Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Fully updated to mirror the latest CCRN-Adult test plan, PASS CCRN®!, 4th Edition is well known for its innovative learning strategies, targeted-yet-comprehensive coverage, and meticulous accuracy. Each section of the exam is addressed in detail, with review content presented in logical outline format and accompanied by a wealth of illustrations, tables, and algorithms. Learning activities in the book, as well as more than 1,000 review questions on the companion Evolve website, offer valuable practice and test-taking experience.
*The practice tests on the CD-ROM referenced on page 9 are now found on the accompanying website for the book. The website can be accessed by using the pincode found in the front matter of the book and following the prompts.*
- Completely updated content follows the latest CCRN Test Plan to ensure you have the most current information for exam preparation.
- Easy-to-follow outline format quickly and clearly presents the information you must know to pass the CCRN exam.
- Engaging learning activities provide fun and stimulating ways to learn critical concepts.
- Helpful appendices offer quick access to common abbreviations, laboratory values, and formulas essential to providing effective critical nursing care.
- NEW! Behavioral/Psychosocial chapter reflects the latest CCRN test plan, addressing behavioral and psychosocial issues that affect the care of the critically ill.
- More than 1,000 multiple-choice review questions on the new companion Evolve website offer convenient electronic access and can be answered in Study Mode or Exam Mode.
- Nearly 45% of the art is new or updated, including completely new algorithms based on the latest core protocols from the AHA, to help clarify complex concepts.
- Pharmacology boxes in each chapter highlight pharmacology as it pertains to each body system.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Evolve page | i | ||
| PASS CCRN®! | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Clinical Consultants | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Dedication | vii | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Content Review | viii | ||
| Learning Activities | viii | ||
| Practice Questions and Examinations on the Evolve Website | viii | ||
| Other Helpful Features | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | x | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| 1 The Critical Care Certification Examination | 1 | ||
| Certification | 1 | ||
| Definition | 1 | ||
| Purpose | 1 | ||
| Benefits of Achieving CCRN® Certification | 1 | ||
| The Synergy Model | 2 | ||
| Definition of Synergy | 2 | ||
| Core Concept | 2 | ||
| Assumptions | 2 | ||
| The Adult CCRN® Examination | 3 | ||
| Basic Information about the CCRN® Examination | 3 | ||
| Cognitive Levels of Questions | 4 | ||
| Distribution of Questions Related to the Nursing Process | 4 | ||
| Passing Score | 4 | ||
| Plan for Passing the CCRN® Examination (Figure 1-2) | 4 | ||
| Permission to Take the Examination | 4 | ||
| Preparation for the Exam | 5 | ||
| Performance During the Examination | 7 | ||
| Pass and Pass It On | 9 | ||
| Maintaining Your CCRN® Certification | 10 | ||
| Recertification | 10 | ||
| Chapter 1 Learning Activities | 11 | ||
| 2 The Cardiovascular System: | 13 | ||
| Selected Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology | 13 | ||
| General Information about the Cardiovascular System | 13 | ||
| The Heart | 13 | ||
| Vascular System | 29 | ||
| Oxygen Delivery to the Tissue (DO2)/Oxygen Consumption by the Tissues (VO2) (Figure 2-25) | 33 | ||
| Cardiovascular Assessment | 36 | ||
| Interview | 36 | ||
| Landmarks (Figure 2-29) | 42 | ||
| Inspection and Palpation | 42 | ||
| Auscultation | 47 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 53 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 53 | ||
| General Information | 53 | ||
| Rhythm Strip Analysis | 57 | ||
| Multiple-Lead ECG Analysis | 65 | ||
| ST Segment Monitoring | 72 | ||
| Hemodynamic Monitoring | 72 | ||
| General Information Regarding Hemodynamic Monitoring | 72 | ||
| Hemodynamic Parameters (Table 2-13) | 74 | ||
| Use of Hemodynamic Monitoring for Clinical Decision-Making | 85 | ||
| Chapter 2 Learning Activities | 94 | ||
| Across | 95 | ||
| Down | 95 | ||
| Across | 106 | ||
| Down | 106 | ||
| 3 The Cardiovascular System: | 109 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Arrest | 109 | ||
| Definition | 109 | ||
| Etiology | 109 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 109 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 109 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 109 | ||
| Psychosocial Considerations | 116 | ||
| Evaluation | 117 | ||
| Dysrhythmias and Blocks | 117 | ||
| Definitions | 117 | ||
| Etiology | 117 | ||
| Pathophysiology: Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms | 118 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 128 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 128 | ||
| Acute Coronary Syndrome | 150 | ||
| Definitions | 150 | ||
| Etiology | 151 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 155 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 157 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 157 | ||
| Heart Failure | 184 | ||
| Definitions | 184 | ||
