BOOK
Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine E-Book
Parveen Kumar | Michael L Clark | Adam Feather
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The ninth edition of this best-selling textbook of clinical medicine builds even further on its formidable, prize-winning formula of excellence, comprehensiveness and accessibility.
‘This book is stunning in its breadth and ease-of-use. It still remains the "gold standard", thorough guide to clinical medicine its forefathers were.’ BMA Medical Book Awards judges.
New to this edition:
- 2 new chapters: Global Health and Women’s Health.
- 25 new authors.
- New online editor, Adam Feather, with a team of young doctors to augment the e-book which accompanies the print book with clinical tips, key learning points, drug tips, learning challenges, case studies and MCQs.
- Full text redesign to incorporate:
New system overview diagrams for clinical chapters.
New coloured headings to help identify content relating to disease, management, investigations etc.
New icons to aid text navigation.
11 new members and a new co-editor, Senaka Rajapakse, of the International Advisory Board.
Edited by Kumar and Clark, clinicians and educators of world-renowned expertise.
Authors comprise consultants at the top of their fields, paired with younger doctors closer to the exam experience, to ensure authority and relevance.
Enhanced e-book accompanies the print book, for ease of transportation and use on the move.
International Advisory Board, led by Professor Janaka de Silva and Professor Senaka Rajapakse, providing guidance for global coverage from across the world.
Contributions to the e-book by members of the International Advisory Board to amplify areas of clinical importance in their parts of the world
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine | iii | ||
| Acknowledgements | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Online Special Topics | vi | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Online contributors | x | ||
| International Advisory Board | xi | ||
| Preface to the Ninth Edition | xiii | ||
| How to Use This Book | xiii | ||
| Chapter format | xiii | ||
| Boxes | xiii | ||
| E-Book enhancements | xiii | ||
| Prescribing | xiii | ||
| Units of measurements | xiv | ||
| Evidence based medicine | xiv | ||
| 1 Good medical practice | 1 | ||
| 1 Ethics, law and communication | 1 | ||
| Ethics and the Law | 1 | ||
| Ethics | 1 | ||
| Ethical practice: sources, resources and approaches | 1 | ||
| Ethical theories and frameworks | 1 | ||
| Professional Guidance and Codes of Practice | 2 | ||
| The Law | 2 | ||
| Respect for Autonomy: Capacity and Consent | 3 | ||
| Capacity | 3 | ||
| Consent | 3 | ||
| The basis of informed consent | 3 | ||
| Consent in educational settings | 3 | ||
| Advance decisions | 3 | ||
| Scope | 3 | ||
| Format | 3 | ||
| Ethical and practical rationale | 4 | ||
| Lasting power of attorney | 4 | ||
| Best interests of patients who lack capacity | 4 | ||
| Provision or cessation of life-sustaining treatment | 4 | ||
| Assisted dying | 4 | ||
| Mental health and consent | 4 | ||
| Consent and children | 5 | ||
| Confidentiality | 5 | ||
| Respecting confidentiality in practice | 5 | ||
| When confidentiality must or may be breached | 5 | ||
| Resource Allocation | 6 | ||
| Fairness | 6 | ||
| Global perspectives | 6 | ||
| Professional Competence and Mistakes | 7 | ||
| Standards and the law | 7 | ||
| Clinical negligence | 7 | ||
| Professional bodies | 7 | ||
| Policy | 7 | ||
| Communication | 8 | ||
| Communication in Healthcare | 8 | ||
| What is patient-centred communication? | 8 | ||
