BOOK
Substance Use Disorders: Part I, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book
Ray Chih-Jui Hsiao | Leslie Renee Walker
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics will be Part I of II on Substance Use Disorders. Part I will be edited by Drs. Ray Hsiao and Leslie Walker. They present an overview of prevalence and patterns, the neurobiology of adolescent abuse, and evidence-based prevention. This volume will cover a wide array of substances including, alcohol, cannabis, tobacco, stimulant, opioid, hallucinogens, inhalants, and even internet addiction or abuse, among other topics.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Substance UseDisorders, Part I | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR EMERITUS | iii | ||
| FOUNDING CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Understanding Adolescent Substance Use Disorders in the Era of Marijuana Legalization, Opioid Epidemic, and Social ... | vii | ||
| Overview on Prevalence and Recent Trends in Adolescent Substance Use and Abuse | vii | ||
| Neurobiology of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders | vii | ||
| Genetics of Substance Use Disorders | vii | ||
| Evidence-Based Prevention for Adolescent Substance Use | viii | ||
| Assessment and Treatment of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders: Alcohol Use Disorders | viii | ||
| Cannabis Use Disorder in Adolescence | viii | ||
| Tobacco Use Disorders | viii | ||
| Stimulant Use Disorders | ix | ||
| Opioid Use Disorders | ix | ||
| Hallucinogen Use Disorders | ix | ||
| Inhalant Abuse and Dextromethorphan | ix | ||
| Internet Addiction and Other Behavioral Addictions | x | ||
| Psychiatric Comorbidity and Complications | x | ||
| Medical Comorbidity and Complications | x | ||
| Objective Testing: Urine and Other Drug Tests | x | ||
| CHILD AND ADOLESCENT\rPSYCHIATRIC CLINICS | xii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xii | ||
| October 2016 | xii | ||
| January 2017 | xii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xii | ||
| April 2016 | xii | ||
| January 2016 | xii | ||
| October 2015 | xii | ||
| Preface:\rUnderstanding Adolescent Substance Use Disorders in the Era of Marijuana Legalization, Opioid Epidemic, and Social Media | xiii | ||
| Overview on Prevalence and Recent Trends in Adolescent Substance Use and Abuse | 349 | ||
| Key points | 349 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE USE | 350 | ||
| ALCOHOL USE | 350 | ||
| TOBACCO USE | 350 | ||
| MARIJUANA USE | 352 | ||
| ILLICIT DRUG USE | 352 | ||
| NONMEDICAL PRESCRIPTION DRUG USE | 352 | ||
| SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN SUBSTANCE USE | 352 | ||
| Neurobiology of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders | 367 | ||
| Key points | 367 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 367 | ||
| REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE USE | 368 | ||
| ROLE OF NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS | 368 | ||
| BRAIN CHANGES OCCURRING IN ADOLESCENCE | 369 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF MATURATION PATTERN | 369 | ||
| NEUROBIOLOGY OF PEER INFLUENCE | 370 | ||
| UNIQUE VULNERABILITY TO STRESS | 370 | ||
| UNIQUE SENSITIVITIES TO THE EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE | 371 | ||
| NEUROBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCE USE | 371 | ||
| SUMMARY | 372 | ||
| REFERENCES | 372 | ||
| Genetics of Substance Use Disorders | 377 | ||
| Key points | 377 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 377 | ||
| FAMILY, TWIN, AND ADOPTION STUDIES | 378 | ||
| GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF COMPLEX DISEASE | 378 | ||
| METHODS OF GENE DISCOVERY | 379 | ||
| ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS | 379 | ||
| Alcohol Metabolizing Gene Pathways | 379 | ||
| GABAergic System | 380 | ||
| Linkage Studies | 380 | ||
| Genome-wide Association Studies | 380 | ||
| NICOTINE USE DISORDERS | 381 | ||
| Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors | 381 | ||
| Cytochrome Enzyme CYP2A6 | 381 | ||
| Linkage Studies | 381 | ||
| Genome-wide Association Studies | 382 | ||
| ILLICIT SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS | 382 | ||
| SUMMARY | 382 | ||
| REFERENCES | 383 | ||
| Evidence-Based Prevention for Adolescent Substance Use | 387 | ||
| Key points | 387 | ||
| THE SCIENCE OF PREVENTING PROBLEMATIC BEHAVIORS | 388 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR SUBSTANCE USE | 390 | ||
| Risk Factors for Substance Use in Adolescence | 390 | ||
| Risk Factors for Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood | 391 | ||
| PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR SUBSTANCE USE IN ADOLESCENCE AND EMERGING ADULTHOOD | 395 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED PREVENTION PROGRAMS WITH IMPACT ON SUBSTANCE USE | 395 | ||
| Overview of Prevention Program Development | 395 | ||
| Key Factors in Developing and Implementing Prevention Interventions | 396 | ||
| Effective and Efficacious Prevention Programs | 396 | ||
| Challenges in Prevention | 403 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR PREVENTION SCIENCE | 404 | ||
| REFERENCES | 404 | ||