| Etiology | 184 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 185 | ||
| Classifications of Heart Failure | 185 | ||
| Clinical Presentation (Table 3-19) | 187 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 188 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 197 | ||
| Definition | 197 | ||
| Dilated (Previously Called Congestive) Cardiomyopathy | 197 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 199 | ||
| Restrictive: Least Common | 201 | ||
| Indications for Cardiac Transplantation | 202 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | 202 | ||
| Definition | 202 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation (Insufficiency, Incompetence) | 202 | ||
| Mitral Stenosis | 203 | ||
| Aortic Regurgitation (Insufficiency, Incompetence) | 204 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 205 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 206 | ||
| Hypertensive Crises | 207 | ||
| Definitions | 207 | ||
| Etiology | 207 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 207 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 207 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 209 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 215 | ||
| Peripheral Arterial Disease | 215 | ||
| Acute Arterial Occlusion | 218 | ||
| Aortic Aneurysm | 219 | ||
| Carotid Arterial Stenosis | 224 | ||
| Cardiovascular Trauma | 225 | ||
| Blunt Cardiac Injury (i.e., Myocardial Contusion) | 225 | ||
| Penetrating Cardiac Injury | 227 | ||
| Great Vessel Injury | 228 | ||
| Cardiac Tamponade | 228 | ||
| Definition | 228 | ||
| Etiology | 229 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 229 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 229 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 230 | ||
| Hypovolemic Shock | 231 | ||
| Cardiogenic Shock | 231 | ||
| Chapter 3 Learning Activities | 232 | ||
| Across | 234 | ||
| Down | 234 | ||
| Across | 237 | ||
| Down | 237 | ||
| Across | 242 | ||
| Down | 242 | ||
| 4 The Pulmonary System: | 243 | ||
| Selected Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology | 243 | ||
| General Information | 243 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 243 | ||
| Physiology (Figure 4-9) | 252 | ||
| Pulmonary Assessment | 263 | ||
| Interview | 263 | ||
| Landmarks (see Figure 2-29) | 265 | ||
| Inspection and Palpation | 265 | ||
| Percussion | 269 | ||
| Auscultation | 270 | ||
| Bedside Assessment of Pulmonary Function | 271 | ||
| Basic Chest X-ray Interpretation | 273 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 275 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance and Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation | 275 | ||
| Physiology Review | 275 | ||
| Acid-Base Regulation | 277 | ||
| Acid-Base Imbalances (Figure 4-26) | 277 | ||
| Analysis of Arterial Blood Gases | 279 | ||
| Discussion of Acid-Base Imbalances | 280 | ||
| Airway Management | 280 | ||
| Etiology of Airway Obstruction | 280 | ||
| Clinical Presentation of Airway Obstruction | 280 | ||
| Collaborative Management of Airway Obstruction and/or Respiratory Distress | 282 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 293 | ||
| Definitions | 293 | ||
| Etiologies of Oxygen Deficiencies | 294 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 294 | ||
| Assessment | 294 | ||
| Indications for Oxygen Therapy | 295 | ||
| Principles of Oxygen Therapy | 295 | ||
| High-Flow Versus Low-Flow Oxygen Delivery Systems | 295 | ||
| Oxygen Delivery Systems | 296 | ||
| Hazards of Oxygen Therapy | 296 | ||
| Hyperbaric Oxygenation | 296 | ||
| Mechanical Ventilation | 298 | ||
| Indications for Mechanical Ventilation | 298 | ||
| Types of Ventilators | 299 | ||
| Inspiratory Modes | 299 | ||
| Expiratory Maneuvers | 299 | ||
| Mechanical Ventilator Parameters | 303 | ||
| Assessment of the Mechanically Ventilated Patient | 304 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 305 | ||
| Weaning (also Referred to as Liberation) | 310 | ||
| Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV) | 316 | ||
| Description | 316 | ||
| Indications | 316 | ||
| Advantages over Traditional Mechanical Ventilation | 316 | ||
| Disadvantages | 316 | ||
| Contraindications | 316 | ||
| Complications | 317 | ||
| Reasons to Switch to Invasive Ventilation (Bauman, 2009) | 317 | ||
| Chest Tubes | 317 | ||
| Purposes of Chest Tubes (also Called Thoracostomy Tube or Thoracic Catheter) | 317 | ||
| Insertion | 317 | ||
| Chest Drainage System | 317 | ||
| Assessment | 319 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 319 | ||
| Chapter 4 Learning Activities | 322 | ||
| Across | 323 | ||
| Down | 323 | ||
| 5 The Pulmonary System: | 330 | ||
| Chest Surgery and Chest Tubes | 330 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 330 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 330 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Failure | 332 | ||
| Definitions | 332 | ||
| Etiology | 332 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Table 5-1) | 332 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 332 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 335 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 337 | ||
| Definitions | 337 | ||
| Etiology: Risk Increases if More than One Occurs Simultaneously | 338 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 338 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 338 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 338 | ||
| Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/Pulmonary Hypertension | 344 | ||
| Definition | 344 | ||
| Classification and Etiology (Simonneau et al., 2009) | 346 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 346 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 346 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 348 | ||
| Pneumonia | 348 | ||
| Definitions | 348 | ||
| Etiology | 348 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 5-3) | 350 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 351 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 351 | ||
| Aspiration Lung Disorder | 354 | ||
| Definitions | 354 | ||
| Etiology | 354 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 354 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 354 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 356 | ||
| Status Asthmaticus | 357 | ||
| Definitions | 357 | ||
| Etiology | 357 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 358 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 358 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 359 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism/Infarction | 362 | ||
| Definition | 362 | ||
| Etiology | 362 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 5-6) | 362 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 363 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 365 | ||
| Chest Trauma | 368 | ||
| General Information | 368 | ||
| Pulmonary Contusion | 368 | ||
| Closed (Noncommunicating) Pneumothorax (Figure 5-7) | 369 | ||
| Tension Pneumothorax (Figure 5-8) | 371 | ||
| Open (Communicating) Pneumothorax (Also Called Sucking Chest Wound) (Figure 5-8) | 372 | ||
| Hemothorax | 373 | ||
| Rib Fracture/Sternal Fracture/Flail Chest | 373 | ||
| Diaphragmatic Rupture | 375 | ||
| Tracheobronchial Injury | 376 | ||
| Chapter 5 Learning Activities | 377 | ||
| Across | 377 | ||
| Down | 378 | ||
| Across | 383 | ||
| Down | 383 | ||
| 6 The Neurologic System | 385 | ||
| Selected Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology | 385 | ||
| General Information | 385 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology | 385 | ||
| Macroscopic Anatomy and Physiology | 388 | ||
| Neurologic Assessment | 397 | ||
| Interview | 397 | ||
| Vital Signs | 402 | ||
| General Appearance | 403 | ||
| Mental Status and Cognition | 403 | ||
| Motor Function | 406 | ||
| Sensory Function | 408 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Function | 409 | ||
| Reflexes | 413 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 414 | ||
| Neurologic Monitoring | 415 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 421 | ||
| Intracranial Hypertension | 422 | ||
| Etiology | 422 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 6-24 on page 427) | 422 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 427 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 428 | ||
| Encephalopathy | 434 | ||
| Definition | 434 | ||
| Etiology | 434 | ||
| Clinical Presentation: Varies with Etiology | 434 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 434 | ||
| Craniotomy | 434 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 434 | ||
| Preoperative Collaborative Management | 435 | ||
| Postoperative Collaborative Management | 435 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injuries | 437 | ||
| Etiology | 437 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 437 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 437 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 438 | ||
| Skull Fractures | 439 | ||
| Etiology | 439 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 6-30) | 440 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 440 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 440 | ||
| Intracranial Hematomas | 441 | ||
| Etiology: Usually Trauma | 441 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 6-31) | 441 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 442 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 442 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 443 | ||
| Definition | 443 | ||
| Etiology | 443 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 443 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 443 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 444 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | 444 | ||
| Definition | 444 | ||
| Etiology | 444 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 6-33) | 444 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 444 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 446 | ||
| Ischemic Stroke | 448 | ||
| Definitions | 448 | ||
| Etiology | 449 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 6-34) | 449 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 449 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 451 | ||
| Brain Tumor | 454 | ||
| Etiology: Multifactorial or Unknown | 454 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 6-36) | 454 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 454 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 455 | ||
| Status Epilepticus | 456 | ||
| Definitions | 456 | ||
