BOOK
Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine E-Book
Christopher D. Hillyer | Leslie E. Silberstein | Paul M. Ness | Kenneth C. Anderson | John D. Roback
(2006)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of blood types early in the last century, transfusion medicine has evolved at a breakneck pace. This second edition of Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine is exactly what you need to keep up. It combines scientific foundations with today's most practical approaches to the specialty. From blood collection and storage to testing and transfusing blood components, and finally cellular engineering, you'll find coverage here that's second to none. New advances in molecular genetics and the scientific mechanisms underlying the field are also covered, with an emphasis on the clinical implications for treatment. Whether you're new to the field or an old pro, this book belongs in your reference library.
- Integrates scientific foundations with clinical relevance to more clearly explain the science and its application to clinical practice.
- Highlights advances in the use of blood products and new methods of disease treatment while providing the most up-to-date information on these fast-moving topics
- Discusses current clinical controversies, providing an arena for the discussion of sensitive topics.
- Covers the constantly changing approaches to stem cell transplantation and brings you the latest information on this controversial topic.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| About the Editors | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface to the Second Edition | xv | ||
| Acknowledgments | xvii | ||
| Contents | xix | ||
| Section I: History | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: A Brief History of Blood Transfusion | 3 | ||
| Early History | 3 | ||
| The First Animal-to-Human Transfusions | 3 | ||
| First Human-to-Human Transfusion | 4 | ||
| Discovery of ABO Blood Groups | 5 | ||
| Discovery of RH Blood Groups | 5 | ||
| Blood Coagulation, Preservation, and Storage | 5 | ||
| Citrate Anticoagulation | 6 | ||
| Advent of Blood Banks | 7 | ||
| Transfusion in WWII | 8 | ||
| Immunoglobulin in the Prevention of RH-Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn | 9 | ||
| Blood Components | 9 | ||
| Factor VIII Concentrates | 9 | ||
| Infectious Disease Transmission | 10 | ||
| Noninfectious Complications of Transfusion | 10 | ||
| The Modern Era | 10 | ||
| Summary Remarks | 10 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 11 | ||
| References | 11 | ||
| Section II: Blood Banking | 13 | ||
| A. Immunohematology | 15 | ||
| i. Basic Principles | 15 | ||
| Chapter 2: Principles of the Immune System Central to Transfusion Medicine | 15 | ||
| Introduction | 15 | ||
| The Innate Immune System | 15 | ||
| The Adaptive Immune System | 17 | ||
| Conclusion | 27 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| Chapter 3: Principles of the Complement System Central to Transfusion Medicine | 30 | ||
| Basic Biochemistry of the Complement System | 30 | ||
| The Physiologic Response to Complement Activation | 37 | ||
| Effects of Complement Activation on Cell Survival | 39 | ||
| Laboratory Analysis of Complement | 41 | ||
| References | 41 | ||
| Chapter 4: Principles of Red Blood Cell Allo- and Autoantibody Formation and Function | 43 | ||
| Introduction | 43 | ||
| Basic Science of Alloantibody Formation | 43 | ||
| Variables Associated with RBSs as an Immunogen | 44 | ||
| Basic Science of Anti-RBC Autoantibody Formation | 45 | ||
| Cellular Immunization in Response to RBC Transfusion | 48 | ||
| Basic Science of RBC Destruction | 48 | ||
| References | 50 | ||
| ii. Red Blood Cell, Platelet,and Leukocyte Antigensand Antibodies | 53 | ||
| Chapter 5: Membrane Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies | 53 | ||
| Erythrocyte Membrane | 53 | ||
| RBC Blood Group Antigens | 55 | ||
| Blood Group Antibodies | 57 | ||
| Compatibility Procedures | 60 | ||