| Assessment and Treatment of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders | 411 | ||
| Key points | 411 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 411 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 412 | ||
| Prevalence | 412 | ||
| Risk Factors | 413 | ||
| Biological substrates | 413 | ||
| Neurobiological substrate | 413 | ||
| Temperament risks | 413 | ||
| Genetic factors | 413 | ||
| Gene–environmental interactions | 413 | ||
| Psychiatric disorders and drug use related comorbidities | 414 | ||
| Environmental influences | 414 | ||
| Alcohol expectancies | 414 | ||
| Influence of peer and family | 414 | ||
| Influence of school and work | 415 | ||
| Influence of religion and sports | 415 | ||
| Developmental determinants | 415 | ||
| CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 415 | ||
| Primary Care | 415 | ||
| Critical Care Issues | 416 | ||
| Overdosing | 416 | ||
| Impaired decision making | 416 | ||
| Psychiatric Care | 416 | ||
| Inpatient Care | 416 | ||
| SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT | 417 | ||
| Screening Tools | 417 | ||
| Biomarkers | 417 | ||
| Assessment | 418 | ||
| Diagnostic nosology | 419 | ||
| Confidentiality | 419 | ||
| SUMMARY OF CLINICAL MANAGEMENT | 419 | ||
| Psychotherapy | 419 | ||
| Brief motivational interviewing | 420 | ||
| Twelve steps | 420 | ||
| Cognitive–behavioral therapy | 420 | ||
| Family therapy | 420 | ||
| Integrated care and other therapies | 421 | ||
| Relapse prevention | 421 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 421 | ||
| Alcohol withdrawal and detoxification | 422 | ||
| Pharmacologic agents for medication-assisted addiction treatment | 422 | ||
| Aversive therapy | 422 | ||
| Treatment of comorbid conditions | 422 | ||
| Levels of Care | 423 | ||
| Prevention | 424 | ||
| REFERENCES | 424 | ||
| Cannabis Use Disorder in Adolescence | 431 | ||
| Key points | 431 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 431 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 432 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH USAGE OF CANNABIS | 433 | ||
| CANNABIS WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME | 433 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 434 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY: TRANSITIONAL AGE POPULATION | 435 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT: PHARMACOTHERAPY AND BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT | 436 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CLINICAL MANAGEMENT | 436 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT OF CANNABIS USE DISORDER | 437 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY OF CANNABIS USE DISORDER | 439 | ||
| SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS (HERBAL MARIJUANA ALTERNATIVES) | 440 | ||
| MEDICINAL BENEFITS | 441 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 441 | ||
| REFERENCES | 442 | ||
| Tobacco Use Disorders | 445 | ||
| Key points | 445 | ||
| INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND | 445 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 446 | ||
| Cigarette Use | 446 | ||
| Electronic Cigarettes | 447 | ||
| Cigars, Cigarillos, and Little Cigars | 449 | ||
| Smokeless Tobacco | 449 | ||
| Hookah | 450 | ||
| Dual Use and Polytobacco Use | 450 | ||
| Comorbidity with Mental Health or Developmental Disorders | 450 | ||
| Comorbidity with Substance Use Disorders | 452 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 452 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 452 | ||
| BRIEF SUMMARY OF CLINICAL MANAGEMENT | 453 | ||
| Behavioral Interventions for Tobacco Use Disorders | 454 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 454 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS WITH CO-OCCURING PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE OR SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS | 456 | ||
| SUMMARY | 457 | ||
| REFERENCES | 457 | ||
| Stimulant Use Disorders | 461 | ||
| Key points | 461 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 461 | ||
| BRIEF PHARMACOLOGY OF AMPHETAMINE, METHAMPHETAMINE, PRESCRIPTION STIMULANTS, AND COCAINE | 462 | ||
| Amphetamine | 462 | ||
| Methamphetamine | 462 | ||
| Prescription Stimulants | 463 | ||
| Cocaine | 463 | ||
| RISK FACTORS AND ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES | 463 | ||
| BRAIN CHANGES: STRUCTURAL AND NEUROTRANSMISSION | 464 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 465 | ||
| Physiological Symptoms | 465 | ||
| Psychiatric and Neurocognitive Symptoms | 465 | ||
| Cocaine | 466 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 466 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT | 466 | ||
| Acute Management | 466 | ||
| Long-Term Treatment | 467 | ||
| TREATMENT ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ADOLESCENTS | 467 | ||
| Demographic Features | 467 | ||
| History of in Utero Exposure | 467 | ||
| Misuse and Diversion of Prescription Stimulants | 468 | ||
| SUMMARY | 468 | ||
| REFERENCES | 468 | ||
| Opioid Use Disorders | 473 | ||
| Key points | 473 | ||
| INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND | 473 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 474 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 476 | ||
