Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For courses in human biology
Explore Human Biology in Relation to Current Issues, in the Text and Online.
Through his teaching, his textbook, and his online blog, award-winning teacher Michael D. Johnson sparks interest in human biology by connecting basic biology to real-world issues that are relevant to students’ lives. Using a storytelling approach and extensive online support, Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues Eighth Edition not only demystifies how the human body works but also drives students to become a better, more discerning consumer of health and science information. Each chapter opens with Johnson’s popular “Current Issues” essays, and within each chapter, “BlogInFocus” references direct readers to his frequently-updated blog for breaking human biology-related news.
MasteringBiology™ is not included, If MasteringBiology is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MasteringBiology should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
MasteringBiology is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product designed to personalize learning and improve results. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover page | Cover | ||
| Brief contents | IFC | ||
| Title page | 1 | ||
| Copyright page | 2 | ||
| About the author | 3 | ||
| Contents | 4 | ||
| Preface | 18 | ||
| Keep current in biology | 20 | ||
| Engage with high interest essays | 21 | ||
| Connect concepts and applications to everyday life | 22 | ||
| Support for studentsany time, anywhere | 24 | ||
| Chapter-specific changes | 26 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 29 | ||
| 1 Human Biology, Science and Society | 31 | ||
| Current issue mandatory childhood vaccinations | 32 | ||
| 1.1 The characteristics of life | 34 | ||
| 1.2 How humans fit into the natural world | 36 | ||
| Living things are grouped according to their characteristics | 36 | ||
| The defining features of humans | 37 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 37 | ||
| Human biology can be studied on any level of biological organization | 38 | ||
| 1.3 Science is both a body of knowledge and a process | 40 | ||
| The scientific method is a process for testing ideas | 40 | ||
| Health & wellness the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria | 41 | ||
| Designing and conducting the experiment | 42 | ||
| Making the findings known | 43 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 43 | ||
| A well-tested hypothesis becomes a theory | 43 | ||
| 1.4 Sources of scientific information vary in style and quality | 44 | ||
| 1.5 Learning to be a critical thinker | 44 | ||
| Become a skeptic | 44 | ||
| Learn how to read graphs | 45 | ||
| Appreciate the value of statistics | 46 | ||
| Distinguish anecdotes from scientific evidence | 46 | ||
| Separate facts from conclusions | 46 | ||
| Understand the difference between correlation and causation | 46 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 46 | ||
| 1.6 The role of science in society | 47 | ||
| Science improves technology and the human physical condition | 47 | ||
| Science has limits | 47 | ||
| The importance of making informed choices | 48 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 50 | ||
| 2 The Chemistry of Living Things | 51 | ||
| Current issue functional foods and dietary supplements—safe and effective? | 52 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 53 | ||
| 2.1 All matter consists of elements | 54 | ||
| Atoms are the smallest functional units of an element | 54 | ||
| Isotopes have a different number of neutrons | 55 | ||
| Free radicals have unpaired electrons | 56 | ||
| 2.2 Atoms combine to form molecules | 56 | ||
| Energy fuels life’s activities | 56 | ||
| Chemical bonds link atoms to form molecules | 57 | ||
| Living organisms contain only certain elements | 59 | ||
| 2.3 Life depends on water | 59 | ||
| Water is the biological solvent | 59 | ||
| Water is a liquid at body temperature | 60 | ||
| Water helps regulate body temperature | 60 | ||
| Water participates in chemical reactions | 61 | ||
| 2.4 The importance of hydrogen ions | 61 | ||
| Acids donate hydrogen ions, bases accept them | 61 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 61 | ||
| The pH scale expresses hydrogen ion concentration | 62 | ||
| Buffers minimize changes in pH | 62 | ||
| 2.5 The organic molecules of living organisms | 63 | ||
| Carbon is the common building block of organic molecules | 63 | ||
| Macromolecules are synthesized and broken down within the cell | 63 | ||
| 2.6 Carbohydrates: used for energy and structural support | 65 | ||
| Monosaccharides are simple sugars | 65 | ||
| Oligosaccharides: more than one monosaccharide linked together | 65 | ||
| Polysaccharides store energy | 65 | ||
| 2.7 Lipids: insoluble in water | 66 | ||
| Triglycerides are energy-storage molecules | 66 | ||
| Phospholipids are the primary component of cell membranes | 66 | ||
| Health & wellness radon: a known cancer risk | 67 | ||
| Steroids are composed of four rings | 68 | ||
| 2.8 Proteins: complex structures constructed of amino acids | 68 | ||
| Protein function depends on structure | 70 | ||
| Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions | 71 | ||
| 2.9 Nucleic acids store genetic information | 72 | ||
| 2.10 ATP carries energy | 73 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 76 | ||
| 3 Structure and Function of Cells | 77 | ||
| Current issue the use of human stem cells | 78 | ||
| 3.1 Cells are classified according to their internal organization | 79 | ||
| Eukaryotes have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles | 80 | ||
| Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles | 80 | ||
| 3.2 Cell structure reflects cell function | 80 | ||
| Cells remain small to stay efficient | 81 | ||
| Visualizing cells with microscopes | 81 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 82 | ||
| 3.3 Internal structures carry out specific functions | 82 | ||
| The nucleus controls the cell | 82 | ||
| Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis | 84 | ||