| Choice of Antigen-Negative Blood for Diseases Requiring Long-Term Transfusion Therapy | 60 | ||
| Complications of Transfusion | 61 | ||
| Hemagglutination as an AID in Diagnosis | 61 | ||
| Applications of Dna-Based Assays in Transfusion Medicine | 61 | ||
| References | 65 | ||
| Chapter 6: ABO and Related Antigens and Antibodies | 69 | ||
| ABO and Hh Systems (ISBT Systems 001 and 018) | 69 | ||
| The Lewis System (ISBT System 007) | 74 | ||
| The II Blood Group Collection (ISBT Collection 207) | 75 | ||
| The P System (ISBT System 003) and Glob Collection (ISBT Collection 209) | 76 | ||
| Summary | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Chapter 7: Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd Antigens and Antibodies | 80 | ||
| Rh Blood Group System | 80 | ||
| The Kell and Kx System | 87 | ||
| Duffy (Fy) Blood Group System | 89 | ||
| The Kidd Blood Group System | 91 | ||
| References | 92 | ||
| Chapter 8: Other Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies | 96 | ||
| The MNS System (ISBT System 002) | 96 | ||
| The Lutheran System (ISBT System 005) | 98 | ||
| Diego System (ISBT System 010) | 99 | ||
| Yt Blood Group System (ISBT System 011) | 100 | ||
| Xg Blood Group System (ISBT System 012) | 100 | ||
| Scianna Blood Group System (ISBT System 013) | 101 | ||
| Dombrock Blood Group System (ISBT System 014) | 102 | ||
| Colton Blood Group System (ISBT System 015) | 102 | ||
| LW Blood Group System (ISBT System 016) | 103 | ||
| Chido-Rodgers Blood Group System (Isbt System 017) | 103 | ||
| Gerbich Blood Group System (ISBT System 020) | 104 | ||
| Cromer Blood Group System (ISBT System 021) | 105 | ||
| Knops Blood Group System (ISBT System 022) | 106 | ||
| Indian Blood Group System (ISBT System 023) | 106 | ||
| Ok Blood Group System (ISBT System 024) | 107 | ||
| Raph Blood Group System (ISBT System 025) | 107 | ||
| Other Antigens | 108 | ||
| References | 108 | ||
| Chapter 9: Human Platelet Antigens | 112 | ||
| Introduction | 112 | ||
| Alloantigens | 112 | ||
| Isoantigens | 116 | ||
| Autoantigens and Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 117 | ||
| Drug-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia (Quinine/Quinidine Purpura) | 122 | ||
| Heparin-Associated Immune Thrombocytopenia | 123 | ||
| References | 124 | ||
| Chapter 10: Human Leukocyte and Granulocyte Antigens and Antibodies: The HLA and HNA Systems | 129 | ||
| Introduction | 129 | ||
| Human Leukocyte Antigens | 129 | ||
| Human Neutrophil Antigens and their Clinical Significance | 144 | ||
| References | 150 | ||
| B. Blood Donation | 157 | ||
| Chapter 11: Blood Donation and Collection | 157 | ||
| The Process of Blood Donation | 157 | ||
| Conclusion | 179 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| Chapter 12: Blood Manufacturing: Component Preparation, Storage, and Transportation | 183 | ||
| Blood Collection | 183 | ||
| Component Preparation and Storage | 190 | ||
| Labeling | 199 | ||
| Shipping | 200 | ||
| References | 200 | ||
| Chapter 13: Red Blood Cell Metabolismduring Storage: Basic Principles and Practical Aspects | 205 | ||
| Introduction | 205 | ||
| RBC Metabolic Pathways | 205 | ||
| The Storage Lesion | 207 | ||
| RBC Storage in Liquid Media | 208 | ||
| References | 210 | ||
| Chapter 14: Infectious Disease Testing: Basic Principles and Practical Aspects | 212 | ||
| Brief Historical Review | 212 | ||
| Approach to Testing | 213 | ||
| Window Period | 214 | ||
| Scientific Basis for Test Selection | 215 | ||
| Tests by Agent | 217 | ||
| Surrogate Tests | 220 | ||
| Donor and Product Management | 221 | ||
| References | 221 | ||
| C. Regulatory, Quality, and Legal Principles | 223 | ||
| Chapter 15: Regulatory Principles and Issues Central to Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine | 223 | ||
| Introduction | 223 | ||
| Blood and Blood Manufacturing: The FDA | 224 | ||
| Laboratory Testing: CLIA and CMS | 227 | ||
| Summary | 228 | ||
| References | 229 | ||
| Chapter 16: Quality Assurance, Control and Improvement, and Accreditation | 230 | ||