| Etiology | 457 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 457 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 457 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 458 | ||
| CNS Infections | 459 | ||
| Definitions | 459 | ||
| Etiology | 460 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 460 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 460 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 462 | ||
| Neuromuscular Disorders | 463 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy | 463 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 463 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | 464 | ||
| Guillain-Barré Syndrome | 464 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 465 | ||
| Collaborative Management of Neuromuscular Disorders | 465 | ||
| Chapter 6 Learning Activities | 467 | ||
| Across | 468 | ||
| Down | 468 | ||
| Across | 474 | ||
| Down | 474 | ||
| 7 The Gastrointestinal System | 476 | ||
| Selected Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology | 476 | ||
| General Information About the Gastrointestinal System | 476 | ||
| Alimentary Canal | 476 | ||
| Accessory Organs of Digestion (Figure 7-6) | 483 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Hormones | 486 | ||
| Blood Supply | 486 | ||
| Nervous Innervation | 487 | ||
| Functions of the Gastrointestinal System | 488 | ||
| Assessment of the GI System | 489 | ||
| Interview | 489 | ||
| Vital Signs | 491 | ||
| Inspection | 491 | ||
| Auscultation | 494 | ||
| Percussion | 495 | ||
| Palpation | 495 | ||
| Intraabdominal Pressure | 496 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 498 | ||
| GI Drugs (Table 7-6) | 500 | ||
| Decrease Gastric Acidity and/or Protect Gastric Mucosa | 500 | ||
| GI Hemorrhage | 500 | ||
| Malnutrition | 504 | ||
| Definitions | 504 | ||
| Etiology | 504 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 505 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 506 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 507 | ||
| Upper GI Hemorrhage | 508 | ||
| Definitions | 508 | ||
| Etiology | 513 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 513 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 513 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 518 | ||
| Hepatic Failure/Encephalopathy | 524 | ||
| Definitions | 524 | ||
| Etiology | 524 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 7-18) | 524 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 524 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 527 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 530 | ||
| Definition | 530 | ||
| Etiology | 530 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 530 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 530 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 532 | ||
| Intestinal Infarction/ Obstruction/Perforation | 534 | ||
| Definitions | 534 | ||
| Etiology | 534 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 535 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 535 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 537 | ||
| Abdominal Trauma | 538 | ||
| Definition | 538 | ||
| Etiology | 538 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 538 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 538 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 539 | ||
| GI Surgery | 541 | ||
| Procedures Frequently Requiring Critical Care | 541 | ||
| Postoperative Management for GI Surgeries | 541 | ||
| Chapter 7 Learning Activities | 547 | ||
| Across | 547 | ||
| Down | 548 | ||
| Across | 552 | ||
| Down | 552 | ||
| 8 The Renal System | 554 | ||
| Selected Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology | 554 | ||
| General Information | 554 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 554 | ||
| Physiology | 557 | ||
| Assessment of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Renal Status | 565 | ||
| Interview | 565 | ||
| Vital Signs | 567 | ||
| Inspection and Palpation | 567 | ||
| Percussion | 568 | ||
| Auscultation | 568 | ||
| Urine Output | 569 | ||
| Bladder Volume by Portable Ultrasound Bladder Scanner | 569 | ||
| Hemodynamic Monitoring | 569 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 569 | ||
| Drugs Affecting the Renal System | 571 | ||
| Diuretics | 571 | ||
| Dopaminergic Stimulators | 574 | ||
| Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances | 575 | ||
| Hypovolemia | 575 | ||
| Water Loss Syndromes | 576 | ||
| Hypervolemia | 577 | ||
| Water Excess Syndromes | 577 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 578 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 578 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 579 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 580 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 581 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 582 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 583 | ||
| Hyperphosphatemia | 583 | ||
| Hypomagnesemia | 584 | ||
| Hypermagnesemia | 585 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) | 585 | ||
| Definition | 585 | ||
| Etiology | 585 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 586 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 586 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 588 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 591 | ||
| Definition | 591 | ||
