BOOK
E-Book - Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract
Stanley J. Robboy | George L. Mutter | Jaime Prat | Rex C Bentley | Peter Russell | Malcolm C. Anderson
(2008)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This critically acclaimed book has been thoroughly revised and updated to bring you state-of-the-art assistance in diagnosing pathologies of the female reproductive tract. It covers more than 1100 common, rare, benign, and malignant lesions, and tackles the questions so often asked and not answered elsewhere. All entities are illustrated by well-chosen photographs of outstanding quality. The updated text provides the latest advances in immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, and cytogenetics, as well as the most current concepts, classification and staging systems for all diseases and disorders of the female genital tract. “Road maps at the beginning of each chapter help you navigate the book more quickly. You’ll have everything you need to effectively diagnose and confidently sign out gynecologic and obstetric reports.
- Covers all benign and malignant disorders of the female genital tract to provide you with a comprehensive resource for use in the reporting room or in formal study.
- Offers a complete visual guide to each tumor or tumor-like lesion to assist you in the recognition and diagnosis of any tissue sample under the microscope with over 2500 high-quality, full-color illustrations.
- Provides expert advice on how to avoid diagnostic errors with practical advice on pitfalls in differential diagnosis.
- Integrates histopathologic features with data from ancillary techniques such as immunohistochemistry and cytogenetics and discussions of the relevant clinical manifestations of gynecological diseases to provide you with the necessary tools to make a comprehensive diagnostic workup.
- Features summary tables, diagnostic flow charts, and analytic tables to facilitate rapid interpretation and accurate diagnosis.
- Approaches definitions, clinical features, gross features, microscopic features, and differential diagnosis consistently and uniformly for quick and easy access to the information you need.
- Readers praise its readability and practicality for both daily and reference use by both the novice and experienced pathologist.
- Features a “Road map at the beginning of each chapter to help you navigate and access the material more quickly.
- Provides you with the latest advances in immunohistochemistry to reflect the development of reliable techniques.
- Covers cytology more extensively, including cytologic/histologic correlations, additional cytologic images, and additional material on differential diagnosis to reflect modern diagnostic practice.
- Includes the latest classification and staging systems for all diseases and disorders of the female genital tract, so you can provide the referring physicians with the most accurate and up-to-date diagnostic and prognostic indicators possible.
- Uses more bullet points, diagnostic flowcharts, decision-making algorithms, and summary tables to make it even easier to find what you need.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Robboy's Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of contents | v | ||
| Contributors | xxix | ||
| Foreword | xxxiii | ||
| Preface | xxxv | ||
| Dedication | xxxvii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxxviii | ||
| CHAPTER 1: Embryology | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| GONADAL DEVELOPMENT | 1 | ||
| MÜLLERIAN AND WOLFFIAN DUCT DEVELOPMENT | 14 | ||
| EXTERNAL GENITALIA | 19 | ||
| REFERENCES | 20 | ||
| CHAPTER 2: Vulvar dermatoses and infections | 23 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 23 | ||
| COMMON DERMATOSES AFFECTING THE VULVA | 23 | ||
| LESS COMMON DERMATOSES THAT FREQUENTLY INVOLVE THE VULVA | 31 | ||
| REFERENCES | 55 | ||
| APPENDIX 2.1 COMMON CLINICAL DERMATOLOGIC TERMS | 57 | ||
| APPENDIX 2.2 COMMON DERMATOPATHOLOGIC TERMS | 57 | ||