| What are the effects of communication? | 8 | ||
| Diagnostic accuracy | 8 | ||
| Health outcomes | 8 | ||
| Adherence to treatment | 9 | ||
| Patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction | 9 | ||
| Clinician satisfaction | 9 | ||
| Improved time management and costs | 9 | ||
| Barriers and difficulties in communication | 9 | ||
| The Medical Interview | 10 | ||
| Structure and skills for effective interviewing | 10 | ||
| 1. Building a relationship | 10 | ||
| 2. Opening the discussion | 10 | ||
| 3. Gathering information | 10 | ||
| Listening skills | 10 | ||
| Questioning styles | 10 | ||
| 4. Understanding the patient | 10 | ||
| Ideas, concerns and expectations (ICE) | 10 | ||
| Non-verbal communication | 11 | ||
| Empathizing | 11 | ||
| 5. Sharing information | 11 | ||
| 6. Reaching agreement on management | 11 | ||
| Negotiating – enlisting the patient’s collaboration | 11 | ||
| Summarizing | 11 | ||
| 7. Providing closure | 11 | ||
| Clinical records | 11 | ||
| Team Communication | 12 | ||
| Breaking Bad News | 13 | ||
| A framework: the S–P–I–K–E–S strategy | 13 | ||
| S – Setting | 13 | ||
| P – Perception | 13 | ||
| I – Invitation | 13 | ||
| K – Knowledge | 13 | ||
| E – Empathy | 13 | ||
| S – Strategy and summary | 14 | ||
| Follow-up | 14 | ||
| When Things Go Wrong | 14 | ||
| Complaints | 14 | ||
| Lawsuits | 14 | ||
| Culture and Communication | 14 | ||
| Beliefs | 15 | ||
| Language | 15 | ||
| Non-verbal communication | 15 | ||
| Patients WHO Have Impaired Faculties for Communication | 15 | ||
| Impaired hearing | 15 | ||
| Impaired vision | 15 | ||
| Patients WHO Have Limited Understanding or Speech | 15 | ||
| Influences on Communication | 16 | ||
| The internet | 16 | ||
| Decision aids | 16 | ||
| Training in Communication Skills | 16 | ||
| Significant websites | 16 | ||
| Reliable internet information for patients | 16 | ||
| 2 Clinical pharmacology | 17 | ||
| Introduction | 17 | ||
| Why Do Patients Need Drugs? | 17 | ||
| Disease treatment | 17 | ||
| Symptom relief | 17 | ||
| Prevention | 17 | ||
| The Choice of Drug | 17 | ||
| The Dose | 18 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 19 | ||
| Absorption | 19 | ||
| Distribution | 19 | ||
| Metabolism | 19 | ||
| Excretion | 20 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 20 | ||
| Affordability and Cost-Effectiveness | 20 | ||
| Prescribing in Special Populations | 21 | ||
| Neonates, infants, children and adolescents | 21 | ||
| The elderly | 21 | ||
| Pregnant women | 22 | ||
| Breast-feeding women | 22 | ||
| Monitoring Drug Therapy | 22 | ||
| Pre-treatment dose selection | 22 | ||
| Measuring plasma drug concentrations | 22 | ||
| Measuring drug effects | 22 | ||
| Adverse Drug Reactions | 22 | ||
| Classification | 22 | ||
| Type A (augmented) reactions (Box 2.9) | 22 | ||
| Type B (idiosyncratic) reactions (see Box 2.9) | 23 | ||
| Diagnosis | 23 | ||
| Management | 24 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 24 | ||
| Inter-Individual Variability in Drug Response | 25 | ||
| Genetic causes of altered pharmacokinetics | 25 | ||
| Genetic causes of altered pharmacodynamics | 26 | ||
| Future perspective | 26 | ||
| Evidence-Based Medicine | 26 | ||
| Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) | 26 | ||
| Assessing randomized controlled trials | 26 | ||
| Randomization | 27 | ||
| Maintaining blindness | 27 | ||
| Were the treatment groups comparable? | 27 | ||
| Outcomes | 27 | ||
| Are the results generalizable? | 27 | ||
| Analysis of a superiority trial | 27 | ||
| Effect size. | 27 | ||
| Number needed to treat (NNT). | 27 | ||
