Imaging in Neurology E-Book

Anne G. Osborn; Kathleen B. Digre

BOOK

Imaging in Neurology E-Book

Anne G. Osborn | Kathleen B. Digre

(2016)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-0-323-44829-1
Edition
Language: English
Pages: 450
Subjects: Architecture
Neurology & clinical neurophysiology
Radiology

Abstract

Written by two renowned leaders in neuroradiology and neurology, this unique reference is a high-level imaging resource ideal for today’s clinical neurologist or neuroscientist. Using straightforward, jargon-free prose, this book provides an overview of neurological disorders coupled with typical imaging findings — all designed for use at the point of care. You will be expertly guided throughout, from radiologic appearance and the significance of the imaging findings to the next appropriate steps in effective patient care.

Discusses radiologic appearances of common neurological diseases, their significance, and the next steps in patient care in a clear manner perfectly suited for neurologists or neuroscientists
Provides high-level information from both a neuroradiologist and a neurologist, making it a balanced and appropriate clinical reference for day-to-day neurology practice
Covers imaging in stroke, infectious disease, brain malformations, tumors, and more
Keeps you up-to-date with unusual emerging neurologic disorders, such as Susac syndrome, West Nile Virus, and IRIS

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Front Cover	Cover
Imaging in Neurology	iii
Copyright Page	iv
Tablel of Contents	xiv
Dedication	v
Contributing Authors	vi
Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
Sections	xiii
Chapter 1.\rIntroduction to Imaging	2
Introduction	2
Imaging Modalities	2
CT	2
MR	2
SPECT	3
PET	3
Ultrasound and Doppler	4
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)	4
Selected References	4
PART I: BRAIN	8
SECTION 1: Pathology-Based Diagnoses: Malformations, Trauma, and Stroke	8
Congenital Malformations	10
Chapter 2.\rCongenital Malformations Overview	10
General Imaging Approach to Brain Malformations	10
Brain Malformations	14
Chapter 3.\rChiari 1	14
Chapter 4.\rChiari 2	15
Chapter 5.\rCallosal Dysgenesis	16
Chapter 6.\rLipoma	17
Chapter 7.\rDandy-Walker Continuum	18
Chapter 8.\rSeptooptic Dysplasia	19
Chapter 9.\rHeterotopic Gray Matter	20
Chapter 10.\rPolymicrogyria	21
Chapter 11.\rSchizencephaly	22
Neurocutaneous Syndromes	23
Chapter 12.\rvon Hippel-Lindau Syndrome	23
Chapter 13.\rNeurofibromatosis Type 1	24
Chapter 14.\rNeurofibromatosis Type 2	25
Chapter 15.\rTuberous Sclerosis Complex	26
Chapter 16.\rSturge-Weber Syndrome	27
Chapter 17.\rHereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia	28
Chapter 18.\rLhermitte-Duclos Disease	29
Chapter 19.\rLi-Fraumeni Syndrome	30
Trauma	31
Chapter 20.\rIntroduction to CNS Imaging, Trauma	31
Approach to Head Trauma	31
Approach to Skull Base and Facial Trauma	31
Approach to Spine and Cord Trauma	32
Selected References	33
Primary Effects of CNS Trauma	37
Chapter 21.\rAcute Subdural Hematoma	37
Chapter 22.\rSubacute Subdural Hematoma	38
Chapter 23.\rChronic Subdural Hematoma	39
Chapter 24.\rEpidural Hematoma, Classic	40
Chapter 25.\rEpidural Hematoma, Variant	41
Chapter 26.\rAbusive Head Trauma	42
Chapter 27.\rTraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	43
Chapter 28.\rCerebral Contusion	44
Chapter 29.\rDiffuse Axonal Injury	45
Chapter 30.\rSubcortical Injury	46
Secondary Effects of CNS Trauma	47
Chapter 31.\rIntracranial Herniation Syndromes	47
Chapter 32.\rTraumatic Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction	48
Chapter 33.\rBrain Death	49
Chapter 34.\rSecond Impact Syndrome	50
Chapter 35.\rTraumatic Intracranial Arterial Dissection	51
Chapter 36.\rTraumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula	52
Chapter 37.\rChronic Traumatic Encephalopathy	53
Vascular Anatomy and Stroke	54
Vascular Anatomy	54
Chapter 38.\rIntracranial Arteries Overview	54
TERMINOLOGY	54
GROSS ANATOMY	54
IMAGING ANATOMY	54
ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES	54
Chapter 39.\rIntracranial Venous System Overview	60