| CHAPTER 3: Vulvar cysts, neoplasms, and related lesions | 59 | ||
| CYSTS | 59 | ||
| BENIGN KERATINOCYTIC NEOPLASMS | 62 | ||
| PREMALIGNANT KERATINOCYTIC NEOPLASMS | 63 | ||
| MALIGNANT KERATINOCYTIC NEOPLASMS | 66 | ||
| MELANOCYTIC LESIONS | 76 | ||
| SKIN APPENDAGE NEOPLASMS | 81 | ||
| VASCULAR LESIONS | 83 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS | 84 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS OF AFFILIATED STRUCTURES | 89 | ||
| REFERENCES | 91 | ||
| CHAPTER 4: Vulvar mesenchymal neoplasms and tumor-like conditions | 95 | ||
| TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS | 95 | ||
| BENIGN NEOPLASMS | 96 | ||
| LOCALLY RECURRENT NEOPLASMS | 103 | ||
| MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS | 106 | ||
| REFERENCES | 108 | ||
| CHAPTER 5: Vagina | 111 | ||
| NORMAL STRUCTURE | 111 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS | 113 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS | 115 | ||
| VAGINAL CYSTS | 117 | ||
| BENIGN EFFECTS OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL ON THE VAGINA | 117 | ||
| TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS | 120 | ||
| BENIGN TUMORS | 123 | ||
| SQUAMOUS NEOPLASIA | 125 | ||
| GLANDULAR LESIONS | 128 | ||
| OTHER PRIMARY MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE VAGINA | 133 | ||
| MALIGNANT VAGINAL TUMORS IN CHILDHOOD | 134 | ||
| LYMPHOMA | 136 | ||
| SECONDARY TUMORS OF THE VAGINA | 136 | ||
| REFERENCES | 137 | ||
| CHAPTER 6: Cervical benign and non-neoplastic conditions | 141 | ||
| NORMAL STRUCTURE | 141 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE CERVIX AND THE FORMATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION ZONE | 146 | ||
| THE CONGENITAL TRANSFORMATION ZONE | 150 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY (CERVICITIS) TO REGENERATIVE CHANGES | 152 | ||
| EPITHELIAL INFLAMMATORY CHANGES | 157 | ||
| HEALING/REGENERATING EPITHELIUM | 158 | ||
| NON-NEOPLASTIC CHANGES | 159 | ||
| LESIONS OF THE ENDOCERVICAL GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM | 161 | ||
| LESIONS RELATED TO EXOGENOUS STIMULI | 164 | ||
| OTHER NON-NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS | 167 | ||
| CERVICAL POLYP | 169 | ||
| BENIGN TUMORS | 170 | ||
| REFERENCES | 171 | ||
| CHAPTER 7: Cervix: epidemiology of squamous neoplasia | 173 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE | 173 | ||
| THE ETIOLOGIC AGENT: HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) | 173 | ||
| HPV: ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION | 180 | ||
| HPV COFACTORS | 181 | ||
| PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER | 184 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 185 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 185 | ||
| REFERENCES | 185 | ||
| CHAPTER 8: Cervical precancer (intraepithelial neoplasia), including functional biomarkers and colposcopy | 189 | ||
| NTRODUCTION | 189 | ||
| CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (CIN): AN EVOLVING CONCEPT | 189 | ||
| COLPOSCOPY, A TECHNIQUE (SOMEWHAT) USEFUL FOR DETECTION OF CIN | 218 | ||
| COLPOSCOPIC APPEARANCES | 219 | ||
| REFERENCES | 225 | ||
| CHAPTER 9: Cervical squamous cell carcinoma | 227 | ||
| MICROINVASIVE CARCINOMA | 227 | ||
| INVASIVE CARCINOMA | 234 | ||
| REFERENCES | 245 | ||
| CHAPTER 10: Cervical glandular neoplasia | 249 | ||
| CERVICAL GLANDULAR INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA | 249 | ||
| PRECLINICAL CARCINOMA | 260 | ||
| INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA | 264 | ||
| REFERENCES | 274 | ||
| CHAPTER 11: Miscellaneous cervical neoplasms | 281 | ||
| EPITHELIAL TUMORS | 281 | ||
| NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 286 | ||
| SARCOMAS OR TUMORS WITH A SARCOMATOUS COMPONENT | 288 | ||
| MALIGNANT MELANOMA | 291 | ||
| METASTATIC TUMORS TO THE CERVIX | 293 | ||
| REFERENCES | 293 | ||
| CHAPTER 12: The normal endometrium | 297 | ||