| The endoplasmic reticulum is the manufacturing center | 84 | ||
| The golgi apparatus refines, packages, and ships | 84 | ||
| Vesicles: membrane-bound storage and shipping containers | 85 | ||
| Mitochondria provide energy | 86 | ||
| Fat and glycogen: sources of energy | 86 | ||
| 3.4 Cells have structures for support and movement | 87 | ||
| The cytoskeleton supports the cell | 87 | ||
| Cilia and flagella are specialized for movement | 87 | ||
| Centrioles are involved in cell division | 88 | ||
| 3.5 A plasma membrane surrounds the cell | 88 | ||
| The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer | 88 | ||
| 3.6 Molecules cross the plasma membrane in several ways | 89 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 89 | ||
| Passive transport: principles of diffusion and osmosis | 89 | ||
| Passive transport moves with the concentration gradient | 91 | ||
| Active transport requires energy | 92 | ||
| Endocytosis and exocytosis move materials in bulk | 92 | ||
| Information can be transferred across the plasma membrane | 93 | ||
| The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain cell volume | 93 | ||
| Health & wellness do antioxidant supplements slow the rate of cellular aging? | 94 | ||
| Isotonic extracellular fluid also maintains cell volume | 96 | ||
| 3.7 Cells use and transform matter and energy | 96 | ||
| Glucose provides the cell with energy | 97 | ||
| Glycolysis: glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules | 97 | ||
| Cellular respiration uses oxygen | 99 | ||
| Fats and proteins are additional energy sources | 103 | ||
| Anaerobic pathways make energy available without oxygen | 104 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 106 | ||
| 4 From Cells to Organ Systems | 107 | ||
| Current issue reshaping your body | 108 | ||
| 4.1 Tissues are groups of cells with a common function | 109 | ||
| 4.2 Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and cavities | 109 | ||
| Epithelial tissues are classified according to cell shape | 110 | ||
| The basement membrane provides structural support | 111 | ||
| 4.3 Connective tissue supports and connects body parts | 112 | ||
| Fibrous connective tissues provide strength and elasticity | 112 | ||
| Specialized connective tissues serve special functions | 114 | ||
| Health & wellness suntans, smoking, and your skin | 115 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 115 | ||
| 4.4 Muscle tissues contract to produce movement | 116 | ||
| Skeletal muscles move body parts | 116 | ||
| Cardiac muscle cells activate each other | 116 | ||
| Smooth muscle surrounds hollow structures | 117 | ||
| 4.5 Nervous tissue transmits impulses | 117 | ||
| 4.6 Organs and organ systems perform complex functions | 117 | ||
| The human body is organized by organ systems | 117 | ||
| Tissue membranes line body cavities | 120 | ||
| Describing body position or direction | 120 | ||
| 4.7 The skin as an organ system | 121 | ||
| Skin has many functions | 121 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 121 | ||
| Skin consists of epidermis and dermis | 122 | ||
| 4.8 Multicellular organisms must maintain homeostasis | 124 | ||
| Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback | 124 | ||
| Negative feedback helps maintain core body temperature | 125 | ||
| Positive feedback amplifies events | 126 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 128 | ||
| 5 The Skeletal System | 129 | ||
| Current issue a black market in human bones? | 130 | ||
| 5.1 The skeletal system consists of connective tissue | 131 | ||
| Bones are the hard elements of the skeleton | 131 | ||
| Bone contains living cells | 132 | ||
| Ligaments hold bones together | 133 | ||
| Cartilage lends support | 133 | ||
| 5.2 Bones develop from cartilage | 133 | ||
| 5.3 Mature bone undergoes remodeling and repair | 134 | ||
| Bones can change in shape, size, and strength | 134 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 135 | ||
| Bone cells are regulated by hormones | 135 | ||
| Bones undergo repair | 136 | ||
| 5.4 Bones fit together to form the skeleton | 136 | ||
| The axial skeleton forms the midline of the body | 137 | ||
| The appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs | 140 | ||
| 5.5 Joints form connections between bones | 142 | ||
| Joints vary from immovable to freely movable | 142 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 142 | ||
| Health & wellness treating a sprained ankle | 143 | ||
| Ligaments, tendons, and muscles strengthen and stabilize joints | 144 | ||
| 5.6 Diseases and disorders of the skeletal system | 145 | ||
| Osteoporosis is caused by excessive bone loss | 145 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 145 | ||
| Sprains mean damage to ligaments | 146 | ||
| Bursitis and tendinitis are caused by inflammation | 146 | ||
| Arthritis is inflammation of joints | 146 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 148 | ||
| 6 The Muscular System | 149 | ||
| Current issue drug abuse among athletes | 150 | ||
| 6.1 Muscles produce movement or generate tension | 152 | ||
| The fundamental activity of muscle is contraction | 153 | ||
| Skeletal muscles cause bones to move | 153 | ||
| A muscle is composed of many muscle cells | 154 | ||
| The contractile unit is a sarcomere | 155 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 156 | ||
| 6.2 Individual muscle cells contract and relax | 156 | ||
| Nerves activate skeletal muscles | 156 | ||
| Activation releases calcium | 157 | ||
| Calcium initiates the sliding filament mechanism | 157 | ||
| When nerve activation ends, contraction ends | 158 | ||
| Muscles require energy to contract and to relax | 158 | ||
| Producing and storing energy within muscle | 159 | ||
| Health & wellness delayed onset muscle soreness | 160 | ||
| 6.3 Muscles vary in movement, force, and endurance | 160 | ||
| Isotonic versus isometric contractions: movement versus static position | 160 | ||
| The degree of nerve activation influences force | 161 | ||
| Slow-twitch versus fast-twitch fibers: endurance versus strength | 162 | ||