| Introduction | 230 | ||
| Quality Oversight: Regulation and Accreditation | 230 | ||
| Quality Assurance in the Hospital and the Role of the Transfusion Committee | 231 | ||
| Quality Assurance in the Collection and Manufacture of Blood Products | 232 | ||
| Recalls and Withdrawals: Practical Application of the Concept of SQuIPP | 234 | ||
| Lookback | 236 | ||
| Conclusion | 237 | ||
| References | 237 | ||
| Chapter 17: Legal Principles and Issues Central to Transfusion Medicine | 238 | ||
| Legal Risks in Transfusion Medicine | 238 | ||
| Negligence | 238 | ||
| Contractual Causes of Action: Implied Warranty | 240 | ||
| Donor Screening, Donor Testing, and Component Processing | 240 | ||
| Changing Standards of Care in Transfusion Medicine–Related Cases | 242 | ||
| Privacy and Security Concerns Under HIPAA | 245 | ||
| HIPAA | 246 | ||
| Extrapolation of the Transfusion Legal Experience | 247 | ||
| Defending Against Legal Risks | 247 | ||
| Lessons Learned | 248 | ||
| References | 248 | ||
| D. Specific Blood Components | 250 | ||
| Chapter 18: Packed Red Blood Cells and Related Products | 250 | ||
| Collection | 250 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Products | 251 | ||
| Preservation and Storage | 251 | ||
| Frozen Red Blood Cell Concentrates | 254 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus-Seronegative Red Blood Cell Concentrates | 255 | ||
| Leukocyte-Reduced Red Blood Cell Concentrates | 255 | ||
| Washed PRBCs | 256 | ||
| Irradiated PRBCs | 256 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| Chapter 19: Fresh Frozen Plasma and Related Products | 259 | ||
| Physiologic Role of Plasma | 259 | ||
| Plasma Collection, Quality, and Processing | 259 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 260 | ||
| The Use of FFP in the Management of Coagulopathies | 260 | ||
| The Use of FFP as Replacement of Other Factors | 262 | ||
| Practical Considerations in the Use of FFP | 263 | ||
| Alternatives | 264 | ||
| Potential Adverse Reactions | 264 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| Chapter 20: Cryoprecipitate and Related Products | 270 | ||
| Production, Processing, Storage, and Quality Control | 270 | ||
| Preparation, Dosage, and Administration | 271 | ||
| Cryoprecipitate Constituents and their Stability | 272 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Indications for Cryoprecipitate Use | 272 | ||
| Common Misuses and Underutilization of Cryoprecipitate | 275 | ||
| Potential Adverse Reactions | 275 | ||
| Summary | 275 | ||
| References | 275 | ||
| Chapter 21: Albumin | 278 | ||
| Introduction | 278 | ||
| Albumin, The Protein | 278 | ||
| Plasma Donation and Collection | 278 | ||
| Manufacture of Albumin Products | 279 | ||
| Dosing and Administration | 281 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 281 | ||
| Potential Adverse Reactions | 284 | ||
| Infectious Potential | 285 | ||
| Conclusion | 285 | ||
| References | 285 | ||
| Chapter 22: IVIG and Derivatives | 288 | ||
| Introduction | 288 | ||
| Development of Immunoglobulins for Therapeutic Use: A Short History | 288 | ||
| Immunoglobulins: Physicochemical and Biological Aspects | 289 | ||
| Polyclonal Immunoglobulins | 289 | ||
| Therapeutic Mab | 301 | ||
| Conclusion | 304 | ||
| References | 304 | ||
| Chapter 23: Platelets and Related Products | 308 | ||
| Introduction | 308 | ||
| Physiologic Role of Platelets | 308 | ||
| Preparation and Storage of Platelets | 310 | ||
| Standards and Quality Control of Platelet Concentrate Manufacture | 314 | ||
| Changes in Platelets with Storage | 318 | ||
| Postcollection Processing | 320 | ||
| Biological Response Modifiers | 323 | ||
| Platelet Transfusion Therapy | 324 | ||
| Platelet Substitutes | 328 | ||
| Thrombopoietic Growth Factors | 330 | ||
| Conclusions | 332 | ||
| References | 333 | ||
| Chapter 24: Granulocytes | 342 | ||
| Introduction | 342 | ||
| Traditional Granulocyte Transfusion Therapy | 342 | ||
| Clinical Efficacy of Neutrophil Transfusion Therapy | 344 | ||