| NORMAL STRUCTURE OF THE UTERUS | 297 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF THE NORMAL ENDOMETRIUM | 297 | ||
| ENDOMETRIUM DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE | 304 | ||
| ENDOMETRIUM AFTER THE MENOPAUSE | 314 | ||
| METHODS OF ENDOMETRIAL SAMPLING | 316 | ||
| PROBLEMS IN INTERPRETATION OF ENDOMETRIAL SPECIMENS | 318 | ||
| REFERENCES | 322 | ||
| CHAPTER 13: Exogenous hormones and their effects on the endometrium | 325 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 325 | ||
| ESTROGENS | 325 | ||
| PROGESTINS | 325 | ||
| ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | 328 | ||
| HORMONE-REPLACEMENT THERAPY (HRT) | 331 | ||
| OTHER HORMONAL AGENTS | 333 | ||
| TREATMENT OF HYPERPLASIA, EIN, AND CARCINOMA | 337 | ||
| REFERENCES | 340 | ||
| CHAPTER 14: Endometritis, metaplasias, polyps, and miscellaneous changes | 343 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIOUS PROCESSES | 343 | ||
| ENDOMETRITIS | 343 | ||
| ENDOMETRIAL METAPLASIAS | 348 | ||
| ENDOMETRIAL POLYPS | 361 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS | 364 | ||
| REFERENCES | 365 | ||
| CHAPTER 15: Benign endometrial hyperplasia and EIN | 367 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY | 367 | ||
| DISORDERED PROLIFERATIVE TO BENIGN ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA SEQUENCE | 367 | ||
| ENDOMETRIAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (EIN) | 376 | ||
| PRIOR CLASSIFICATION | 389 | ||
| REFERENCES | 390 | ||
| CHAPTER 16: Endometrial adenocarcinoma | 393 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY | 393 | ||
| MAJOR TYPES OF ENDOMETRIAL ADENOCARCINOMA | 393 | ||
| RISK FACTORS IN ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA | 394 | ||
| ENDOMETRIOID ADENOCARCINOMA | 396 | ||
| MUCINOUS ADENOCARCINOMA | 408 | ||
| SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA | 409 | ||
| SEROUS ADENOCARCINOMA | 410 | ||
| CLEAR CELL ADENOCARCINOMA | 413 | ||
| MIXED CARCINOMA | 415 | ||
| UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA | 415 | ||
| CARCINOSARCOMA | 415 | ||
| OTHER TYPES OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA | 416 | ||
| SYNCHRONOUS ENDOMETRIAL AND OVARIAN CARCINOMA | 417 | ||
| TUMORS METASTATIC TO THE ENDOMETRIUM | 418 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA | 418 | ||
| MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY | 421 | ||
| THE SPREAD OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA | 422 | ||
| REFERENCES | 422 | ||
| CHAPTER 17: Mesenchymal uterine tumors, other than pure smooth muscle neoplasms, and adenomyosis | 427 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 427 | ||
| ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL TUMORS | 427 | ||
| MIXED MÜLLERIAN TUMORS | 439 | ||
| OTHER SARCOMAS | 448 | ||
| BENIGN OR BORDERLINE MESENCHYMAL TUMORS | 448 | ||
| REFERENCES | 453 | ||
| CHAPTER 18: Uterine smooth muscle tumors | 457 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 457 | ||
| LEIOMYOMA | 457 | ||
| LEIOMYOSARCOMA | 471 | ||
| REFERENCES | 481 | ||
| CHAPTER 19: Fallopian tube | 485 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 485 | ||
| INFLAMMATION OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBES | 487 | ||
| TUBAL STERILIZATION | 493 | ||
| TUBAL PREGNANCY | 495 | ||
| NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS | 498 | ||
| TUMORS OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE | 501 | ||
| PARATUBAL TISSUES AND BROAD LIGAMENTS | 509 | ||
| REFERENCES | 512 | ||
| CHAPTER 20: Endometriosis | 515 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 515 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS | 515 | ||
| DISTRIBUTION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS | 515 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS | 516 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS | 516 | ||
| ETIOLOGIC FACTORS IN ENDOMETRIOSIS | 519 | ||
| MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS | 521 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS | 533 | ||
| INFERTILITY IN ENDOMETRIOSIS | 533 | ||
| MALIGNANCY IN ENDOMETRIOSIS | 533 | ||
| REFERENCES | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 21: Normal ovaries, inflammatory and non-neoplastic conditions | 543 | ||
| ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE OVARIES | 543 | ||
| FOLLICULAR FAILURE | 550 | ||
| ANOMALIES OF OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT AND DESCENT | 557 | ||
| INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES | 558 | ||
| NON-INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES | 564 | ||
| REFERENCES | 566 | ||
| CHAPTER 22: Ovarian cysts, tumor-like, iatrogenic and miscellaneous conditions | 569 | ||
| DYSFUNCTIONAL CYSTS | 569 | ||
| TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY | 575 | ||
| REACTIVE STROMAL TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS | 581 | ||
| SEQUELAE OF SURGERY OR TRAUMA | 594 | ||
| IATROGENIC DISORDERS OF THE OVARIES | 594 | ||
| OVARIAN HEMORRHAGE AND ADNEXAL TORSION | 597 | ||
| MÜLLERIANOSIS AND REACTIVE MESOTHELIAL LESIONS | 598 | ||
| REFERENCES | 599 | ||
| CHAPTER 23: Ovarian neoplasia: epidemiology and etiology | 601 | ||
| DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY | 601 | ||
| RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR SPORADIC OVARIAN CARCINOMA | 601 | ||
| ORIGINS OF OVARIAN CARCINOMA AND MODELS OF CARCINOGENESIS | 606 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 607 | ||
| REFERENCES | 607 | ||
| CHAPTER 24: Ovarian serous and mucinous epithelial–stromal tumors | 611 | ||
| SURFACE EPITHELIAL–STROMAL TUMORS | 611 | ||
| SEROUS TUMORS | 611 | ||
| MUCINOUS TUMORS | 634 | ||
| REFERENCES | 651 | ||
| CHAPTER 25: Ovarian endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner, and rare epithelial–stromal tumors | 655 | ||
| ENDOMETRIOID TUMORS | 655 | ||
| CLEAR CELL TUMORS | 672 | ||
| TRANSITIONAL CELL TUMORS | 678 | ||
| SQUAMOUS CELL LESIONS | 683 | ||
| MIXED EPITHELIAL TUMORS | 684 | ||
| UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMAS | 684 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS AND UNCLASSIFIED TUMORS | 686 | ||
| REFERENCES | 690 | ||
| CHAPTER 26: Ovarian sex cord-stromal and steroid cell tumors | 693 | ||
| GRANULOSA CELL TUMORS | 693 | ||
| THECOMA–FIBROMA GROUP OF TUMORS | 701 | ||
| ANDROBLASTOMAS (SERTOLI–LEYDIG CELL TUMORS) | 708 | ||
| GYNANDROBLASTOMAS | 719 | ||
| SEX-CORD TUMORS WITH ANNULAR TUBULES (SCTAT) | 720 | ||
| UNCLASSIFIED SEX CORD-STROMAL TUMORS | 723 | ||
| STEROID CELL TUMORS | 723 | ||
| REFERENCES | 725 | ||
| CHAPTER 27: Ovarian germ cell tumors | 729 | ||
| DYSGERMINOMAS | 729 | ||
| YOLK SAC TUMORS (ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMORS) | 734 | ||
| EMBRYONAL CARCINOMAS | 740 | ||
| POLYEMBRYOMAS (POLYEMBRYONIC EMBRYOMAS) | 741 | ||
| CHORIOCARCINOMAS | 742 | ||
| TERATOMAS | 744 | ||
| MALIGNANT MIXED GERM CELL TUMORS | 768 | ||
| MIXED GERM CELL AND SEX CORD-STROMAL TUMORS (GONADAL ANLAGE TUMORS) | 770 | ||
| REFERENCES | 775 | ||
| CHAPTER 28: Ovarian lymphoid and hematopoietic neoplasms | 779 | ||
| LYMPHOMA | 779 | ||
| LEUKEMIA | 790 | ||
| REFERENCES | 793 | ||
| CHAPTER 29: Ovarian tumors: miscellaneous and metastatic | 795 | ||
| UNCLASSIFIED AND MISCELLANEOUS ‘EPITHELIAL’ TUMORS | 795 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS MESENCHYMAL TUMORS | 797 | ||
| MALIGNANT TUMORS METASTATIC TO THE OVARIES | 801 | ||
| REFERENCES | 824 | ||
| CHAPTER 30: Nidation and placenta | 829 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 829 | ||
| ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY | 829 | ||
| EXAMINATION OF THE PLACENTA | 833 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC LESIONS OF THE PLACENTA | 849 | ||
| REFERENCES | 859 | ||
| CHAPTER 31: Placenta – clinical scenarios | 863 | ||
| ECTOPIC PREGNANCY | 863 | ||
| EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS (SPONTANEOUS MISCARRIAGE) | 864 | ||