| Analysis of an equivalence trial | 27 | ||
| Meta-analysis | 28 | ||
| Controlled observational trials | 28 | ||
| Historical controlled trials | 28 | ||
| Case–control studies | 28 | ||
| Before-and-after studies | 28 | ||
| Uncontrolled observational studies | 28 | ||
| Evaluation of new drugs | 28 | ||
| Statistical Analyses | 29 | ||
| The average | 29 | ||
| Correlation | 29 | ||
| Survival analyses | 30 | ||
| Continuous outcomes | 30 | ||
| Number needed to treat (NNT) | 30 | ||
| Other statistical techniques | 30 | ||
| Information Sources | 30 | ||
| Significant websites | 30 | ||
| 3 Palliative medicine and symptom control | 31 | ||
| Introduction and General Aspects | 31 | ||
| Who provides palliative care? | 31 | ||
| When should palliative care needs be assessed – problems rather than prognosis? | 31 | ||
| What are the patient’s needs and what is the patient’s understanding? | 31 | ||
| How can patients use palliative care services? | 31 | ||
| Symptom Control | 32 | ||
| Pain | 32 | ||
| The WHO analgesic ladder | 32 | ||
| Strong opioid drugs | 33 | ||
| Dose titration and route | 33 | ||
| Side-effects | 34 | ||
| Toxicity | 34 | ||
| Adjuvant analgesics | 34 | ||
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 34 | ||
| Anorexia, weight loss, malaise and weakness | 34 | ||
| Nausea and vomiting | 34 | ||
| Gastric distension | 34 | ||
| Bowel obstruction | 34 | ||
| Respiratory symptoms | 35 | ||
| Breathlessness | 35 | ||
| Breathlessness with panic and anxiety | 35 | ||
| Measures to alleviate breathlessness | 35 | ||
| Cough | 35 | ||
| Other physical symptoms | 36 | ||
| Lymphoedema | 36 | ||
| Fatigue | 36 | ||
| Loss of function, disability and rehabilitation | 36 | ||
| Psychosocial issues | 36 | ||
| Extending Palliative Care to People with Non-Malignant Disease | 36 | ||
| Heart failure | 37 | ||
| Chronic respiratory disease | 37 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 37 | ||
| Other chronic respiratory diseases | 37 | ||
| Ventilatory support (see pp. 1163–1167) | 37 | ||
| Opioid titration in non-malignant respiratory disease | 38 | ||
| Renal disease | 38 | ||
| Patients who are on dialysis | 38 | ||
| Withdrawal of dialysis | 38 | ||
| Patients who are not on dialysis | 38 | ||
| Neurological disease | 38 | ||
| Motor neurone disease | 38 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 38 | ||
| Dementia | 38 | ||
| Palliative Care of the Frail Elderly | 39 | ||
| Assessment of the frail elderly person presenting in a medical setting | 40 | ||
| Context of the consultation | 40 | ||
| Management of the frail elderly person | 40 | ||
| Care of the Dying | 41 | ||
| Do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) orders | 41 | ||
| Care of the dying tools | 41 | ||
| Further reading | 42 | ||
| Bibliography | 42 | ||
| Significant websites | 42 | ||
| 4 Global health | 43 | ||
| Introduction | 43 | ||
| The scale of the problem worldwide | 43 | ||
| Millennium Development Goals | 43 | ||
| Global Burden of Disease | 44 | ||
| Poverty | 46 | ||
| Poverty, hunger, agriculture and climate change | 46 | ||
| Water and Sanitation | 47 | ||
| Organizations and the Global Health Agenda | 47 | ||
| Education | 47 | ||
| Maternal Health and Child Health | 48 | ||
| Maternal health (see also Ch. 29) | 48 | ||
| Child health | 48 | ||
| Vaccination | 48 | ||
| Child labour | 48 | ||
| Child nutrition | 48 | ||
| Mental Health | 48 | ||
| Accidents and Trauma | 49 | ||
| Conflict and Catastrophe | 49 | ||
| Economics and Politics in Global Health | 49 | ||
| Social Determinants of Health | 49 | ||