| Age | 476 | ||
| Gender and Race | 477 | ||
| Injection Use | 478 | ||
| Morbidity and Mortality | 478 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND COURSE | 478 | ||
| ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS | 479 | ||
| Overdose | 480 | ||
| Withdrawal | 480 | ||
| TREATMENT | 481 | ||
| Detoxification (Withdrawal Management) | 481 | ||
| Emergency Treatment of Overdose | 482 | ||
| Relapse Prevention Medications | 482 | ||
| CLINICAL CASES | 482 | ||
| Case 1 | 482 | ||
| Case 2 | 483 | ||
| REFERENCES | 483 | ||
| Hallucinogen Use Disorders | 489 | ||
| Key points | 489 | ||
| INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND | 489 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 490 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 491 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 492 | ||
| BRIEF SUMMARY OF CLINICAL MANAGEMENT | 493 | ||
| Hallucinogen Intoxication | 493 | ||
| Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder | 494 | ||
| Hallucinogen Use and Related Disorders | 495 | ||
| REFERENCES | 495 | ||
| Inhalant Abuse and Dextromethorphan | 497 | ||
| Key points | 497 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 497 | ||
| TYPES OF SUBSTANCES AND PRODUCTS ABUSED | 498 | ||
| Epidemiology | 499 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 501 | ||
| Methods of Inhalation and Absorption and Mechanisms of Action | 501 | ||
| Warning signs and adverse effects | 502 | ||
| SUMMARY: PROVIDER AND PARENT/CLINICIAN GUIDANCE | 505 | ||
| REFERENCES | 505 | ||
| Internet Addiction and Other Behavioral Addictions | 509 | ||
| Key points | 509 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 509 | ||
| Behavioral Addiction | 509 | ||
| Increasing Use and Misuse of the Internet | 510 | ||
| Aims | 510 | ||
| NEUROBIOLOGY | 510 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 511 | ||
| Risk Factors | 512 | ||
| Comorbidity | 512 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 512 | ||
| ASSESSMENT | 513 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 513 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT | 514 | ||
| Comorbidity | 514 | ||
| Prevention | 514 | ||
| Psychosocial Interventions | 515 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 515 | ||
| SUMMARY | 516 | ||
| REFERENCES | 516 | ||
| Psychiatric Comorbidity and Complications | 521 | ||
| Key points | 521 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 521 | ||
| COMORBID SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS | 522 | ||
| Adolescents with Substance Use Disorders | 522 | ||
| Adolescents with Mental Health Disorders | 522 | ||
| Developmental Psychopathology | 522 | ||
| COMORBIDITY AND SUICIDE | 523 | ||
| Assessment | 523 | ||
| Recommendations for assessment | 523 | ||
| Brief clinical interview | 523 | ||
| Brief screening measures | 524 | ||
| Comprehensive assessment | 524 | ||
| Privacy and confidentiality | 524 | ||
| Utilizing assessment results | 524 | ||
| Approaches to Treatment | 524 | ||
| Psychosocial treatments | 524 | ||
| Community and cognitive-behavioral treatments | 525 | ||
| Family-based interventions | 525 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 526 | ||
| Medication considerations | 526 | ||
| Recommendations | 526 | ||
| Barriers/obstacles to treatment | 527 | ||
| Treatment integration | 527 | ||
| Patient characteristics | 527 | ||
| Differing outcomes by diagnoses | 527 | ||
| Safety and diversion issues | 528 | ||
| Safety issues | 528 | ||
| Diversion issues | 528 | ||
| PREVENTION | 528 | ||
| SUMMARY | 529 | ||
| REFERENCES | 529 | ||
| Medical Comorbidity and Complications | 533 | ||
| Key points | 533 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE USE AMONG YOUTH WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 534 | ||
| Asthma | 534 | ||
| Conclusion | 535 | ||
| Conclusion | 536 | ||
| Conclusion | 537 | ||
| Type I Diabetes Mellitus | 538 | ||
| Other Chronic Medical Conditions | 538 | ||
| HOW SUBSTANCES MAY ALTER THE COURSE OF ILLNESS AMONG YOUTH WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 538 | ||
| ROUTINE HEALTH CARE AND SCREENING | 541 | ||
| SUMMARY | 542 | ||
| REFERENCES | 542 | ||
| Objective Testing | 549 | ||
| Key points | 549 | ||
| DRUGS TESTED | 550 | ||
| SOURCES FOR TESTING | 550 | ||
| Urine | 551 | ||
| Blood | 554 | ||
| Oral (Saliva) | 554 | ||
| Hair | 555 | ||
| Breath | 555 | ||
| Sweat | 555 | ||
| Meconium | 556 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR DRUG TESTING | 556 | ||
| Emergent Care | 556 | ||
| Assessment of Behavioral or Other Mental Health Concerns | 556 | ||
| Substance Use Treatment | 557 | ||
| Other Settings | 557 | ||
| PRACTICAL CONCERNS IN ADOLESCENT DRUG TESTING | 558 | ||
| Adolescent Assent/Parental Consent and Confidentiality | 558 | ||
| Test Selection and Timing | 558 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 559 | ||
| Specimen Validation | 560 | ||
| Interpretation of Results | 560 | ||
| Interpretation of immunoassay tests | 561 | ||
| Interpretation of confirmatory chromatography tests | 561 | ||
| Interpretation of negative tests | 561 | ||
| Presenting drug test results to adolescents | 562 | ||
| SUMMARY | 562 | ||
| REFERENCES | 563 | ||
| Index | 567 |