| Granulocyte Transfusion Therapy Using Donors Stimulated with G-CSF | 346 | ||
| Conclusion | 349 | ||
| References | 349 | ||
| Chapter 25: Coagulation Factor Preparations | 352 | ||
| Replacement Therapy for Coagulation Factor Deficiencies | 352 | ||
| Purified Versus Recombinant Coagulation Factors | 352 | ||
| Human Versus Animal Coagulation Factors | 353 | ||
| Factors Used to Treat Bleeding Diatheses | 353 | ||
| References | 357 | ||
| E. Special Processes and Products | 359 | ||
| Chapter 26: Leukocyte-Reduced Products | 359 | ||
| Technologies for the Preparation of Leukoreduced Blood | 359 | ||
| Clinical Indications for Leukoreduced Blood Components | 361 | ||
| Adverse Reaction to Filtration and Leukocyte Reduced Components | 376 | ||
| References | 379 | ||
| Chapter 27: Virus-Safe Products: Pathogen Reduction and Inactivation | 383 | ||
| Introduction | 383 | ||
| Systems For Inactivation of Pathogens in Platelet Concentrates | 384 | ||
| Potential Systems for Inactivation of Pathogens in Red Cell Concentrates | 388 | ||
| Systems for Inactivation of Pathogens in Preparation of Fresh Frozen Plasma | 391 | ||
| Conclusions | 393 | ||
| References | 393 | ||
| Chapter 28: Irradiated Products | 397 | ||
| Introduction | 397 | ||
| Pathogenesis of TA-GVHD | 397 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of TA-GVHD | 399 | ||
| Diagnosis of TA-GVHD | 399 | ||
| Groups at Risk for TA-GVHD | 399 | ||
| Therapy for TA-GVHD | 400 | ||
| Prevention of TA-GVHD | 400 | ||
| References | 407 | ||
| Chapter 29: Washed and Volume-Reduced Blood Components | 410 | ||
| Introduction | 410 | ||
| Washed Red Blood Cells | 410 | ||
| Volume-Reduced Red Blood Cell Components | 413 | ||
| Washed Platelet Components | 414 | ||
| Volume-Reduced Platelet Components | 415 | ||
| References | 416 | ||
| Chapter 30: Blood Management: Conservation, Salvage, and Alternatives to Allogeneic Transfusion | 419 | ||
| Introduction | 419 | ||
| Guideline-Driven Blood Product Use | 419 | ||
| Pharmaceutical Preparations that Decrease Blood Loss | 419 | ||
| Blood Conservation | 422 | ||
| Multidisciplinary Approach to Blood Management | 429 | ||
| References | 430 | ||
| Chapter 31: Blood Substitutes: Basic Principles and Practical Aspects | 435 | ||
| Introduction | 435 | ||
| Principles | 435 | ||
| Products | 436 | ||
| Safety | 438 | ||
| Efficacy | 439 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 439 | ||
| Implications and Future Applications | 440 | ||
| References | 440 | ||
| Section III: Transfusion Medicine | 443 | ||
| A. Transfusion in Specific Clinical Settings | 445 | ||
| Chapter 32: Red Cell Transfusion in Perioperative and Critically Ill Patients | 445 | ||
| Red Cell Utilization in Perioperative and Critical Care | 445 | ||
| Adaptation to Anemia and Transfusions | 445 | ||
| Natural History of Uncorrected Anemia in Patients | 447 | ||
| Anemia in High-Risk Groups | 448 | ||
| The Benefits (and Potential Risks) of Transfusion | 448 | ||
| Alternatives to Transfusion | 451 | ||
| Conclusion | 452 | ||
| References | 452 | ||
| Chapter 33: Post-Transfusion Red Blood Cell and Platelet Survival and Kinetics: Basic Principles and Practical Aspects | 455 | ||
| Radionuclides in Transfusion Medicine | 455 | ||
| Blood Cell Life Span and Survival Studies | 457 | ||
| Protocols to Evaluate Component Collection, Processing, and Storage Systems | 459 | ||
| Imaging and Other Diagnostic Applications | 462 | ||
| Future Directions and New Applications | 463 | ||
| References | 463 | ||
| Chapter 34: Transfusion of the Patient with Congenital Coagulation Defects | 467 | ||
| Introduction | 467 | ||
| Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B | 467 | ||
| Von Willebrand Disease | 474 | ||
| Rare Inherited Congenital Clotting Disorders Requiring Transfusion Therapy | 477 | ||
| Conclusion | 479 | ||
| References | 479 | ||
| Chapter 35: Transfusion of the Patient with Acquired Coagulation Defects | 482 | ||
| Approach to the Patient with a Coagulopathy | 482 | ||