| Human Rights and the Value of Engagement in Global Health | 50 | ||
| Medical electives | 50 | ||
| Bibliography | 50 | ||
| 5 Environmental medicine | 51 | ||
| Disease and the Environment | 51 | ||
| Environmental Temperature | 51 | ||
| Heat Injury | 51 | ||
| Heat cramps | 52 | ||
| Heat exhaustion | 52 | ||
| 2 Clinical sciences | 87 | ||
| 7 Molecular cell biology and human genetics | 87 | ||
| Cell Biology | 87 | ||
| Cell Structure | 87 | ||
| Cellular membranes | 87 | ||
| Lipid bilayers | 87 | ||
| Plasma membrane and organelle lipids | 87 | ||
| Membrane proteins | 88 | ||
| Membrane channel proteins (Fig. 7.3) | 88 | ||
| Transporters | 89 | ||
| Receptors | 89 | ||
| Organelles | 90 | ||
| Cytoplasmic organelles | 90 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum | 90 | ||
| Golgi apparatus (Fig. 7.5A) | 90 | ||
| Lysosomes | 90 | ||
| Peroxisomes | 90 | ||
| Mitochondria (Fig. 7.5B) | 90 | ||
| Nucleus | 91 | ||
| The cytoskeleton | 91 | ||
| Microtubules | 92 | ||
| Intermediate filaments | 92 | ||
| Microfilaments | 92 | ||
| Cell shape and motility | 92 | ||
| Microvilli | 92 | ||
| Motile cilia | 92 | ||
| Non-motile or primary cilia | 92 | ||
| Flagella | 93 | ||
| Cell motility | 93 | ||
| Movement | 93 | ||
| The Cell and Its Environment | 93 | ||
| Extracellular matrix | 94 | ||
| Cell–cell adhesion | 94 | ||
| Cell–cell adhesion proteins (Fig. 7.11a) | 94 | ||
| Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules | 94 | ||
| Selectins | 94 | ||
| Integrins | 94 | ||
| Focal adhesion junctions between adjacent cells | 94 | ||
| Tight junctions (zonula occludens) | 94 | ||
| Gap junctions | 94 | ||
| Adherens junctions | 95 | ||
| Desmosomes (macula adherens) | 95 | ||
| Basement membrane adhesion | 95 | ||
| Cellular Mechanisms | 96 | ||
| Cell signalling | 96 | ||
| Receptors | 96 | ||
| Signal transduction | 96 | ||
| Second messengers | 96 | ||
| G-proteins | 96 | ||
| Kinase and phosphatase signalling proteins | 96 | ||
| Nuclear control | 97 | ||
| DNA and RNA structure | 97 | ||
| DNA transcription | 98 | ||
| Control of gene expression | 98 | ||
| The cell cycle and mitosis | 99 | ||
| Synthesis phase: DNA replication | 99 | ||
| DNA helicase | 100 | ||
| DNA primase | 100 | ||
| DNA polymerase | 100 | ||
| Single-stranded DNA binding proteins | 100 | ||
| The phases of mitosis | 101 | ||
| Prophase | 101 | ||
| Metaphase | 101 | ||
| Anaphase | 101 | ||
| Telophase | 101 | ||
| Cytokinesis | 101 | ||
| Control of the cell cycle and checkpoints | 101 | ||
| Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and p53 | 101 | ||
| Checkpoints | 101 | ||
| Restriction point (G1 checkpoint) | 101 | ||
| G2/M checkpoint | 101 | ||
| Met/Ana checkpoint | 102 | ||
| Protein synthesis and secretion | 102 | ||
| Protein translation | 102 | ||
| Protein structure | 102 | ||
| Lipid synthesis | 102 | ||
| Fatty acids as an energy store | 102 | ||
| Essential fatty acids | 102 | ||
| Intracellular trafficking, exocytosis (secretion) and endocytosis | 103 | ||
| Energy production | 103 | ||
| Glycolysis | 103 | ||
| Krebs cycle | 103 | ||
| Oxidative phosphorylation | 104 | ||
| Cellular degradation and death | 104 | ||
| Cell dynamics | 104 | ||
| Free radicals | 104 | ||
| Heat shock proteins | 104 | ||
| Autophagy | 104 | ||
| Necrotic cell death | 104 | ||
| Apoptotic cell death | 105 | ||
| Extrinsic pathway | 105 | ||
| Intrinsic pathway | 105 | ||
| Stem Cells | 105 | ||
| Cancer ‘stem cells’ | 106 | ||
| Human Genetics | 106 | ||
| Tools for Human Genetic Analysis | 106 | ||
| The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | 106 | ||
| Hybridization arrays | 106 | ||
