BOOK
Women's Health in Gastroenterology, An Issue of Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The goal of this issue of Gastroenterology Clinics is to present GI diseases which affect women uniquely, such as pelvic floor problems and pregnancy related disorders, or which require a more considered approach such as functional bowel disease or autoimmune processes. It will also address the position of women and female gastroenterologists in the health system as a whole. This issue is published at an exciting, transitional time in the future of gastroenterology, as we adjust approaches for the assessment of disease in a large portion of our patient population, and as we address the challenges in practicing medicine based on the uniqueness of specific populations.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Women’s Health in\rGastroenterology | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Women’s Gastrointestinal Health in 2016: An Introduction to an Expanding Field in Gastroenterology | vii | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Female Patients | vii | ||
| Chronic Constipation | vii | ||
| Fecal Incontinence and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Women: A Review | vii | ||
| Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Motility Disorders in Women, Gastroparesis, and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | vii | ||
| Complex Relationships Between Food, Diet, and the Microbiome | viii | ||
| Gastrointestinal Diseases in Pregnancy: Nausea, Vomiting, Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Constipa ... | viii | ||
| Pregnancy and the Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Fertility, Treatment, Delivery, and Complications | viii | ||
| Caring for Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | ix | ||
| Obesity in Women: The Clinical Impact on Gastrointestinal and Reproductive Health and Disease Management | ix | ||
| Metabolic Bone Disease in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | ix | ||
| Women with Cirrhosis: Prevalence, Natural History, and Management | ix | ||
| Hepatitis B in the Female Population | x | ||
| View from the Top: Perspectives on Women in Gastroenterology from Society Leaders | x | ||
| GASTROENTEROLOGY\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| September 2016 | xi | ||
| December 2016 | xi | ||
| March 2017 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| March 2016 | xi | ||
| December 2015 | xi | ||
| September 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface:\rWomen’s Gastrointestinal Health in 2016: An Introduction to an Expanding Field in Gastroenterology | xiii | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Female Patients | 179 | ||
| Key points | 179 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 179 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 180 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 181 | ||
| Female Patients: Social Considerations | 181 | ||
| General Principles | 183 | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Constipation | 184 | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Diarrhea | 185 | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Mixed | 186 | ||
| Overlap Syndromes in Female Patents | 186 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT | 187 | ||
| General Principles | 187 | ||
| Dietary Strategies for Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms | 188 | ||
| Diet and irritable bowel syndrome | 188 | ||
| Gluten and irritable bowel syndrome | 188 | ||
| Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols diet and irritable bowel syndrome | 189 | ||
| Fiber and irritable bowel syndrome | 190 | ||
| Exercise and Sleep | 190 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 191 | ||
| Complementary Medications | 191 | ||
| DRUGS TARGETING THE MICROBIOME | 191 | ||
| Probiotics | 191 | ||
| Antibiotics | 191 | ||
| DRUGS TARGETING DIARRHEA | 194 | ||
| Antidiarrheals | 194 | ||
| Antispasmodics | 194 | ||
| Bile Acid–binding Agents | 194 | ||
| Serotonergic Agents: 5-Hydroxytryptamine-3 Antagonists | 194 | ||
| Opioid Receptor Modulators | 194 | ||
| Drugs Targeting Constipation: Osmotic and Stimulant Agents | 195 | ||
| Prosecretory Agents | 195 | ||
| 5-Hydroxytryptamine-4 Agonists | 195 | ||
| CENTRALLY ACTING MEDICATIONS AND THERAPIES | 195 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES | 197 | ||
| SUMMARY | 197 | ||
| REFERENCES | 197 | ||
| Fecal Incontinence and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Women | 217 | ||
| Key points | 217 | ||
| INTRODUCTION/EPIDEMIOLOGY | 217 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 219 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 219 | ||