| Coagulopathies in Systemic Disorders | 483 | ||
| Autoantibodies Against Coagulation Factors | 487 | ||
| Coagulopathies Related to Anticoagulant Administration | 489 | ||
| Bleeding Induced by Antiplatelet Agents | 492 | ||
| Summary | 493 | ||
| References | 493 | ||
| Chapter 36: Obstetric and Intrauterine Transfusion | 496 | ||
| Introduction | 496 | ||
| Postpartum Hemorrhage | 496 | ||
| Prevention of RhD Alloimmunization | 498 | ||
| Monitoring of Alloimmunization During Pregnancy | 500 | ||
| Management of Alloimmunization During Pregnancy | 504 | ||
| Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia | 505 | ||
| References | 506 | ||
| Chapter 37: Transfusion of Neonates and Pediatric Patients | 510 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Transfusions | 510 | ||
| Platelet Transfusions | 515 | ||
| Neutrophil Transfusions | 517 | ||
| Plasma Product Tranfusions | 519 | ||
| Cryoprecipitate | 520 | ||
| References | 520 | ||
| Chapter 38: Transfusion of the Hemoglobinopathy Patient | 523 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 523 | ||
| Thalassemias | 534 | ||
| References | 535 | ||
| Chapter 39: Transfusion to Bone Marrow or Solid Organ Transplant Recipients | 539 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 539 | ||
| ABO | 540 | ||
| Solid-Organ Transplantation | 542 | ||
| ABO | 543 | ||
| Transfusion-Related Complications in Immunocompromised Patients | 545 | ||
| References | 546 | ||
| Chapter 40: Transfusion of the Platelet-Refractory Patient | 551 | ||
| Indications for Platelet Transfusions | 551 | ||
| Platelet Transfusion Refractoriness | 551 | ||
| Management of the Alloimmunized Patient | 553 | ||
| Prevention of Alloimmunization | 554 | ||
| References | 555 | ||
| Chapter 41: Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias | 557 | ||
| Spectrum of Autoimmune Hemolytic Syndromes | 557 | ||
| Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | 557 | ||
| Cold Agglutinin Disease | 563 | ||
| Antigenic Targets of Cold Agglutinin Disease | 564 | ||
| Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria | 565 | ||
| Drug-Associated Immune Hemolytic Anemia | 565 | ||
| Animal Models of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | 566 | ||
| Perspective | 567 | ||
| References | 567 | ||
| Chapter 42: Transfusion in Economically Restricted and Developing Countries | 571 | ||
| Governmental Organization of Blood Services | 571 | ||
| Blood Donor Recruitment, Selection, and Screening | 572 | ||
| Infectious Disease Testing of Blood | 574 | ||
| Blood Usage | 577 | ||
| References | 579 | ||
| B. Complications of Transfusion | 584 | ||
| i. Infectious Complications | 584 | ||
| Chapter 43: Hepatitis A, B, and Non-A, Non-B, Non-C Viruses | 584 | ||
| Introduction | 584 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 584 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 585 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 588 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 589 | ||
| Hepatitis G Virus/GBV-C | 589 | ||
| TTV and Sen-V | 589 | ||
| References | 590 | ||
| Chapter 44: Hepatitis C | 592 | ||
| Introduction | 592 | ||
| The Disease | 592 | ||
| Treatment | 592 | ||
| Epidemiology | 593 | ||
| Virology | 593 | ||
| Serologic Tests for HCV Infection | 594 | ||
| Tests for HCV RNA | 595 | ||
| Diagnostic Algorithm | 596 | ||
| Impact of Blood Donor Screening and Testing for HCV | 596 | ||
| Lookback | 597 | ||
| Comment and Summary | 598 | ||
| References | 598 | ||
| Chapter 45: HIV, HTLV, and Other Retroviruses | 600 | ||
| Definition, Life Cycle, and Distribution of Retroviruses | 600 | ||
| Discovery of Human Retroviruses | 600 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 601 | ||
| Efficiency of HIV Transmission by Blood and Blood Products and Transmission Risk Prior to Blood Donor Screening | 603 | ||
| Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus | 607 | ||
| Additional Retroviruses | 611 | ||