| DNA sequencing | 106 | ||
| Identification of gene function | 108 | ||
| Cell culture | 108 | ||
| RNA interference (RNAi) | 108 | ||
| Animal models | 108 | ||
| Genetic polymorphisms and linkage studies | 108 | ||
| Linkage disequilibrium | 108 | ||
| The International Hapmap Project | 108 | ||
| The ‘lod score’ | 108 | ||
| Genome databases | 108 | ||
| The Biology of Chromosomes | 108 | ||
| Human chromosomes | 108 | ||
| The X chromosome and inactivation | 109 | ||
| Telomeres and immortality | 109 | ||
| The mitochondrial chromosome | 109 | ||
| Genetic Disorders | 109 | ||
| Chromosomal disorders | 110 | ||
| Abnormal chromosome numbers | 110 | ||
| Abnormal chromosome structures | 111 | ||
| Mitochondrial chromosome disorders | 111 | ||
| Analysis of chromosome disorders | 112 | ||
| Gene defects | 113 | ||
| Mutations | 113 | ||
| Point mutation | 113 | ||
| Insertion or deletion | 113 | ||
| Splicing mutations | 113 | ||
| Nonsense mutations | 113 | ||
| Single-gene disease | 113 | ||
| Autosomal dominant disorders | 114 | ||
| Autosomal recessive disorders | 114 | ||
| Sex-linked disorders | 114 | ||
| X-linked dominant disorders | 114 | ||
| X-linked recessive disorders | 114 | ||
| Other single-gene disorders | 115 | ||
| Triplet repeat mutations | 115 | ||
| Mitochondrial disease | 115 | ||
| Imprinting | 115 | ||
| Complex traits: multifactorial and polygenic inheritance | 115 | ||
| Population Genetics | 116 | ||
| Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counselling | 116 | ||
| Genetic anticipation | 116 | ||
| Prenatal diagnosis for chromosomal disorders | 116 | ||
| Personal choice | 116 | ||
| Investigations | 117 | ||
| 7–11 weeks (vaginal ultrasound) | 117 | ||
| 11–13 weeks and 6 days (combined test) | 117 | ||
| 14–20 weeks (serum triple or quadruple test) | 117 | ||
| 14–22 weeks | 117 | ||
| Genomic Medicine | 117 | ||
| Gene therapy | 117 | ||
| Cystic fibrosis | 117 | ||
| Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency | 118 | ||
| Pharmacogenomics | 118 | ||
| Stem cell therapy | 118 | ||
| Ethical considerations | 118 | ||
| The Genetic Basis of Cancer | 118 | ||
| Autosomal dominant inheritance | 118 | ||
| Autosomal recessive inheritance | 118 | ||
| Oncogenes | 118 | ||
| Activation of oncogenes | 119 | ||
| Mutation | 119 | ||
| Chromosomal translocation | 119 | ||
| Viral stimulation | 119 | ||
| Tumour suppressor genes | 119 | ||
| Bibliography | 119 | ||
| Significant websites | 119 | ||
| 8 The immune system and disease | 121 | ||
| Anatomy and Principles of the Immune System | 121 | ||
| Cells involved in immune responses: origin and function | 121 | ||
| The immune system | 121 | ||
| Cytokines | 123 | ||
| Chemokines | 123 | ||
| Innate Immune System | 123 | ||
| Complement | 124 | ||
| Neutrophils | 124 | ||
| Eosinophils | 125 | ||
| Mast cells and basophils | 125 | ||
| Monocytes and macrophages | 126 | ||
| Blood monocytes | 126 | ||
| Tissue macrophages | 126 | ||
| Dendritic cells | 126 | ||
| Types of dendritic cell | 126 | ||
| Dendritic cells and T cell activation | 127 | ||
| Natural killer cells | 128 | ||
| Adaptive Immune System | 128 | ||
| Antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes | 128 | ||
| Immunoglobulins | 129 | ||
| Antibody production | 129 | ||
| Antibody function | 129 | ||
| T cell receptor genes and receptor diversity | 130 | ||
| T lymphocyte development and activation | 130 | ||
| CD4 T lymphocyte functions | 131 | ||
| T helper 1 cells | 131 | ||
| T helper 2 cells | 131 | ||
| T helper 17 cells | 131 | ||
| Regulatory T lymphocytes | 132 | ||
| CD8 T lymphocyte functions | 132 | ||