| Exercise training improves muscle mass, strength, and endurance | 163 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 164 | ||
| 6.4 Cardiac and smooth muscles have special features | 164 | ||
| How cardiac and smooth muscles are activated | 164 | ||
| Arrangement of myosin and actin filaments | 165 | ||
| Speed and sustainability of contraction | 166 | ||
| 6.5 Diseases and disorders of the muscular system | 166 | ||
| Muscular dystrophy | 166 | ||
| Tetanus | 166 | ||
| Muscle cramps | 166 | ||
| Pulled muscles | 166 | ||
| Fasciitis | 166 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 168 | ||
| 7 Blood | 169 | ||
| Current issue should you bank your baby’s cord blood? | 170 | ||
| 7.1 The composition and functions of blood | 172 | ||
| Plasma consists of water and dissolved solutes | 172 | ||
| Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide | 173 | ||
| Hematocrit and hemoglobin reflect oxygen-carrying capacity | 174 | ||
| All blood cells and platelets originate from stem cells | 175 | ||
| Rbcs have a short life span | 175 | ||
| Rbc production is regulated by a hormone | 176 | ||
| White blood cells defend the body | 176 | ||
| Platelets are essential for blood clotting | 178 | ||
| 7.2 Hemostasis: stopping blood loss | 178 | ||
| Vascular spasms constrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow | 178 | ||
| Platelets stick together to seal a ruptured vessel | 179 | ||
| 8 Heart and Blood Vessels | 189 | ||
| Current issue how should comparative effec- tiveness research be used? | 190 | ||
| 8.1 Blood vessels transport blood | 191 | ||
| Arteries transport blood away from the heart | 192 | ||
| Arterioles and precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow | 193 | ||
| Capillaries: where blood exchanges substances with tissues | 194 | ||
| The lymphatic system helps maintain blood volume | 195 | ||
| Veins return blood to the heart | 195 | ||
| 8.2 The heart pumps blood through the vessels | 196 | ||
| The heart is mostly muscle | 196 | ||
| The heart has four chambers and four valves | 197 | ||
| The pattern of blood flow through the cardiovascular system | 198 | ||
| Arteries and veins of the human body | 199 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 200 | ||
| The cardiac cycle: the heart contracts and relaxes | 200 | ||
| Heart sounds reflect closing heart valves | 202 | ||
| The cardiac conduction system coordinates contraction | 202 | ||
| Electrocardiogram records the heart’s electrical activity | 203 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 204 | ||
| 8.3 Blood exerts pressure against vessel walls | 204 | ||
| Measuring blood pressure | 204 | ||
| Hypertension: high blood pressure can be dangerous | 205 | ||
| Health & wellness cholesterol and atherosclerosis | 206 | ||
| Hypotension: when blood pressure is too low | 207 | ||
| 8.4 How the cardiovascular system is regulated | 207 | ||
| Baroreceptors maintain arterial blood pressure | 208 | ||
| Local requirements dictate local blood flows | 208 | ||
| Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac output | 209 | ||
| 8.5 Cardiovascular disorders: a major health issue | 209 | ||
| Angina: chest pain warns of impaired blood flow | 210 | ||
| Heart attack: permanent damage to heart tissue | 210 | ||
| Heart failure: the heart becomes less efficient | 211 | ||
| Embolism: blockage of a blood vessel | 211 | ||
| Stroke: damage to blood vessels in the brain | 211 | ||
| 8.6 Replacing a failing heart | 212 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 213 | ||
| 8.7 Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease | 213 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 216 | ||
| 9 The Immune System and Mechanisms of Defense | 217 | ||
| Current issue an outbreak of ebola | 218 | ||
| 9.1 Pathogens cause disease | 220 | ||
| Bacteria: single-celled living organisms | 220 | ||
| Viruses: tiny infectious agents | 221 | ||
| Prions: infectious proteins | 221 | ||
| Transmissibility, mode of transmission, and virulence determine health risk | 222 | ||
| 9.2 The lymphatic system defends the body | 222 | ||
| Lymphatic vessels transport lymph | 222 | ||
| Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph | 222 | ||
| The spleen cleanses blood | 224 | ||
| Thymus gland hormones cause t lymphocytes to mature | 224 | ||
| Tonsils protect the throat | 224 | ||
| 9.3 Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defense | 225 | ||
| Skin: an effective deterrent | 225 | ||
| Impeding pathogen entry in areas not covered by skin | 225 | ||
| 9.4 Nonspecific defenses: the second line of defense | 226 | ||
| The complement system assists other defense mechanisms | 226 | ||
| Phagocytes engulf foreign cells | 227 | ||
| Inflammation: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain | 228 | ||
| Natural killer cells target tumors and virus-infected cells | 229 | ||
| Interferons interfere with viral reproduction | 229 | ||
| Fever raises body temperature | 229 | ||
| 9.5 Specific defense mechanisms: the third line of defense | 229 | ||
| The immune system targets antigens | 230 | ||
| Lymphocytes are central to specific defenses | 230 | ||
| B cells: antibody-mediated immunity | 230 | ||
| The five classes of antibodies | 232 | ||
| An antibody’s structure enables it to bind to a specific antigen | 232 | ||
| T cells: cell-mediated immunity | 232 | ||
| 9.6 Immune memory creates immunity | 235 | ||
| Health & wellness the case for breast milk | 236 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 236 | ||
| 9.7 Medical assistance in the war against pathogens | 237 | ||
| Active immunization: an effective weapon against pathogens | 237 | ||
| Passive immunization can help against existing or anticipated infections | 237 | ||
| Monoclonal antibodies: laboratory-created for commercial use | 237 | ||
| Antibiotics combat bacteria | 239 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 239 | ||
| 9.8 Tissue rejection: a medical challenge | 239 | ||
| 9.9 Inappropriate immune system activity causes health problems | 239 | ||
| Allergies: a hypersensitive immune system | 240 | ||
| Autoimmune disorders: defective recognition of self | 241 | ||