| Approaches for Further Reducing the Risk of Retroviral Transmission by Transfusions | 612 | ||
| References | 613 | ||
| Chapter 46: Human Herpesvirus Infections | 618 | ||
| Introduction | 618 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) | 618 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV, HHV-4) | 630 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) | 631 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) | 632 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus) | 632 | ||
| References | 632 | ||
| Chapter 47: Bacterial Infections: Bacterial Contamination, Testing, and Post-Transfusion Complications | 639 | ||
| Presentation and Prevalence | 639 | ||
| Bacteria Implicated | 640 | ||
| Intracellular Bacteria: Rickettsias and Spirochetes | 641 | ||
| Sources of Contamination | 641 | ||
| Bacteriologic Surveillance of Cellular Blood Products | 643 | ||
| Approaches to Reduce Transfusion-Associated Septic Reactions | 643 | ||
| Preferred Approach | 648 | ||
| References | 649 | ||
| Chapter 48: Other Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Prion-Based Infectious Complications | 652 | ||
| Introduction | 652 | ||
| Babesia | 652 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 653 | ||
| Transfusion Transmission of Other Tick-Borne Pathogens | 653 | ||
| Malaria | 654 | ||
| Chagas Disease | 656 | ||
| Syphilis | 658 | ||
| Human Parvovirus | 658 | ||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | 660 | ||
| Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | 661 | ||
| Leishmaniasis | 662 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 662 | ||
| Dengue | 662 | ||
| Simian Foamy Virus | 662 | ||
| Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus | 663 | ||
| H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus | 663 | ||
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | 663 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 663 | ||
| Rabies | 664 | ||
| References | 665 | ||
| ii. Noninfectious Complications | 668 | ||
| Chapter 49: Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions: Acute and Delayed | 668 | ||
| Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions | 668 | ||
| Prevention | 670 | ||
| Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions | 671 | ||
| Future Directions | 674 | ||
| References | 674 | ||
| Chapter 50: Febrile, Allergic, and Other Noninfectious Transfusion Reactions | 677 | ||
| Acute Noninfectious Transfusion Reactions | 677 | ||
| Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions | 680 | ||
| Allergic Reactions | 681 | ||
| Mild Allergic Reactions | 681 | ||
| Anaphylaxis/Anaphylactoid Reactions | 682 | ||
| Hypotensive Reactions | 683 | ||
| Circulatory Overload | 684 | ||
| Other Acute Reactions | 684 | ||
| Delayed Noninfectious Transfusion Reactions | 685 | ||
| Investigation of Acute Reactions | 686 | ||
| Conclusion | 687 | ||
| References | 687 | ||
| Chapter 51: Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury | 691 | ||
| Definition | 691 | ||
| Epidemiology | 692 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Investigations | 693 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Trali | 693 | ||
| Diagnosis of Trali | 695 | ||
| Treatment | 695 | ||
| Prognosis | 695 | ||
| Evaluation of Donors Associated with Trali | 695 | ||
| Management of Future Transfusions in Patients with a History of Trali | 696 | ||
| Prevention of Trali | 696 | ||
| Conclusions | 698 | ||
| References | 699 | ||
| Chapter 52: Transfusion-Related Immunomodulation | 701 | ||
| Introduction | 701 | ||
| Transfusion and Humoral Allosensitization | 701 | ||
| Transfusion and Solid Organ Transplantation | 702 | ||
| Transfusion and Autoimmune Diseases | 702 | ||
| Transfusion and Repetitive Spontaneous Abortion | 702 | ||
| Transfusion and Cancer Recurrence | 703 | ||
| Transfusion, Postoperative Infection, and Multiorgan Failure | 704 | ||
| Transfusion and Antiviral Immunity | 705 | ||
| Mechanisms of Transfusion Immunomodulation | 706 | ||