| Natural killer cells | 132 | ||
| Cell Migration | 133 | ||
| HLA Molecules and Antigen Presentation | 134 | ||
| The human major histocompatibility complex | 134 | ||
| HLA classes | 134 | ||
| Classical HLA class I genes | 134 | ||
| Non-classical HLA class I genes | 135 | ||
| HLA class II genes | 135 | ||
| HLA class III genes | 136 | ||
| HLA genotypes and the range of their protein products | 136 | ||
| Antigen presentation | 136 | ||
| The Immune System in Concert | 136 | ||
| Acute inflammation: events and symptoms | 136 | ||
| Chronic inflammation: events and symptoms | 137 | ||
| Mycobacterial disease | 137 | ||
| Laboratory Investigations of the Immune System | 138 | ||
| Clinical Immunodeficiency | 138 | ||
| Secondary (acquired) versus primary immunodeficiency | 138 | ||
| Clinical features of immunodeficiency | 139 | ||
| Primary immunodeficiency | 140 | ||
| T lymphocyte deficiency | 140 | ||
| DiGeorge syndrome | 140 | ||
| Other T lymphocyte deficiencies | 140 | ||
| T and B lymphocyte deficiency | 140 | ||
| Severe combined immunodeficiencies | 140 | ||
| Hyper-IgM syndrome | 140 | ||
| Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome | 140 | ||
| Ataxia telangiectasia | 140 | ||
| X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (Epstein–Barr virus)-associated immunodeficiency (Duncan syndrome) | 140 | ||
| B lymphocyte deficiency | 141 | ||
| X-linked agammaglobulinaemia | 141 | ||
| 3 Clinical practice | 219 | ||
| 11 Infectious diseases and tropical medicine | 219 | ||
| Infection and Infectious Disease | 222 | ||
| Introduction | 222 | ||
| Infectious agents | 222 | ||
| Host–organism interactions | 223 | ||
| Sources of infection | 223 | ||
| Routes of transmission | 223 | ||
| Endogenous infection | 223 | ||
| Air-borne spread | 223 | ||
| Faeco-oral spread | 223 | ||
| Vector-borne disease | 223 | ||
| Direct person-to-person spread | 224 | ||
| Indirect person-to-person spread | 224 | ||
| Direct inoculation | 224 | ||
| Consumption of infected material | 224 | ||
| Prevention and control | 225 | ||
| Healthcare-associated infections | 225 | ||
| HCAI control measures | 226 | ||
| Classification of outbreaks | 226 | ||
| Principles and Basic Mechanisms | 227 | ||
| Specificity | 227 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 227 | ||
| Epithelial attachment | 227 | ||
| Colonization | 227 | ||
| Tissue dysfunction or damage | 228 | ||
| Cell lysis | 228 | ||
| Exotoxins and endotoxins | 228 | ||
| Host response to infection | 228 | ||
| Natural defences | 228 | ||
| Immunological defences | 228 | ||
| Metabolic and immunological consequences | 229 | ||
| Fever | 229 | ||
| The inflammatory response | 229 | ||
| Clinical Approach to the Patient with a Suspected Infection | 229 | ||
| Physiological assessment | 229 | ||
| Diagnostic assessment | 230 | ||
| History | 230 | ||
| Clinical examination | 230 | ||
| Investigations | 230 | ||
| General investigations (to assess health and identify organ(s) involved) | 230 | ||
| Microbiological investigations (to identify causative organism) | 231 | ||
| Direct tests | 231 | ||
| Nucleic acid detection | 231 | ||
| Culture | 231 | ||
| Immunodiagnostic tests | 231 | ||
| Management of sepsis | 232 | ||
| Special circumstances | 232 | ||
| Returning travellers | 232 | ||
| Immunocompromised patients | 233 | ||
| Injecting drug users | 233 | ||
| Highly transmissible infections | 233 | ||
| Pyrexia of unknown origin | 233 | ||
| Management | 234 | ||
| Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | 234 | ||
| Principles of use and antibiotic stewardship | 234 | ||
| ‘Start smart’ | 234 | ||