| 9.10 Immune deficiency: the special case of aids | 242 | ||
| Hiv targets helper t cells of the immune system | 242 | ||
| Hiv is transmitted in body fluids | 243 | ||
| Aids develops slowly | 243 | ||
| The aids epidemic: a global health issue | 244 | ||
| Risky behaviors increase your chances of getting aids | 244 | ||
| Making sex safer | 244 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 245 | ||
| New treatments offer hope | 245 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 248 | ||
| 10 The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases | 249 | ||
| Current issue the fight over regulation of e-cigarettes | 250 | ||
| 10.1 Respiration takes place throughout the body | 251 | ||
| 10.2 The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts | 252 | ||
| The upper respiratory tract filters, warms, and humidifies air | 253 | ||
| The lower respiratory tract exchanges gases | 253 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 256 | ||
| 10.3 The process of breathing involves a pressure gradient | 258 | ||
| Inspiration brings in air, expiration expels it | 258 | ||
| Lung volumes and vital capacity measure lung function | 259 | ||
| 10.4 Gas exchange and transport occur passively | 260 | ||
| Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures | 260 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 260 | ||
| External respiration: the exchange of gases between air and blood | 260 | ||
| Internal respiration: the exchange of gases with tissue fluids | 262 | ||
| Hemoglobin transports most oxygen molecules | 262 | ||
| Most co is transported in plasma as bicarbonate 2 | 263 | ||
| 10.5 The nervous system regulates breathing | 263 | ||
| A respiratory center establishes rhythm of breathing | 264 | ||
| Chemical receptors monitor co, h, and o levels 22 | 265 | ||
| We can exert some conscious control | 265 | ||
| 10.6 Disorders of the respiratory system | 265 | ||
| Reduced air flow or gas exchange impedes respiratory function | 265 | ||
| Microorganisms can cause respiratory disorders | 266 | ||
| Health & wellness carbon monoxide: an invisible, odorless killer | 267 | ||
| Lung cancer is caused by proliferation of abnormal cells | 268 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 268 | ||
| Exposure to asbestos can lead to mesothelioma | 268 | ||
| Pneumothorax and atelectasis: a failure of gas exchange | 268 | ||
| Congestive heart failure impairs lung function | 268 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 272 | ||
| 11 The Nervous System: Integration and Control | 273 | ||
| Current issue head trauma in young athletes | 274 | ||
| 11.1 The nervous system has two principal parts | 275 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 276 | ||
| 11.2 Neurons are the communication cells of the nervous system | 276 | ||
| 11.3 Neurons initiate action potentials | 277 | ||
| Sodium-potassium pump maintains resting potential | 278 | ||
| Graded potentials can initiate an action potential | 278 | ||
| Action potentials are all-or-none and self-propagating | 280 | ||
| 11.4 Neuroglial cells support and protect neurons | 281 | ||
| 11.5 Information is transferred from a neuron to its target | 282 | ||
| Neurotransmitter is released | 282 | ||
| Neurotransmitters exert excitatory or inhibitory effects | 283 | ||
| Postsynaptic neurons integrate and process information | 284 | ||
| 11.6 The pns relays information between tissues and the cns | 284 | ||
| Nerves carry signals to and from the cns | 284 | ||
| Sensory neurons provide information to the cns | 285 | ||
| The somatic division controls skeletal muscles | 285 | ||
| The autonomic division controls automatic body functions | 286 | ||
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions oppose each other | 286 | ||
| 11.7 The brain and spinal cord constitute the cns | 289 | ||
| Bone, meninges, and the blood-brain barrier protect the cns | 289 | ||
| The spinal cord relays information | 290 | ||
| 11.8 The brain processes and acts on information | 291 | ||
| The hindbrain: movement and automatic functions | 291 | ||
| The midbrain: vision, hearing, and sleep/ wakefulness | 292 | ||
| The forebrain: emotions and conscious thought | 292 | ||
| 11.9 Memory involves storing and retrieving information | 295 | ||
| 11.10 Psychoactive drugs affect higher brain functions | 295 | ||
| 11.11 Disorders of the nervous system | 296 | ||
| Trauma | 296 | ||
| Infections | 297 | ||
| Brain tumors: abnormal growths | 297 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 297 | ||
| Health & wellness repairing spinal cord injuries | 298 | ||
| Disorders of neural and synaptic transmission | 298 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 303 | ||
| 12 Sensory Mechanisms | 304 | ||
| Current issue dwd: driving while distracted | 305 | ||
| 12.1 Receptors receive and convert stimuli | 306 | ||
| Receptors are classified according to stimulus | 306 | ||
| The cns interprets nerve impulses based on origin and frequency | 307 | ||
| Some receptors adapt to continuing stimuli | 307 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 308 | ||
| Somatic sensations and special senses provide sensory information | 308 | ||
| 12.2 Somatic sensations arise from receptors through- out the body | 308 | ||
| The skin contains a variety of sensory receptors | 308 | ||
| Mechanoreceptors indicate limb position, muscle length, and tension | 309 | ||
| Thermoreceptors detect temperature | 310 | ||
| Pain receptors signal discomfort | 310 | ||
| 12.3 Taste and smell depend on chemoreceptors | 311 | ||
| Taste: chemoreceptors bind with dissolved substances | 311 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 312 | ||
| Smell: chemoreceptors bind with odorants | 312 | ||
| 12.4 Hearing: mechanoreceptors detect sound waves | 313 | ||
| The outer ear channels sound waves | 314 | ||
| The middle ear amplifies sound | 314 | ||
| The inner ear sorts and converts sounds | 315 | ||
| 12.5 The inner ear plays an essential role in balance | 316 | ||
| Sensing rotational movement | 316 | ||
| Sensing head position and acceleration | 317 | ||