| Methods to Mitigate Transfusion Immunomodulation and Reduce Morbidity and Mortality | 707 | ||
| Summary | 709 | ||
| References | 709 | ||
| Chapter 53: Post-Transfusion Engraftment Syndromes: Microchimerism and TA-GVHD | 713 | ||
| Introduction | 713 | ||
| Microchimerism | 713 | ||
| Graft-Versus-Host Disease | 719 | ||
| Summary | 723 | ||
| References | 724 | ||
| C. Therapeutic Apheresis | 727 | ||
| Chapter 54: Therapeutic Apheresis: Basic Principles and Practical Aspects | 727 | ||
| Introduction | 727 | ||
| Modeling of Apheresis Kinetics | 727 | ||
| Overview of Technology | 730 | ||
| Hemapheresis “Dose” or Goal | 733 | ||
| Choice of Replacement Solutions for Plasma Exchange | 734 | ||
| Vascular Access | 734 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 734 | ||
| Drug Clearance | 735 | ||
| Effect on Clotting After Plasma Exchange | 735 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 735 | ||
| Conclusion | 736 | ||
| References | 736 | ||
| Chapter 55: Therapeutic Plasma Exchange | 738 | ||
| Rationale for Therapeutic Plasma Exchange | 738 | ||
| General Principles of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange | 738 | ||
| Therapeutic Plasma Exchange In Neurologic Disorders | 741 | ||
| Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders | 746 | ||
| Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Other Immunologic Disorders | 750 | ||
| Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Toxic and Metabolic Disorders | 754 | ||
| Conclusion | 755 | ||
| References | 755 | ||
| Chapter 56: Therapeutic Cytapheresis | 765 | ||
| Introduction | 765 | ||
| Therapeutic Cytapheresis | 765 | ||
| Red Cell Exchange | 770 | ||
| References | 775 | ||
| D. Cellular Therapies and Tissue Banking | 780 | ||
| Chapter 57: The Role of Transfusion Medicine in Cellular Therapies | 780 | ||
| Origins of “Blood Banking” | 780 | ||
| Bone Marrow Transplantation | 780 | ||
| Umbilical Cord Blood | 783 | ||
| Other Stem Cells | 783 | ||
| Repairing the Human Body (Regenerative Medicine) | 783 | ||
| In Vitro and in Vivo Regeneration | 784 | ||
| Governmental Oversight | 784 | ||
| The New Blood Bank | 784 | ||
| References | 785 | ||
| Chapter 58: Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation | 787 | ||
| Introduction | 787 | ||
| Transplantation Techniques | 787 | ||
| Hematologic Recovery After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 793 | ||
| Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 794 | ||
| Immunologic Consequences of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 797 | ||
| Diseases Treated | 800 | ||
| References | 813 | ||
| Chapter 59: Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells: Collection, Processing, and Transplantation | 823 | ||
| Introduction | 823 | ||
| Cord Blood Transplants in Adults | 823 | ||
| Current and Future Efforts to Extend the Reach of Cord Blood Transplantation to More Patients | 824 | ||
| Cord Blood Banking | 825 | ||
| Cord Blood Characteristics | 827 | ||
| Concluding Remarks | 829 | ||
| References | 829 | ||
| Chapter 60: Collection and Processing of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells and Bone Marrow | 833 | ||
| Introduction | 833 | ||
| Collection of Bone Marrow | 833 | ||
| Collection of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells | 834 | ||
| Processing of Hematopoietic Stem Cells | 841 | ||
| Quality Control of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Products | 843 | ||
| Storage of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Products | 844 | ||
| Regulatory Aspects of Stem Cell Collection and Processing | 845 | ||
| References | 845 | ||
| Chapter 61: Tissue Banking in the Hospital Setting | 853 | ||
| Introduction | 853 | ||
| Hospital Tissue Banking Models | 853 | ||
| Processes and Protocols | 854 | ||
| Economic Considerations | 856 | ||
| Accessioning Tissues | 856 | ||
| Transfer of Tissues Between Institutions | 858 | ||
| Organs and the Hospital Tissue Bank | 858 | ||
| Conclusions | 859 | ||
| References | 859 | ||
| Index | 861 |