| ‘Then focus’ | 235 | ||
| Mechanisms of action and resistance to antimicrobial agents | 235 | ||
| Empirical ‘blind’ therapy | 235 | ||
| Combination therapy | 236 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic factors | 236 | ||
| Dose and duration of therapy | 236 | ||
| Renal and hepatic insufficiency | 236 | ||
| Therapeutic drug monitoring | 236 | ||
| Antibiotic chemoprophylaxis | 236 | ||
| Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy | 237 | ||
| Antibacterial drugs | 237 | ||
| β-Lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems) | 237 | ||
| Penicillins | 237 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 238 | ||
| Monobactams | 238 | ||
| Carbapenems | 238 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 239 | ||
| Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines | 239 | ||
| Macrolides | 239 | ||
| Erythromycin and clarithromycin | 239 | ||
| Other macrolides | 240 | ||
| Fidaxomicin | 240 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 240 | ||
| Sodium fusidate | 240 | ||
| Sulphonamides and trimethoprim | 240 | ||
| Quinolones (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and gemifloxacin) | 241 | ||
| Oxazolidinones | 241 | ||
| Nitroimidazoles | 241 | ||
| Glycopeptides | 242 | ||
| Vancomycin | 242 | ||
| Teicoplanin | 242 | ||
| Other antibiotics | 242 | ||
| Anti-tuberculosis drugs | 242 | ||
| Antifungal drugs | 242 | ||
| Polyenes | 242 | ||
| Azoles | 243 | ||
| Allylamines | 243 | ||
| Echinocandins | 243 | ||
| Flucytosine | 243 | ||
| Antiviral drugs | 243 | ||
| Anti-herpesvirus drugs | 243 | ||
| Nucleoside analogues | 243 | ||
| Nucleotide analogues | 244 | ||
| Pyrophosphate analogues | 244 | ||
| Novel anti-herpesvirus agents | 244 | ||
| Anti-influenza drugs | 244 | ||
| Adamantanes | 244 | ||
| Neuraminidase inhibitors | 244 | ||
| Anti-hepatitis B drugs | 244 | ||
| Other drugs | 244 | ||
| Interferons | 245 | ||
| Immunization Against Infectious Diseases | 245 | ||
| Immunization, immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy | 245 | ||
| Protection for travellers to developing/ tropical countries | 245 | ||
| Viral Infections | 246 | ||
| Introduction | 246 | ||
| Outcomes of virus infection of a cell | 246 | ||
| Virus Infections of the Skin and Mucous Membranes | 247 | ||
| Vesicular viral rashes | 247 | ||
| Herpes simplex virus infection | 247 | ||
| HSV-1 | 247 | ||
| HSV-2 | 249 | ||
| Diagnosis and management | 249 | ||
| Varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles) | 249 | ||
| Clinical features of chickenpox | 249 | ||
| Clinical features of shingles | 250 | ||
| Diagnosis | 250 | ||
| Prevention and management | 250 | ||
| Picornavirus infections | 250 | ||
| Herpangina | 250 | ||
| Hand, foot and mouth disease | 250 | ||
| Poxvirus infections | 251 | ||
| Smallpox (variola) | 251 | ||
| Monkeypox | 251 | ||
| Cowpox | 251 | ||
| Vaccinia virus | 251 | ||
| Orf | 251 | ||
| Molluscum contagiosum | 251 | ||
| Human papillomavirus infections | 251 | ||
| Maculopapular viral rashes | 251 | ||
| Measles (rubeola) | 251 | ||
| Clinical features | 251 | ||
| Typical measles | 251 | ||
| Diagnosis and management | 251 | ||
| Index | 1387 | ||
| A | 1387 | ||
| B | 1392 | ||
| C | 1394 | ||
| D | 1400 | ||
| E | 1402 | ||
| F | 1404 | ||
| G | 1405 | ||
| H | 1407 | ||
| I | 1411 | ||
| J | 1413 | ||
| K | 1413 | ||
| L | 1413 | ||
| M | 1415 | ||
| N | 1418 | ||
| O | 1420 | ||
| P | 1421 | ||
| Q | 1426 | ||
| R | 1426 | ||
| S | 1429 | ||
| T | 1433 | ||
| U | 1435 | ||
| V | 1436 | ||
| W | 1437 | ||
| X | 1437 | ||
| Y | 1437 | ||
| Z | 1437 |