| 12.6 Vision: detecting and interpreting visual stimuli | 318 | ||
| Structure of the eye | 318 | ||
| Regulating the amount of light and focusing the image | 319 | ||
| Eyeball shape affects focus | 320 | ||
| Light is converted into action potentials | 321 | ||
| Rods and cones respond to light | 321 | ||
| Health & wellness lasik to correct vision problems | 322 | ||
| Rods provide vision in dim light | 322 | ||
| Cones provide color vision and accurate images | 322 | ||
| Visual receptors adapt | 323 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 323 | ||
| 12.7 Disorders of sensory mechanisms | 323 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 327 | ||
| 13 The Endocrine System | 328 | ||
| Current issue endocrine disruptors in the environment | 329 | ||
| 13.1 The endocrine system produces hormones | 330 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 332 | ||
| 13.2 Hormones are classified as steroid or nonsteroid | 332 | ||
| Steroid hormones enter target cells | 333 | ||
| Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors on target cell membranes | 333 | ||
| Some hormones participate in negative feedback loops | 334 | ||
| 13.3 The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland | 334 | ||
| The posterior pituitary stores adh and oxytocin | 335 | ||
| The anterior pituitary produces six key hormones | 337 | ||
| Pituitary disorders: hypersecretion or hyposecretion | 338 | ||
| 13.4 The pancreas secretes glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin | 339 | ||
| 13.5 The adrenal glands comprise the cortex and medulla | 340 | ||
| The adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids | 340 | ||
| The adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine | 340 | ||
| 13.6 Thyroid and parathyroid glands | 341 | ||
| The thyroid gland: thyroxine speeds cellular metabolism | 341 | ||
| Parathyroid hormone (pth) controls blood calcium levels | 343 | ||
| 13.7 Testes and ovaries produce sex hormones | 344 | ||
| Testes produce testosterone | 344 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 344 | ||
| Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone | 344 | ||
| 13.8 Other glands and organs also secrete hormones | 344 | ||
| Thymus gland hormones aid the immune system | 344 | ||
| The pineal gland secretes melatonin | 344 | ||
| Endocrine functions of the heart, the digestive system, and the kidneys | 345 | ||
| 13.9 Other chemical messengers | 346 | ||
| Histamine is important in inflammation | 346 | ||
| Prostaglandins: local control of blood flow | 346 | ||
| Nitric oxide has multiple functions | 346 | ||
| Growth factors regulate tissue growth | 346 | ||
| 13.10 Disorders of the endocrine system | 347 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus: inadequate control of blood sugar | 347 | ||
| Hypothyroidism: underactive thyroid gland | 347 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid gland | 347 | ||
| Health & wellness dealing with diabetes: prevention or treatment? | 348 | ||
| Addison’s disease: too little cortisol and aldosterone | 348 | ||
| Cushing’s syndrome: too much cortisol | 348 | ||
| Hypogonadism: too little testosterone | 349 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 351 | ||
| 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition | 352 | ||
| Current issue choosing organic versus conventional foods | 353 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 354 | ||
| 14.1 The digestive system brings nutrients into the body | 355 | ||
| The walls of the gi tract are composed of four layers | 356 | ||
| Five basic processes accomplish digestive system function | 356 | ||
| Two types of motility aid digestive processes | 357 | ||
| 14.2 The mouth processes food for swallowing | 357 | ||
| Teeth bite and chew food | 358 | ||
| The tongue positions and tastes food | 358 | ||
| Saliva begins the process of digestion | 358 | ||
| 14.3 The pharynx and esophagus deliver food to the stomach | 359 | ||
| 14.4 The stomach stores food, digests protein, and regulates delivery | 360 | ||
| Gastric juice breaks down proteins | 360 | ||
| Stomach contractions mix food and push it forward | 361 | ||
| 14.5 the small intestine digests food and absorbs nutrients and water | 362 | ||
| 14.6 Accessory organs aid digestion and absorption | 363 | ||
| The pancreas secretes enzymes and nahco 3 | 363 | ||
| The liver produces bile and performs many other functions | 363 | ||
| The gallbladder stores bile until needed | 364 | ||
| 14.7 The large intestine absorbs nutrients and eliminates wastes | 365 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 365 | ||
| 14.8 How nutrients are absorbed | 365 | ||
| Proteins and carbohydrates are digested, then absorbed | 365 | ||
| Lipids are broken down, then reassembled | 366 | ||
| Water is absorbed by osmosis | 366 | ||
| Health & wellness should you drink raw milk? | 367 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals follow a variety of paths | 367 | ||
| 14.9 Nerves and hormones regulate digestion | 368 | ||
| 14.10 Nutrition: you are what you eat | 368 | ||
| Choosemyplate.gov offers a personalized approach | 368 | ||
| Carbohydrates: a major energy source | 369 | ||
| Lipids: essential cell components and energy sources | 369 | ||
| Complete proteins contain every amino acid | 370 | ||
| Vitamins are essential for normal function | 371 | ||
| Minerals: elements essential for body processes | 372 | ||
| Fiber benefits the colon | 373 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 373 | ||
| 14.11 Food labels | 373 | ||
| 14.12 Energy balance | 374 | ||
| Energy balance, body weight, and physical activity | 374 | ||
| Healthy weight improves overall health obesity | 374 | ||
| Obesity | 375 | ||
| 14.13 Eating disorders | 375 | ||
| 14.14 Disorders of the digestive system | 376 | ||
| Disorders of the gi tract | 376 | ||
| Disorders of the accessory organs | 377 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 380 | ||
| 15 The Urinary System | 381 | ||
| Current issue a shortage of kidneys | 382 | ||
| 15.1 The urinary system regulates body fluids | 383 | ||