| MID TO LATE PREGNANCY LOSS | 866 | ||
| ABRUPTION | 866 | ||
| HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS | 868 | ||
| OTHER PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS EVALUATED IN THE CONTEXT OF IUGR | 870 | ||
| SICKLE CELL TRAIT AND DISEASE | 873 | ||
| TWIN PREGNANCY | 873 | ||
| PROLONGED PREGNANCY | 873 | ||
| MATERNAL INFECTIONS AND THE PLACENTA | 874 | ||
| REFERENCES | 878 | ||
| CHAPTER 32: Gestational trophoblastic disease | 881 | ||
| WHAT IS GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE? | 881 | ||
| TROPHOBLAST TYPES | 881 | ||
| TROPHOBLAST MARKERS | 881 | ||
| FEATURES OF GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASES | 884 | ||
| TYPES OF GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE | 885 | ||
| SUMMARY | 904 | ||
| REFERENCES | 904 | ||
| CHAPTER 33: The peritoneum | 909 | ||
| NORMAL PERITONEUM | 909 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY AND REACTIVE LESIONS | 909 | ||
| MÜLLERIANOSIS (MÜLLERIAN TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS) | 915 | ||
| TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS | 920 | ||
| MESOTHELIAL NEOPLASMS | 923 | ||
| SEROUS TUMORS (PRIMARY AND METASTATIC) | 928 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS PRIMARY TUMORS | 935 | ||
| METASTATIC TUMORS | 937 | ||
| REFERENCES | 940 | ||
| CHAPTER 34: Disorders of sexual development | 945 | ||
| DISORDERS OF GENITAL DIFFERENTIATION (DISORDERS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A NORMAL CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION AND NORMAL GONAD) | 945 | ||
| DISORDERS OF SEX DETERMINATION (DISORDERS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN ABNORMAL SEX CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION LEADING TO ABNORMAL GONADAL FORMATION) | 958 | ||
| REFERENCES | 975 | ||
| CHAPTER 35: Cutup – gross description and processing of specimens | 979 | ||
| GENERAL ASPECTS | 979 | ||
| VULVA | 982 | ||
| CERVIX | 984 | ||
| UTERINE CORPUS | 987 | ||
| FALLOPIAN TUBE | 991 | ||
| OVARY | 992 | ||
| FETUS AND PLACENTA | 994 | ||
| REFERENCES | 997 | ||
| CHAPTER 36: Immunohistochemical and functional biomarkers of value in female genital tract lesions | 999 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 999 | ||
| BROAD SPECTRUM DIFFERENTIATION MARKERS | 999 | ||
| NARROW SPECTRUM DIFFERENTIATION MARKERS | 1003 | ||
| MARKERS OF ALTERED FUNCTION IN DISEASE STATES | 1004 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1010 | ||
| Appendix A: FIGO staging rules of cancers of the female genital tract | 1015 | ||
| APPENDIX A1: CARCINOMA OF THE VULVA | 1015 | ||
| APPENDIX A2: CARCINOMA OF THE VAGINA | 1016 | ||
| APPENDIX A3: CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX | 1017 | ||
| APPENDIX A4: CARCINOMA OF THE ENDOMETRIUM | 1018 | ||
| APPENDIX A5: CARCINOMA OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE | 1020 | ||
| APPENDIX A6: CARCINOMA OF THE OVARY | 1021 | ||
| APPENDIX A7: CARCINOMA OF THE GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASES (GTD) | 1022 | ||
| Appendix B: Histologic classification of tumors and precursor conditions of the female genital tract | 1023 | ||
| Appendix C: Synoptic reports/checklists | 1033 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1033 | ||
| SECTION ON STAGING IN THE REPORT | 1033 | ||
| VULVAR CARCINOMA | 1033 | ||
| VAGINAL CARCINOMA | 1034 | ||
| CERVICAL MICROINVASIVE AND CARCINOMA | 1034 | ||
| ENDOMETRIAL CANCER (EXCLUDES STROMAL TUMORS) | 1035 | ||
| FALLOPIAN TUBE CARCINOMA | 1036 | ||
| OVARIAN CARCINOMA (EXCLUDING GERM CELL TUMORS) | 1036 | ||
| GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR | 1036 | ||
| REFERENCE | 1036 | ||
| Appendix D: Coding with SNOMED CT (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terminology) | 1037 | ||
| WHY CODE? WHY SNOMED? | 1038 | ||
| REFERENCE | 1039 | ||
| Appendix E: Abbreviations | 1041 | ||
| Index | 1045 |