to the reader. I think Understanding Human Development is a much better buy for UK students who want to produce better-informed essays.' - Times Higher Education Textbook Guide, May 2008


How does a fertilized egg become a person? How do the processes which shape the common features of human development also produce the rich variety of individual diversity? Understanding Human Development (UHD) explores these questions in a lively and wide-ranging survey of the subject, offering both a topical and a chronological view of development. The author critically reviews research on human development from the earliest studies to the theories and issues of the 21st century, including recent breakthroughs in neuropsychology, cross-cultural psychology and in the application of dynamic systems theory. Coverage of methodology and ethics combined with thorough revision summaries in each chapter make this an invaluable introduction for students of developmental psychology.
STEPHANIE THORNTON, formerly Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Sussex, UK, has researched and taught on developmental psychology for over 25 years. Her research has covered a broad range of topics in social and cognitive development, with a particular focus on the mechanism through which new ideas and new understanding develop in children's minds. She is the author of Children Solving Problems (Harvard 1995) and Growing Minds (Palgrave 2002).

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Contents vii
List of figures xix
List of tables xxi
List of boxes xxii
Chapter 1 Studying human development 1
Why study human development? 1
A short history of developmental psychology 4
Darwin and the theory of evolution 5
Comparative psychology and ethology 6
Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology 9
Learning theory and behaviourism 10
Social learning theory 14
Vygotsky and social interactions in development 14
Piaget and cognitive development 15
Information processing and cognitive development 18
Sigmund Freud 21
Current research and the legacy of the 20th century 25
Studying development scientifically 25
The problem with 'facts' (and the nature of data) 26
The trouble with truth (and the nature of theory) 28
Data, theories and progress in science 29
Is developmental psychology a science like physics? 30
Methods for studying human development 31
Common methodological issues in science 31
Reliability and validity 31
Generality 31
Correlations and cause and effect 32
Special issues for research on human development 33
Studying change 33
Making mental processes visible 34
Studying development ethically 36
About this book 38
Exercises 40
Suggested further reading 40
Revision summary 41
Part I: The beginning of life 45
Overview 45
Chapter 2 Bodies and brains 47
Human evolution 47
Dynamic systems theory 54
Genes 59
Prenatal development 64
Methods for studying prenatal development in more detail 68
Behaviour and learning in the womb 70
Physical development after birth 79
In conclusion 86
Exercises 87
Suggested further reading 87
Revision summary 87
Chapter 3 Infant minds: perception, inference and understanding in the first 18 months 91
Is the newborn mind a 'blank slate'? 92
Piaget's theory of infant cognition 93
Gibson's theory 97
Two views of infant minds 99
Studying infant minds 100
Current research on infant minds 106
Alternative explanations for search errors 117
In conclusion 124
Exercises 127
Suggested further reading 127
Revision summary 127
Chapter 4 Growing emotions: social and personal development in the first 18 months 130
The beginnings of social responsiveness 130
Recognizing people 135
Distinguishing between living and inanimate things 139
Understanding emotions 141
Developing a concept of self 148
Social relationships in infancy: attachment and development 152
Temperament 161
In conclusion 167
Exercises 171
Suggested further reading 171
Revision summary 171
Part II: Cognitive development from infancy to adulthood 175
Overview 175
Chapter 5 Language 177
What is language? 178
Patterns in language development 180
Theories of language development 197
In conclusion 212
Exercises 214
Suggested further reading 214
Revision summary 214
Chapter 6 Reasoning and conceptual understanding 218
Logic, reasoning and development 219
Heuristic reasoning 241
The development of knowledge 245
Developmental stages versus domain-specific knowledge 258
In conclusion 260
Exercises 262
Suggested further reading 262
Revision summary 262
Chapter 7 Memory, problem solving and mechanisms of cognitive development 265
The development of memory 265
The development of problem-solving 280
Mechanisms of cognitive change 294
In conclusion 314
Exercises 316
Suggested further reading 316
Revision summary 316
Chapter 8 Individual differences in cognition 320
Individual differences and IQ 320
The concept of IQ 321
Process accounts of individual differences in cognition 337
Developing differently 343
In conclusion 348
Exercises 350
Suggested further reading 350
Revision summary 350
Part III: Social and emotional development from infancy to adulthood 353
Overview 353
Chapter 9 Understanding other people 355
Becoming a folk psychologist 356
Empathy and sympathy 381
In conclusion 389
Exercises 391
Suggested further reading 391
Revision summary 391
Chapter 10 Personality and identity 394
The development of personality 394
Developing a personal identity 411
Culture, class, ethnicity, race, gender and identity 423
In conclusion 440
Exercises 442
Suggested further reading 442
Revision summary 443
Chapter 11 Social relationships 446
Families and development 446
Peer relationships 476
In conclusion 501
Exercises 503
Suggested further reading 503
Revision summary 503
Chapter 12 Prosocial and antisocial behaviour 506
Evolutionary theories 506
The importance of empathy 508
The development of moral reasoning 514
Conscience and moral identity 537
Individual differences in prosocial and antisocial tendencies 543
A dynamic systems perspective 555
In conclusion 559
Exercises 560
Suggested further reading 560
Revision summary 560
A final comment 563
Chapter 13 Toward a new view of development 565
Exercises 568
Suggested further reading 568
References 569
Name index 629
Subject index 647