| The kidneys regulate water levels | 384 | ||
| The kidneys regulate nitrogenous wastes and other solutes | 384 | ||
| 15.2 Organs of the urinary system | 384 | ||
| Ureters transport urine to the bladder | 385 | ||
| Urinary bladder stores urine | 385 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 386 | ||
| The urethra carries urine from the body | 386 | ||
| 15.3 The internal structure of a kidney | 386 | ||
| Special blood vessels supply the tubule | 387 | ||
| 15.4 Formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion | 388 | ||
| Glomerular filtration filters fluid from capillaries | 389 | ||
| Tubular reabsorption returns filtered water and solutes to blood | 390 | ||
| Tubular secretion removes other substances from blood | 391 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 391 | ||
| 15.5 Producing diluted or concentrated urine | 392 | ||
| Producing dilute urine: excreting excess water | 392 | ||
| Producing concentrated urine: conserving water | 393 | ||
| 15.6 Urination depends on a reflex | 393 | ||
| 15.7 The kidneys contribute to homeostasis in many ways | 393 | ||
| Adh regulates water balance | 394 | ||
| Aldosterone regulates salt balance | 394 | ||
| The renin-angiotensin system controls blood volume and blood pressure | 395 | ||
| Atrial natriuretic hormone protects against blood volume excess | 396 | ||
| Kidneys help maintain acid-base balance and blood ph | 396 | ||
| Erythropoietin stimulates production of red blood cells | 397 | ||
| Kidneys activate vitamin d | 397 | ||
| 15.8 Disorders of the urinary system | 397 | ||
| Kidney stones can block urine flow | 397 | ||
| Health & wellness water intoxication | 398 | ||
| Urinary tract infections are often caused by bacteria | 398 | ||
| Acute and chronic renal failure impair kidney function | 398 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 399 | ||
| Dialysis cleanses the blood artificially | 399 | ||
| Kidney transplants are a permanent solution to renal failure | 399 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 400 | ||
| Urinary incontinence is a loss of bladder control | 400 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 402 | ||
| 16 Reproductive Systems | 403 | ||
| Current issue would you like a boy or a girl? | 404 | ||
| 16.1 The male reproductive system delivers sperm | 405 | ||
| Testes produce sperm | 405 | ||
| Accessory glands help sperm survive | 406 | ||
| Sperm production requires several cell divisions | 407 | ||
| Testosterone affects male reproductive capacity | 408 | ||
| 16.2 The female reproductive system produces eggs and supports pregnancy | 409 | ||
| Ovaries release oocytes and secrete hormones | 409 | ||
| The uterus nurtures the developing embryo | 409 | ||
| The vagina: organ of sexual intercourse and birth canal | 410 | ||
| Mammary glands nourish the infant | 410 | ||
| 16.3 The menstrual cycle consists of ovarian and uterine cycles | 411 | ||
| The ovarian cycle: oocytes mature and are released | 411 | ||
| The uterine cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy | 412 | ||
| Cyclic changes in hormone levels produce the menstrual cycle | 412 | ||
| 16.4 Human sexual response, intercourse, and fertilization | 414 | ||
| The male sexual response | 414 | ||
| The female sexual response | 414 | ||
| Fertilization: one sperm penetrates the egg | 414 | ||
| 16.5 Birth control methods: controlling fertility | 415 | ||
| Abstinence: not having intercourse | 415 | ||
| Surgical sterilization: vasectomy and tubal ligation | 415 | ||
| Hormonal methods: pills, injections, patches, and rings | 416 | ||
| Iuds are inserted into the uterus | 416 | ||
| Diaphragms and cervical caps block the cervix | 417 | ||
| Chemical spermicides kill sperm | 417 | ||
| Condoms trap ejaculated sperm | 417 | ||
| Withdrawal and periodic abstinence | 418 | ||
| Pills that can be used after intercourse | 418 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 418 | ||
| Elective abortion | 418 | ||
| The future in birth control | 418 | ||
| 16.6 Infertility: inability to conceive | 419 | ||
| Infertility can have many causes | 419 | ||
| Enhancing fertility | 420 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 420 | ||
| 16.7 Sexually transmitted diseases | 421 | ||
| Bacterial stds: syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia | 421 | ||
| Viral stds: hiv, hepatitis b, hpv, and genital herpes | 423 | ||
| Health & wellness have you had your gardasil? | 424 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 425 | ||
| Other stds: yeast infections, trichomoniasis, and pubic lice | 425 | ||
| Protecting yourself against stds | 426 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 428 | ||
| 17 Cell Reproduction and Differentiation | 429 | ||
| Current issue therapeutic cloning | 430 | ||
| 17.1 The cell cycle creates new cells | 431 | ||
| 17.2 DNA structure and function: an overview | 432 | ||
| Replication: copying dna before cell division | 433 | ||
| Mutations are alterations in dna | 433 | ||
| Mechanisms of dna repair | 434 | ||
| Transcription: converting a gene’s code into mrna | 434 | ||
| Translation: making a protein from rna | 435 | ||
| 17.3 Cell reproduction: one cell becomes two | 437 | ||
| Mitosis: daughter cells are identical to the parent cell | 437 | ||
| Cytokinesis divides one cell into two identical cells | 438 | ||
| Mitosis produces cells identical to the parent cell | 438 | ||
| Meiosis prepares cells for sexual reproduction | 439 | ||
| Sex differences in meiosis: four sperm versus one egg | 440 | ||
| 17.4 How cell reproduction is regulated | 441 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 441 | ||
| 17.5 Environmental factors influence cell differentiation | 442 | ||
| Differentiation during early development | 442 | ||
| Differentiation later in development | 443 | ||
| 17.6 Reproductive cloning requires an undifferentiated cell | 443 | ||
| Embryo splitting produces identical offspring | 444 | ||
| Somatic cell nuclear transfer produces a clone of an adult | 444 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 445 | ||