| Etiology | 591 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 591 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 591 | ||
| Renal Replacement Therapy | 591 | ||
| Dialysis | 591 | ||
| Renal Transplant | 599 | ||
| Chapter 8 Learning Activities | 603 | ||
| Across | 604 | ||
| Down | 604 | ||
| Across | 609 | ||
| Down | 609 | ||
| 9 The Endocrine System | 611 | ||
| Selected Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology | 611 | ||
| Functions | 611 | ||
| Components | 611 | ||
| Process of Hormone Synthesis, Secretion, Effect, and Suppression | 611 | ||
| Regulation of Hormones | 611 | ||
| Endocrine Dysfunction | 612 | ||
| Assessment of the Endocrine System | 612 | ||
| Interview | 612 | ||
| Inspection and Palpation | 616 | ||
| Percussion | 617 | ||
| Auscultation | 617 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 618 | ||
| Endocrine Pharmacology | 618 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone | 618 | ||
| Insulin | 618 | ||
| Glucagon | 618 | ||
| Diabetes Insipidus (DI) | 619 | ||
| Definition | 619 | ||
| Etiology | 619 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 9-3) | 620 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 620 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 621 | ||
| Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) | 622 | ||
| Definition | 622 | ||
| Etiology | 622 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Figure 9-4) | 622 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 623 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 624 | ||
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) | 624 | ||
| Definitions | 624 | ||
| Etiology | 624 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 624 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 624 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 625 | ||
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) | 627 | ||
| Definition | 627 | ||
| Etiology | 627 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 627 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 627 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 628 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 629 | ||
| Definition | 629 | ||
| Etiology | 629 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 629 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 629 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 630 | ||
| Chapter 9 Learning Activities | 632 | ||
| Across | 632 | ||
| Down | 633 | ||
| 10 The Hematologic and Immunologic Systems | 636 | ||
| Selected Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology | 636 | ||
| Purposes of the Hematologic and Immunologic Systems | 636 | ||
| Bone Marrow | 636 | ||
| Spleen | 636 | ||
| Liver | 636 | ||
| Lymphatic System | 637 | ||
| Blood | 637 | ||
| Inflammation | 641 | ||
| Immunity | 643 | ||
| Hemostasis | 645 | ||
| Blood Groups | 650 | ||
| Assessment of the Hematologic and Immunologic Systems | 651 | ||
| Interview | 651 | ||
| Physical Examination | 654 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 654 | ||
| Blood and Blood Component Administration | 659 | ||
| Actions | 659 | ||
| Blood and Blood Products | 659 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 659 | ||
| Drugs Affecting Clotting | 661 | ||
| Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors | 661 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 666 | ||
| Fibrinolytics | 666 | ||
| Selected Drugs That Affect Clotting | 667 | ||
| Coagulopathies | 667 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 667 | ||
| Definition | 667 | ||
| Etiology | 667 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 675 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 675 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 676 | ||
| Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) | 678 | ||
| Definition | 678 | ||
| Etiology | 678 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 678 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 678 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 680 | ||
| Chapter 10 Learning Activities | 681 | ||
| Across | 682 | ||
| Down | 682 | ||
| 11 Multisystem | 685 | ||
| Shock | 685 | ||
| Definitions | 685 | ||
| Classification by Etiology | 685 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 685 | ||
| Clinical Presentation (Table 11-1) | 685 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 690 | ||
| Hypovolemic Shock | 696 | ||
| Definition | 696 | ||
| Etiology | 696 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 696 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 696 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 696 | ||
| Cardiogenic Shock | 698 | ||
| Definition | 698 | ||
| Etiology | 698 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 698 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 698 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 699 | ||
| Anaphylactic Shock | 700 | ||
| Definitions | 700 | ||
| Etiology | 700 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 701 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 701 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 701 | ||
| Neurogenic Shock | 703 | ||
| Definition | 703 | ||
| Etiology | 703 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 703 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 703 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 704 | ||
| Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock | 704 | ||
| Definitions | 704 | ||
| Etiology | 704 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 704 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 704 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 706 | ||
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome | 709 | ||
| Definitions | 709 | ||
| Etiology | 709 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 709 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 709 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 711 | ||
| Multisystem Trauma | 711 | ||
| Definitions | 711 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 714 | ||
| Mechanism of Injury | 714 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 717 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 717 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 717 | ||
| Drug Intoxication and Poisoning | 719 | ||
| Definition | 719 | ||
| Etiology | 719 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 719 | ||
| Clinical Presentation (Table 11-10) | 719 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 730 | ||
| Asphyxia | 733 | ||
| Definition | 733 | ||
| Etiology | 733 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 733 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 733 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 733 | ||
| Chapter 11 Learning Activities | 734 | ||
| Across | 735 | ||
| Down | 735 | ||
| Across | 739 | ||
| Down | 740 | ||
| 12 Behavioral/Psychosocial | 741 | ||
| Physical Assessment and Examination | 741 | ||
| Chief Complaint | 741 | ||
| History of Present Illness | 741 | ||
| Current Medications | 741 | ||
| Past Medical History | 741 | ||
| Social History | 741 | ||
| Mental Status Exam | 741 | ||
| Psychosocial Characteristics (Erikson, 1968) | 742 | ||
| Young Adulthood (18-40 Years of Age) | 742 | ||
| Middle Adulthood (40-60 Years of Age) | 742 | ||
| Older Adulthood (60 Years of Age to Death) | 742 | ||
| Basic Human Needs | 742 | ||
| Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs | 742 | ||
| Human Needs of the Critically Ill Patient | 742 | ||
| Responses to Illness and Environment | 743 | ||
| Stress | 743 | ||
| Anxiety | 743 | ||
| Loneliness | 743 | ||
| Powerlessness | 744 | ||
| Sensory Overload | 744 | ||
| Sensory Deprivation | 744 | ||
| Anger | 744 | ||
| Depression | 744 | ||
| Denial | 745 | ||
| Near-Death Experience (NDE) | 745 | ||
| General Principles of Care | 745 | ||
| Therapeutic Milieu | 745 | ||
| Crisis | 746 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 746 | ||
| Definition/Description | 746 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 746 | ||
| Pathophysiology (Yates, 2009) | 747 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 747 | ||
| Collaborative Management | 747 | ||
| Trauma/Violence/Abuse | 747 | ||
| Definition | 747 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 747 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 748 | ||
| Age-Related Considerations | 748 | ||
| 13 Professional Caring and Ethical Practice | 762 | ||
| Critical Care Nursing: General Concepts | 762 | ||
| Nursing | 762 | ||
| Critical Care Nursing | 762 | ||
| The Future of Nursing | 762 | ||
| Clinical Judgment | 763 | ||
| Learning Activities Answers | 801 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 801 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 808 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 814 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 820 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 825 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 831 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 835 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 840 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 843 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 845 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 849 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 852 | ||
| References and Recommended Reading | 855 | ||
| Appendixes | 869 | ||
| Appendix A Common Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Critical Care Nursing | 869 | ||
| Appendix B Normal Laboratory Values | 881 | ||
| Blood | 881 | ||
| Chemistries | 881 | ||
| Proteins | 881 | ||
| Lipids | 881 | ||
| Enzymes | 881 | ||
| Muscle Proteins | 881 | ||
| Arterial Blood Gases | 881 | ||
| Hematology | 881 | ||
| Clotting Profile | 882 | ||
| Hormones | 882 | ||
| Toxicology | 882 | ||
| Urine | 882 | ||
| Stool | 882 | ||
| Appendix C Formulae Significant to Critical Care Nursing | 883 | ||
| General | 883 | ||
| Conversion | 883 | ||
| Drug Administration | 883 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 883 | ||
| Pulmonary | 884 | ||
| Neurologic | 885 | ||
| Nutrition | 885 | ||
| Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base | 885 | ||
| Index | 886 | ||
| A | 886 | ||
| B | 889 | ||
| C | 890 | ||
| D | 893 | ||
| E | 894 | ||
| F | 895 | ||
| G | 896 | ||
| H | 897 | ||
| I | 899 | ||
| J | 900 | ||
| K | 900 | ||
| L | 900 | ||
| M | 901 | ||
| N | 902 | ||
| O | 903 | ||
| P | 904 | ||
| Q | 907 | ||
| R | 907 | ||
| S | 908 | ||
| T | 910 | ||
| U | 911 | ||
| V | 912 | ||
| W | 913 | ||
| X | 913 | ||
| Y | 913 | ||
| Z | 913 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |