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Book Details
Abstract
For courses in Physiological/Biopsychology
An up-to-date, comprehensive, and accessible overview of behavioral neuroscience
Physiology of Behavior provides a scholarly yet accessible portrait of the dynamic interaction between biology and behavior. Lead author Neil Carlson and new co-author Melissa Birkett drew upon their experience teaching and working with students to create the new edition of this comprehensive and accessible guide for students of behavioral neuroscience. In addition to updated research, the Twelfth Edition offers an updated art and visual program and a more robust learning architecture that highlights key concepts, guiding students through the text.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | 1 | ||
| Copyright Page | 2 | ||
| Brief Contents | 3 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Preface | 11 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 15 | ||
| Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience | 17 | ||
| The Goals of Research | 18 | ||
| Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience | 18 | ||
| Natural Selection and Evolution | 23 | ||
| Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits | 23 | ||
| Evolution of Large Brains | 25 | ||
| Ethical Issues in Research with Humans and Other Animals | 28 | ||
| Research with Animals | 28 | ||
| Research with Humans | 29 | ||
| The Future of Neuroscience: Careers and Strategies for Learning | 31 | ||
| Careers in Neuroscience | 31 | ||
| Strategies for Learning | 31 | ||
| 2. Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System | 35 | ||
| Cells of the Nervous System | 37 | ||
| The Nervous System: An Overview | 37 | ||
| Neurons | 38 | ||
| Supporting Cells | 43 | ||
| The Blood–Brain Barrier | 46 | ||
| Communication Within a Neuron | 47 | ||
| Neural Communication: An Overview | 47 | ||
| Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons | 49 | ||
| The Membrane Potential | 50 | ||
| The Action Potential | 52 | ||
| Conduction of the Action Potential | 55 | ||
| Communication Between Neurons | 58 | ||
| Structure of Synapses | 58 | ||
| Release of Neurotransmitters | 59 | ||
| Activation of Receptors | 61 | ||
| Postsynaptic Potentials | 62 | ||
| Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials | 63 | ||
| Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration | 64 | ||
| Autoreceptors | 66 | ||
| Other Types of Synapses | 66 | ||
| Other Forms of Chemical Communication | 67 | ||
| 3. Structure of the Nervous System | 70 | ||
| Basic Features of the Nervous System | 72 | ||
| Anatomical Directions | 73 | ||
| Meninges | 75 | ||
| The Ventricular System and Production of CSF | 75 | ||
| Development of the Nervous System | 78 | ||
| An Overview of Brain Development | 78 | ||
| Prenatal Brain Development | 78 | ||
| Postnatal Brain Development | 82 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Central Nervous System | 84 | ||
| The Forebrain | 84 | ||
| The Midbrain | 92 | ||
| The Hindbrain | 93 | ||
| The Spinal Cord | 94 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System | 96 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 96 | ||
| Spinal Nerves | 97 | ||
| The Autonomic Nervous System | 98 | ||
| 4. Psychopharmacology | 102 | ||
| Principles of Psychopharmacology | 104 | ||
| An Overview of Psychopharmacology | 104 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 105 | ||
| Drug Effectiveness | 107 | ||
| Effects of Repeated Administration | 108 | ||
| Placebo Effects | 109 | ||
| Sites of Drug Action | 110 | ||
| Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters | 111 | ||
| Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters | 111 | ||
| Effects on Receptors | 112 | ||
| Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters | 113 | ||
| Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators | 114 | ||
| Amino Acids | 115 | ||
| Acetylcholine | 117 | ||
| The Monoamines | 120 | ||
| Peptides | 127 | ||
| Lipids | 128 | ||
| 5. Methods and Strategies of Research | 132 | ||
| Experimental Ablation | 135 | ||
| Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage | 135 | ||
| Producing Brain Lesions | 135 | ||
| Stereotaxic Surgery | 136 | ||
| Histological Methods | 138 | ||
| Tracing Neural Connections | 140 | ||
| Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain | 144 | ||
| Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity | 147 | ||
| Recording Neural Activity | 147 | ||
| Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity | 150 | ||
| Stimulating Neural Activity | 152 | ||
| Neurochemical Methods | 155 | ||
| Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals | 155 | ||
| Localizing Particular Receptors | 157 | ||
| Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain | 157 | ||
| Genetic Methods | 159 | ||
| Twin Studies | 160 | ||
| Adoption Studies | 160 | ||
| Genomic Studies | 160 | ||
| Targeted Mutations | 160 | ||
| Antisense Oligonucleotides | 161 | ||
| 6. Vision | 163 | ||
| The Eye | 166 | ||
| Introduction to Sensation and Perception | 166 | ||
| The Stimulus: Light | 166 | ||
| Anatomy of the Eye | 167 | ||
| Photoreceptors | 168 | ||
| Transduction | 169 | ||
| Central and Peripheral Vision | 171 | ||
| The Optic Nerves | 172 | ||
| Overview of the Visual Pathway | 173 | ||
| Brain Regions Involved in Visual Processing | 175 | ||
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | 175 | ||
| Striate Cortex | 175 | ||
| Extrastriate Cortex | 177 | ||
| Perception of Color | 179 | ||
| Role of the Retinal Ganglion Cells in Light/Dark Perception | 179 | ||
| Role of the Retina in Color Perception | 181 | ||
| Role of the Striate Cortex | 184 | ||
| Role of the Extrastriate Cortex | 184 | ||
| Perception of Form | 187 | ||
| Role of the Striate Cortex | 187 | ||
| Role of the Extrastriate Cortex | 189 | ||
| Perception of Spatial Location | 194 | ||
| Role of the Retina | 194 | ||
| Role of the Striate Cortex | 195 | ||
| Role of the Extrastriate Cortex | 195 | ||
| Perception of Orientation and Movement | 197 | ||
| Role of the Striate Cortex | 197 | ||
| Role of the Extrastriate Cortex | 197 | ||
| 7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses | 202 | ||
| Audition | 204 | ||
| The Stimulus | 204 | ||
| Anatomy of the Ear | 205 | ||
| Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information | 207 | ||
| The Auditory Pathway | 208 | ||
| Perception of Pitch | 211 | ||
| Perception of Loudness | 212 | ||
| Perception of Timbre | 212 | ||
| Perception of Spatial Location | 213 | ||
| Perception of Complex Sounds | 216 | ||
| Perception of Music | 217 | ||
| Vestibular System | 220 | ||
| Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus | 221 | ||
| The Vestibular Pathway | 222 | ||
| Somatosenses | 223 | ||
| The Stimuli | 223 | ||
| Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs | 224 | ||
| Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation | 225 | ||
| The Somatosensory Pathways | 227 | ||
| Perception of Pain | 229 | ||
| Gustation | 235 | ||
| The Stimuli | 235 | ||
| Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells | 236 | ||
| Perception of Gustatory Information | 236 | ||
| The Gustatory Pathway | 238 | ||
| Olfaction | 239 | ||
| The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus | 240 | ||
| Transduction of Olfactory Information | 241 | ||
| Perception of Specific Odors | 242 | ||
| 8. Control of Movement | 245 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 247 | ||
| Anatomy | 247 | ||
| The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction | 249 | ||
| Sensory Feedback from Muscles | 250 | ||
| Control of Movement by the Spinal Cord | 252 | ||
| The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex | 252 | ||
| The Gamma Motor System | 252 | ||
| Polysynaptic Reflexes | 254 | ||
| Control of Movement by the Brain | 255 | ||
| Cortical Structures | 255 | ||
| Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways | 257 | ||
| Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex | 259 | ||
| Subcortical Structures | 263 | ||
| Complex Motor Behavior | 269 | ||
| Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System | 269 | ||
| Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex | 271 | ||
| Deficits of Skilled Movements: The Apraxias | 273 | ||
| Limb Apraxia | 273 | ||
| Constructional Apraxia | 273 | ||
| 9. Sleep and Biological Rhythms | 275 | ||
| What Is Sleep? | 277 | ||
| Stages of Sleep | 278 | ||
| Brain Activity During Sleep | 280 | ||
| Why Do We Sleep? | 282 | ||
| Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep | 283 | ||
| Functions of REM Sleep | 285 | ||
| Sleep and Learning | 285 | ||
| Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking | 288 | ||
| Neural Control of Sleep | 288 | ||
| Neural Control of Arousal | 289 | ||
| Neural Control of Sleep/Wake Transitions | 293 | ||
| Neural Control of Transition to REM | 295 | ||
| Disorders of Sleep | 298 | ||
| Insomnia | 298 | ||
| Narcolepsy | 299 | ||
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | 301 | ||
| Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep | 301 | ||
| Biological Clocks | 303 | ||
| Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers | 303 | ||
| The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | 304 | ||
| Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin | 307 | ||
| Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag | 308 | ||
| 10. Reproductive Behavior | 310 | ||
| Sexual Development | 312 | ||
| Production of Gametes and Fertilization | 312 | ||
| Development of the Sex Organs | 313 | ||
| Sexual Maturation | 315 | ||
| Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior | 318 | ||
| Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles | 318 | ||
| Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals | 319 | ||
| Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization | 321 | ||
| Human Sexual Behavior | 321 | ||
| Effects of Pheromones | 323 | ||
| Neural Control of Sexual Behavior | 327 | ||
| Males | 327 | ||
| Females | 330 | ||
| Formation of Pair Bonds | 330 | ||
| Sexual Orientation | 332 | ||
| Activational and Organizational Effects of Hormones | 333 | ||
| Role of Androgens | 333 | ||
| Cloacal Exstrophy | 334 | ||
| The Sexually Dimorphic Brain | 334 | ||
| Role of Prenatal Environment in Sexual Orientation | 336 | ||
| Heredity and Sexual Orientation | 336 | ||
| Parental Behavior | 338 | ||
| Maternal Behavior of Rodents | 338 | ||
| Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior | 339 | ||
| Neural Control of Maternal Behavior | 339 | ||
| Neural Control of Paternal Behavior | 342 | ||
| 11. Emotion | 344 | ||
| Fear | 346 | ||
| Components of Emotional Response | 346 | ||
| Research with Laboratory Animals | 347 | ||
| Research with Humans | 351 | ||
| Aggression | 353 | ||
| Research with Laboratory Animals | 353 | ||
| Research with Humans | 354 | ||
| Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior | 355 | ||
| Impulse Control | 360 | ||
| Role of the vmPFC | 360 | ||
| Brain Development and Impulse Control | 361 | ||
| Crime and Impulse Control | 362 | ||
| Serotonin and Impulse Control | 362 | ||
| Moral Decision Making | 363 | ||
| Communication of Emotions | 365 | ||
| Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses | 365 | ||
| Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition | 366 | ||
| Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression | 372 | ||
| Feelings of Emotions | 375 | ||
| The James-Lange Theory | 376 | ||
| Feedback from Emotional Expressions | 377 | ||
| 12. Ingestive Behavior | 380 | ||
| Drinking | 382 | ||
| Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms | 382 | ||
| Two Types of Thirst | 383 | ||
| Neural Mechanisms of Thirst | 386 | ||
| Eating: What Is Metabolism? | 388 | ||
| The Short-Term Reservoir | 388 | ||
| The Long-Term Reservoir | 389 | ||
| Fasting Phase | 389 | ||
| Absorptive Phase | 389 | ||
| Eating: Signals to Start a Meal | 391 | ||
| Signals from the Digestive System | 391 | ||
| Metabolic Signals | 392 | ||
| Eating: Signals to Stop a Meal | 394 | ||
| Short-Term Satiety | 395 | ||
| Signals from Environmental Factors | 396 | ||
| Signals from Sensory Factors | 396 | ||
| Signals from Gastric Factors | 396 | ||
| Signals from Intestinal Factors | 396 | ||
| Signals from Liver Factors | 397 | ||
| Signals from Insulin | 398 | ||
| Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue | 398 | ||
| Brain Mechanisms | 400 | ||
| Brain Stem | 400 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 400 | ||
| Obesity | 406 | ||
| Possible Causes | 407 | ||
| Treatment | 409 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 413 | ||
| Possible Causes | 415 | ||
| Treatment | 417 | ||
| 13. Learning and Memory | 419 | ||
| Overview of Learning and Memory | 422 | ||
| Types of Learning | 422 | ||
| Types of Memory | 424 | ||
| Stimulus-Response Learning | 427 | ||
| Classical Conditioning | 427 | ||
| Operant Conditioning | 429 | ||
| Motor Learning | 434 | ||
| Role of the Cortex | 434 | ||
| Role of the Basal Ganglia | 434 | ||
| Perceptual Learning | 435 | ||
| Role of the Cortex | 435 | ||
| Retaining Perceptual Information in Short-Term Memory | 436 | ||
| Relational Learning | 438 | ||
| Role of the Hippocampus | 438 | ||
| Role of the Cortex | 443 | ||
| Amnesia | 444 | ||
| Role of the Hippocampus | 444 | ||
| Stimulus-Response Learning | 446 | ||
| Motor Learning | 446 | ||
| Perceptual Learning | 447 | ||