| 17.7 Therapeutic cloning: creating tissues and organs | 445 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 448 | ||
| 18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation | 449 | ||
| Current issue preventive double mastectomy to reduce breast cancer risk | 450 | ||
| 18.1 Tumors can be benign or cancerous | 451 | ||
| 18.2 Cancer cells undergo structural and functional changes | 452 | ||
| A pattern of changes leading to a lack of control | 453 | ||
| Cancer stages | 453 | ||
| 18.3 Factors contributing to cancer development | 454 | ||
| Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mutator genes contribute to cancer | 454 | ||
| A variety of factors can lead to cancer | 455 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 457 | ||
| The immune system plays an important role in cancer prevention | 457 | ||
| 18.4 Advances in diagnosis enable early detection | 458 | ||
| Tumor imaging: x-rays, pet, and mri | 459 | ||
| Genetic testing can identify mutated genes | 460 | ||
| Enzyme tests may detect cancer markers | 460 | ||
| 18.5 Cancer treatments | 460 | ||
| Conventional cancer treatments: surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy | 460 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 460 | ||
| Magnetism and photodynamic therapy target malignant cells | 461 | ||
| Immunotherapy promotes immune response | 461 | ||
| “starving” cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis | 461 | ||
| Molecular treatments target defective genes | 462 | ||
| 18.6 The ten deadliest cancers | 462 | ||
| Lung cancer: smoking is leading risk factor | 462 | ||
| Cancers of colon and rectum: tests can detect them early | 463 | ||
| Breast cancer: early detection pays off | 463 | ||
| Pancreatic cancer: rarely detected early enough | 463 | ||
| Prostate cancer: most common after age 50 | 464 | ||
| Health & wellness what if you could save someone’s life? | 464 | ||
| Leukemia: chemotherapy is often effective | 465 | ||
| Lymphoma: cancers of lymphoid tissues | 465 | ||
| Urinary bladder cancer: surgery is often successful if done early | 465 | ||
| Esophageal cancer: a high ratio of deaths to cases | 465 | ||
| Cancer of the uterus: unusual uterine bleeding is major symptom | 466 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 466 | ||
| 18.7 Some other notable cancers | 466 | ||
| Kidney cancers | 466 | ||
| Skin cancer | 466 | ||
| Ovarian cancer | 467 | ||
| Testicular cancer | 467 | ||
| 18.8 Most cancers could be prevented | 467 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 470 | ||
| 19 Genetics and Inheritance | 471 | ||
| Current issue should you have genetic tests for disease risks? | 472 | ||
| 19.1 Your genotype is the genetic basis of your phenotype | 473 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 474 | ||
| 19.2 Genetic inheritance follows certain patterns | 475 | ||
| Punnett square analysis predicts patterns of inheritance | 475 | ||
| Mendel established the basic principles of genetics | 475 | ||
| Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles | 476 | ||
| Two-trait crosses: independent assortment of genes for different traits | 478 | ||
| 19.3 Incomplete dominance and codominance | 480 | ||
| Incomplete dominance: heterozygotes have an interme- diate phenotype | 480 | ||
| Codominance: both gene products are equally expressed | 480 | ||
| Health & wellness cystic fibrosis | 482 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 482 | ||
| 19.4 Other factors influencing inheritance patterns and phenotype | 482 | ||
| Polygenic inheritance: phenotype is influenced by many genes | 482 | ||
| Both genotype and the environment affect phenotype | 483 | ||
| Linked alleles may or may not be inherited together | 484 | ||
| 19.5 Sex-linked inheritance | 484 | ||
| Sex-linked inheritance depends on genes located on sex chromosomes | 484 | ||
| Sex-influenced traits are affected by actions of sex genes | 485 | ||
| 19.6 Alterations in chromosome number or structure | 486 | ||
| Down syndrome: three copies of chromosome 21 | 486 | ||
| Alterations of the number of sex chromosomes | 487 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 488 | ||
| Deletions and translocations alter chromosome structure | 488 | ||
| 19.7 Inherited disorders involving recessive alleles | 488 | ||
| Phenylketonuria is caused by a missing enzyme | 488 | ||
| Tay-sachs disease leads to brain dysfunction | 488 | ||
| Huntington disease is caused by a dominant-lethal allele | 489 | ||
| 19.8 Genes code for proteins, not for specific behaviors | 489 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 492 | ||
| 20 DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering | 493 | ||
| Current issue genetically modified plants | 494 | ||
| 20.1 DNA sequencing reveals the structure of dna | 496 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 497 | ||
| 20.2 DNA can be cloned in the laboratory | 497 | ||
| Recombinant dna technology: isolating and cloning genes | 497 | ||
| Cloning dna fragments: the polymerase chain reaction | 499 | ||
| Health & wellness dna-based vaccines against viruses | 499 | ||
| Identifying the source of dna: dna fingerprinting | 500 | ||
| 20.3 Genetic engineering creates transgenic organisms | 501 | ||
| Transgenic bacteria have many uses | 501 | ||
| Transgenic plants: more vitamins and better pest resistance | 502 | ||
| 21 Development, Maturation, Aging and Death | 509 | ||
| Current issue death with dignity (brittany maynard’s journey) | 510 | ||
| 21.1 Fertilization begins when sperm and egg unite | 511 | ||
| The journeys of egg and sperm | 511 | ||
| One sperm fertilizes the egg | 512 | ||
| Twins may be fraternal or identical | 513 | ||
| 21.2 Developmental processes: cleavage, growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis | 514 | ||
| 21.3 Pre-embryonic development: the first two weeks | 514 | ||
| 21.4 Embryonic development: weeks three to eight | 515 | ||
| Tissues and organs derive from three germ layers | 515 | ||
| Extra-embryonic membranes | 516 | ||
| The placenta and umbilical cord | 516 | ||
| The embryo develops rapidly | 518 | ||
| 21.5 Gender development | 519 | ||
| 21.6 Fetal development: nine weeks to birth | 520 | ||
| Months three and four | 520 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 520 | ||
| Months five and six | 520 | ||
| Months seven through nine | 520 | ||
| 21.7 Birth and the early postnatal period | 520 | ||
| Labor ends in delivery | 521 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 522 | ||
| Cesarean delivery: surgical delivery of a baby | 522 | ||
| The transition from fetus to newborn | 522 | ||
| Lactation produces milk to nourish the newborn | 524 | ||
| 21.8 Maturation: from birth to adulthood | 524 | ||
| The neonatal period: a helpless time | 524 | ||
| Infancy: rapid development and maturation of organ systems | 524 | ||
| Childhood: continued development and growth | 525 | ||
| Adolescence: the transition to adulthood | 525 | ||
| Health & wellness prenatal diagnostic techniques | 526 | ||
| 21.9 Aging | 526 | ||
| What causes aging? | 527 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 527 | ||
| Body systems age at different rates | 528 | ||
| Aging well | 529 | ||
| 21.10 Death | 530 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 532 | ||
| 22 Evolution and the Origins of Life | 533 | ||
| Current issue who were the flores people? | 534 | ||
| 22.1 The evidence for evolution | 536 | ||
| The fossil record: incomplete but valuable | 536 | ||
| Comparative anatomy and embryology provide more evidence | 537 | ||
| Comparative biochemistry examines similarities between molecules | 538 | ||
| Biogeography: the impact of geographic barriers and continental drift on evolutionary processes | 539 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 539 | ||
| 22.2 Natural selection contributes to evolution | 540 | ||
| Random mutations underlie evolution | 540 | ||
| Natural selection encourages changes in the gene pool | 540 | ||
| Genetic drift and gene flow alter populations | 540 | ||
| Mass extinctions eliminated many species | 541 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 541 | ||
| Evolutionary trees trace relationships between species | 541 | ||
| 22.3 In the beginning, earth was too hot for life | 542 | ||
| 22.4 The first cells lived without oxygen | 542 | ||
| Organic molecules formed from atmospheric gases | 542 | ||
| Self-replicating rna and dna formed | 542 | ||
| The first living cells were anaerobic | 542 | ||
| 22.5 Photosynthesis altered the course of evolution | 543 | ||
| Aerobic organisms evolved | 543 | ||
| The rise of animals and our human ancestors | 543 | ||
| 22.6 Humans share a common ancestor with primates | 544 | ||
| Humans are primates | 544 | ||
| Evolution of homo sapiens | 546 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 547 | ||
| Differences within the human species | 548 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 550 | ||
| 23 Ecosystems and Populations | 551 | ||
| Current issue overharvesting is depleting the oceans’ wildlife populations | 552 | ||
| 23.1 Ecosystems: living organisms and their | 554 | ||
| 23.2 The dynamic nature of populations | 554 | ||
| Where a species lives: habitat and range | 554 | ||
| Population growth rate tends toward biotic potential | 555 | ||
| Environmental resistance limits biotic potential | 555 | ||
| Invasive species alter the ecological balance | 556 | ||
| 23.3 Communities: different species living together | 556 | ||
| Overlapping niches foster competition | 556 | ||
| Succession leads toward a mature community | 556 | ||
| Ecosystems: communities and their physical environment | 557 | ||
| 23.4 Energy flows through living organisms | 558 | ||
| Producers capture and convert energy, consumers rely on stored energy | 558 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 558 | ||
| A food web: interactions among producers and consumers | 559 | ||
| The lower levels of an ecological pyramid support consumer populations | 561 | ||
| Human activities disrupt ecological pyramids | 561 | ||
| 23.5 The matter (material) comprising living organisms is recycled | 562 | ||
| The water cycle is essential to other biogeochemical cycles | 562 | ||
| The carbon cycle: organisms exchange co with the atmosphere | 563 | ||
| Nitrogen: an essential component of nucleic acids and proteins | 564 | ||
| Phosphorus: a sedimentary cycle | 564 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 565 | ||
| 23.6 Human population growth | 566 | ||
| Zero population growth has not yet been achieved | 566 | ||
| Population age structure is linked to economic development | 567 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 568 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 570 | ||
| 24 Human Impacts, Biodiversity and Environmental Issues | 571 | ||
| Current issue global warming and global climate change | 572 | ||
| 24.1 Pollutants impair air quality | 574 | ||
| Excessive greenhouse gases are causing global warming | 574 | ||
| Cfcs deplete the ozone layer | 575 | ||
| Pollutants produce acid rain | 575 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 576 | ||
| Smog blankets industrial areas | 576 | ||
| 24.2 Pollution jeopardizes scarce water supplies | 576 | ||
| Water is scarce and unequally distributed | 576 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 577 | ||
| Urbanization increases storm water runoff | 577 | ||
| Human activities pollute freshwater | 577 | ||
| Groundwater pollution may impair human health | 578 | ||
| Oil pollution and garbage are damaging oceans and shorelines | 579 | ||
| 24.3 Pollution and overuse damage the land | 579 | ||
| 24.4 Energy: many options, many choices | 580 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 582 | ||
| 24.5 Environmental change and loss of biodiversity | 582 | ||
| Humans alter and destroy habitats | 582 | ||
| Urbanization is a major force for environmental change | 583 | ||
| Biodiversity is healthy for humans, too | 583 | ||
| 24.6 Toward sustainable development | 583 | ||
| Measuring sustainability and quality of life | 583 | ||
| Strategies to support sustainable development | 584 | ||
| Mj’s bloginfocus | 587 | ||
| Glossary | 589 | ||
| Answers | 609 | ||
| Credits | 619 | ||
| Index | 621 |