| EVALUATION | 219 | ||
| Fecal Soilage | 219 | ||
| Liquid Stool Incontinence | 220 | ||
| Solid Stool Incontinence | 222 | ||
| TREATMENT OF FECAL INCONTINENCE | 222 | ||
| Dietary and Lifestyle Modification | 222 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 223 | ||
| Biofeedback Therapy | 224 | ||
| Anal Sphincter Augmentation | 225 | ||
| Injectable bulking agents | 225 | ||
| Radiofrequency energy | 225 | ||
| Nerve Stimulation | 225 | ||
| Sacral nerve stimulation | 226 | ||
| Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation | 226 | ||
| Surgical Options | 226 | ||
| Sphincteroplasty | 226 | ||
| Muscle transposition | 227 | ||
| Antegrade continence enema | 227 | ||
| Fecal diversion | 227 | ||
| Potential Future Treatments | 228 | ||
| The eclipse system | 228 | ||
| Magnetic anal sphincter | 228 | ||
| TOPAS pelvic floor repair system | 228 | ||
| Cell transplant | 229 | ||
| Pyloric valve transplant | 229 | ||
| OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE | 229 | ||
| SUMMARY | 230 | ||
| REFERENCES | 231 | ||
| Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Motility Disorders in Women, Gastroparesis, and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 239 | ||
| Key points | 239 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 239 | ||
| THE ESOPHAGUS | 240 | ||
| Sex Differences in Esophageal Anatomy and Motility in Healthy Participants | 240 | ||
| The Effect of Female Hormonal Stages on Esophageal Motility | 241 | ||
| Sex Differences in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 242 | ||
| Effect of Female Hormonal Stages on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 242 | ||
| Sex Differences in Other Esophageal Motor Disorders | 244 | ||
| THE STOMACH | 244 | ||
| Sex Differences in Stomach Anatomy and Motility in Healthy Participants | 244 | ||
| The Effect of Female Hormonal Stages on Gastric Motility | 245 | ||
| Sex Differences in Gastroparesis | 246 | ||
| Effect of Female Hormonal Stages on Gastroparesis | 247 | ||
| Accelerated Gastric Emptying | 247 | ||
| SUMMARY | 248 | ||
| REFERENCES | 248 | ||
| Complex Relationships Between Food, Diet, and the Microbiome | 253 | ||
| Key points | 253 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 253 | ||
| FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS | 255 | ||
| CURRENT DIET TRENDS | 255 | ||
| LOW-CARBOHYDRATE DIET | 256 | ||
| LOW-FAT DIET | 256 | ||
| LOW-FERMENTABLE OLIGO-, DI-, MONO-SACCHARIDES AND POLYOLS DIET | 258 | ||
| MEDITERRANEAN DIET | 258 | ||
| PALEOLITHIC DIET | 259 | ||
| GLUTEN-FREE DIET | 259 | ||
| ORGANIC FOODS AND GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS | 259 | ||
| DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS | 259 | ||
| PROBIOTICS | 260 | ||
| CANCER RISK | 260 | ||
| UNIVERSAL DIET RECOMMENDATIONS | 260 | ||
| THE ROLE OF THE MICROBIOME IN HEALTH AND DISEASE | 261 | ||
| SUMMARY | 262 | ||
| REFERENCES | 263 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Diseases in Pregnancy | 267 | ||
| Key points | 267 | ||
| NAUSEA, VOMITING, AND HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM | 267 | ||
| Evaluation | 268 | ||
| Pregnancy and the Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 285 | ||
| Key points | 285 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 286 | ||
| FERTILITY | 286 | ||
| Women | 286 | ||
| Men | 286 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 287 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease Detrimentally Impacts Pregnancy | 287 | ||
| Active disease further compounds risk | 287 | ||
| Quiescent disease reduces risk | 287 | ||
| Pregnancy May Impact Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 287 | ||
| Mode of delivery | 288 | ||
| TREATMENT | 288 | ||
| Medications | 288 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 288 | ||
| Aminosalicylates | 288 | ||
| Immunomodulators | 290 | ||
| Methotrexate | 290 | ||
| Thiopurines | 290 | ||
| Biologics | 291 | ||
| Anti–tumor necrosis factor agents | 291 | ||
| Transplacental drug transfer | 292 | ||
| Anti-integrin agents | 292 | ||
| Emerging therapies | 292 | ||
| Anti-interleukin 12 to 23 | 292 | ||
| Oral janus kinase inhibitors | 293 | ||
| Managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease Exacerbations in Pregnancy | 294 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 294 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 294 | ||
| Antibiotics | 295 | ||
| Surgery | 295 | ||
| BREASTFEEDING | 295 | ||
| SUMMARY | 295 | ||
| REFERENCES | 295 | ||
| Caring for Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 303 | ||
| Key points | 303 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 303 | ||
| GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PRESENTATION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 303 | ||
| Incidence | 303 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 304 | ||
| Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 304 | ||
| TREATMENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN | 305 | ||
| QUALITY OF LIFE | 306 | ||
| SEXUAL HEALTH | 306 | ||
| Sexual Dysfunction | 306 | ||
| Body Image | 307 | ||
| CERVICAL CANCER RISK, SCREENING, AND PREVENTION | 308 | ||
| COLORECTAL CANCER RISK | 309 | ||
| METABOLIC BONE DISEASE | 309 | ||
| HORMONES AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 310 | ||
| Menstrual Cycle | 310 | ||
| Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy | 311 | ||
| SUMMARY | 311 | ||
| REFERENCES | 312 | ||
| Obesity in Women | 317 | ||
| Key points | 317 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 317 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 318 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 318 | ||
| SOCIOLOGY | 319 | ||
| OBESITY-ASSOCIATED GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE | 320 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 320 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 320 | ||
| Gallstone Disease | 321 | ||
| OBESITY IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | 322 | ||
| Conception | 322 | ||
| Pregnancy | 323 | ||
| Menopause | 325 | ||
| TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY | 325 | ||
| Diet/Exercise/Behavioral Modifications | 326 | ||
| Bariatric Surgery | 326 | ||
| SUMMARY | 326 | ||
| REFERENCES | 327 | ||
| Metabolic Bone Disease in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 333 | ||
| Key points | 333 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS | 333 | ||
| BONE DISEASE IN PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS | 334 | ||
| Hepatic Osteodystrophy | 334 | ||
| Osteomalacia | 334 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 335 | ||
| Background | 335 | ||
| Pathogenesis in Primary biliary cirrhosis | 336 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 337 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 337 | ||
| Prevention of Bone Loss | 337 | ||
| Treatment | 338 | ||
| Antiresorptive Drugs | 338 | ||
| Bisphosphonates | 338 | ||
| Hormone replacement therapy | 340 | ||
| Selective estrogen receptor modulators | 340 | ||
| Calcitonin | 340 | ||
| SUMMARY | 340 | ||
| REFERENCES | 341 | ||
| Women with Cirrhosis | 345 | ||
| Key points | 345 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 345 | ||
| SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF SPECIFIC LIVER DISEASES | 346 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis C | 346 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis B Virus | 347 | ||
| Alcoholic Liver Disease | 348 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 348 | ||
| WOMEN AND COMPLICATIONS OF CIRRHOSIS | 349 | ||
| Prognosis | 349 | ||
| Portal Hypertension Complications | 349 | ||
| Hepatocellular Cancer Risk | 349 | ||
| INFERTILITY AND CONTRACEPTION | 350 | ||
| PREGNANCY IN CIRRHOSIS | 350 | ||
| Maternal Outcomes | 351 | ||
| Peri-Partum Management | 352 | ||
| Fetal Outcomes | 353 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 353 | ||
| REFERENCES | 353 | ||
| Hepatitis B in the Female Population | 359 | ||
| Key points | 359 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 359 | ||
| IMMUNE-TOLERANT PHASE | 360 | ||
| IMMUNE-ACTIVE PHASE | 361 | ||
| INACTIVE CARRIER | 362 | ||
| REACTIVATION/HEPATITIS B E ANTIGEN–NEGATIVE CHB | 362 | ||
| CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THERAPY | 363 | ||
| SEX DIFFERENCES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA RISK WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS | 363 | ||
| A WOMAN OF CHILDBEARING AGE: SHOULD SHE BE TREATED? | 365 | ||
| TREATMENT IN PREGNANCY | 366 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 368 | ||
| REFERENCES | 368 | ||
| View from the Top: Perspectives on Women in Gastroenterology from Society Leaders | 371 | ||
| Key points | 371 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: BARRIERS TO ENTRY AND THE LEAKY PIPELINE | 371 | ||
| WHY WOMEN IN GASTROENTEROLOGY MATTER | 372 | ||
| WOMEN IN GASTROENTEROLOGY | 374 | ||
| WOMEN AS LEADERS: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY AND AMERICAN GASTROENTEROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITMENTS | 376 | ||
| COMMUNITY PRACTICE | 382 | ||
| FUTURE IMPERATIVES AND SUMMARY | 384 | ||
| Flexible Schedules | 384 | ||
| Reentry Strategies | 384 | ||
| Position Sharing | 385 | ||
| Professional Development | 385 | ||
| Structural Support | 385 | ||
| REFERENCES | 385 | ||
| Index | 389 |