| Relational Learning | 448 | ||
| Long-Term Potentiation | 452 | ||
| Induction of Long-Term Potentiation | 453 | ||
| Role of NMDA Receptors | 453 | ||
| Role of AMPA Receptors | 456 | ||
| Role of Synaptic Changes | 457 | ||
| 14. Human Communication | 460 | ||
| Language Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms | 462 | ||
| Lateralization | 463 | ||
| Language Production | 464 | ||
| Language Comprehension | 465 | ||
| Bilingualism | 466 | ||
| Prosody | 467 | ||
| Recognition of People’s Voices | 467 | ||
| Disorders of Language Production and Comprehension | 469 | ||
| Disorders of Language Production: Broca’s Aphasia | 469 | ||
| Disorders of Language Comprehension: Wernicke’s Aphasia | 472 | ||
| Conduction Aphasia | 477 | ||
| Aphasia in People Who Are Deaf | 479 | ||
| Stuttering | 480 | ||
| Disorders of Reading and Writing | 483 | ||
| Relation to Aphasia | 483 | ||
| Pure Alexia | 483 | ||
| Toward an Understanding of Reading | 485 | ||
| Toward an Understanding of Writing | 491 | ||
| 15. Neurological Disorders | 495 | ||
| Tumors and Seizures | 497 | ||
| Tumors | 497 | ||
| Seizures | 500 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accidents | 503 | ||
| Causes | 503 | ||
| Treatments | 504 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 508 | ||
| Causes | 508 | ||
| Treatments | 509 | ||
| Disorders of Development | 510 | ||
| Toxic Chemicals | 510 | ||
| Inherited Metabolic Disorders | 510 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 512 | ||
| Degenerative Disorders | 514 | ||
| Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies | 514 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 515 | ||
| Huntington’s Disease | 520 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 522 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 522 | ||
| Dementia | 524 | ||
| Korsakoff’s Syndrome | 528 | ||
| Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases | 530 | ||
| Encephalitis | 530 | ||
| Meningitis | 531 | ||
| 16. Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders | 533 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 535 | ||
| Description | 535 | ||
| Heritability | 537 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 540 | ||
| Anomalies in Schizophrenia | 542 | ||
| The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway: Positive Symptoms | 545 | ||
| The Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway: Negative and Cognitive Symptoms | 547 | ||
| Affective Disorders | 551 | ||
| Description | 551 | ||
| Heritability | 552 | ||
| Biological Treatments | 552 | ||
| Role of the Frontal Cortex | 557 | ||
| The Monoamine Hypothesis | 558 | ||
| Role of the 5-HT Transporter | 559 | ||
| Role of Neurogenesis | 560 | ||
| Role of Circadian Rhythms | 560 | ||
| 17. Stress, Anxiety, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders | 566 | ||
| Stress | 568 | ||
| Physiology of the Stress Response | 569 | ||
| Health Effects of Long-Term Stress | 570 | ||
| Effects of Stress on the Brain | 571 | ||
| Psychoneuroimmunology | 574 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 578 | ||
| Symptoms | 578 | ||
| Heritability | 578 | ||
| Brain Changes | 579 | ||
| Treatment | 581 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 582 | ||
| Symptoms | 582 | ||
| Heritability | 584 | ||
| Brain Changes | 584 | ||
| Treatment | 584 | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 587 | ||
| Symptoms | 587 | ||
| Heritability | 588 | ||
| Brain Changes | 589 | ||
| Treatment | 589 | ||
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | 592 | ||
| Symptoms | 593 | ||
| Heritability | 593 | ||
| Brain Changes | 594 | ||
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 597 | ||
| Symptoms | 597 | ||
| Heritability | 598 | ||
| Brain Changes | 599 | ||
| 18. Substance Abuse | 602 | ||
| Common Features of Substance Abuse | 605 | ||
| Positive Reinforcement | 606 | ||
| Negative Reinforcement | 611 | ||
| Heredity | 615 | ||
| Alcohol | 616 | ||
| Nicotine | 616 | ||
| Stimulants | 616 | ||
| Commonly Abused Drugs | 617 | ||
| Opiates | 617 | ||
| Stimulants | 619 | ||
| Nicotine | 621 | ||
| Alcohol | 624 | ||
| Cannabis | 625 | ||
| Treatment for Substance Abuse | 628 | ||
| Opiates | 629 | ||
| Stimulants | 629 | ||
| Nicotine | 630 | ||
| Alcohol | 631 | ||
| Brain Stimulation | 631 | ||
| Glossary | 633 | ||
| References | 651 | ||
| Credits | 702 | ||
| Name Index | 709 | ||
| Subject Index | 723 | ||
| Back Cover | Back Cover |