TERMINOLOGY	60
GROSS ANATOMY	60
IMAGING ANATOMY	60
ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES	60
Chapter 40.\rStroke Overview	68
Introduction	68
Approach to Stroke Imaging	68
Ischemic Penumbra	69
CT Perfusion	69
Differential Diagnosis	69
Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage	74
Chapter 41.\rEvolution of Intracranial Hemorrhage	74
Chapter 42.\rSpontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage	75
Chapter 43.\rHypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage	76
Atherosclerosis and Carotid Stenosis	77
Chapter 44.\rArteriolosclerosis	77
Chapter 45.\rIntracranial Atherosclerosis	78
Chapter 46.\rExtracranial Atherosclerosis	79
Nonatheromatous Vasculopathy	80
Chapter 47.\rMoyamoya	80
Chapter 48.\rPrimary Arteritis of the CNS	81
Chapter 49.\rMiscellaneous Vasculitis	82
Chapter 50.\rReversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome	83
Chapter 51.\rVasospasm	84
Chapter 52.\rSystemic Lupus Erythematosus	85
Chapter 53.\rCerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA)	86
Chapter 54.\rCADASIL	87
Chapter 55. Behçet Disease	88
Chapter 56.\rSusac Syndrome	89
Chapter 57.\rFibromuscular Dysplasia	90
Chapter 58.\rExtracranial Internal Carotid Artery Dissection	91
Chapter 59.\rExtracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection	92
Cerebral Ischemia and Infarction	93
Chapter 60.\rAdult Hypoxic Ischemic Injury	93
Chapter 61.\rHypotensive Cerebral Infarction	94
Chapter 62.\rChildhood Stroke	95
Chapter 63.\rAcute Cerebral Ischemia-Infarction	96
Chapter 64.\rSubacute Cerebral Infarction	97
Chapter 65.\rChronic Cerebral Infarction	98
Chapter 66.\rMultiple Embolic Cerebral Infarctions	99
Chapter 67.\rFat Emboli Cerebral Infarction	100
Chapter 68.\rLacunar Infarction	101
Chapter 69.\rCerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome (CHS)	102
Chapter 70.\rDural Sinus Thrombosis	103
Chapter 71.\rCavernous Sinus Thrombosis/Thrombophlebitis	104
Chapter 72.\rCortical Venous Thrombosis	105
Chapter 73.\rDeep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis	106
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and\rAneurysms	107
Chapter 74.\rSubarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms Overview	107
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	107
Aneurysms and Arterial Ectasias	107
Chapter 75.\rAneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	109
Chapter 76.\rPerimesencephalic Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (pnSAH)	110
Chapter 77.\rConvexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (cSAH)	111
Chapter 78.\rSaccular Aneurysm	112
Chapter 79.\rVertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia	113
Chapter 80.\rAtherosclerotic Vascular Disease (ASVD) Fusiform Aneurysm	114
Vascular Malformations	115
Chapter 81.\rVascular Malformations Overview	115
General Considerations	115
Classification	115
Chapter 82.\rArteriovenous Malformation	117
Chapter 83.\rDural Arteriovenous Fistula	118
Chapter 84.\rDevelopmental Venous Anomaly	119
Chapter 85.\rCavernous Malformation	120
Chapter 86.\rCapillary Telangiectasia	121
SECTION 2:\rPathology-Based Diagnoses: Neoplasms, Cysts, and Disorders	122
Neoplasms	124
Chapter 87.\rNeoplasms Overview	124
Introduction	124
Classification/Grading of CNS Neoplasms	124
Astrocytomas	128
Chapter 88.\rLow-Grade Diffuse Astrocytoma	128
Chapter 89.\rAnaplastic Astrocytoma	129
Chapter 90.\rPilocytic Astrocytoma	130
Chapter 91.\rGlioblastoma	131
Chapter 92.\rGliomatosis Cerebri	132
Nonastrocytic Gliomas	133
Chapter 93.\rOligodendroglioma	133
Chapter 94.\rAnaplastic Oligodendroglioma	134
Chapter 95.\rInfratentorial Ependymoma	135
Chapter 96.\rSubependymoma	136
Chapter 97.\rTypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma	137
Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors	138
Chapter 98.\rGanglioglioma	138
Chapter 99.\rDysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)	139
Chapter 100.\rCentral Neurocytoma	140
Pineal and Germ Cell Tumors	141
Chapter 101.\rPineocytoma	141
Chapter 102.\rPineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation (PPTID)	142
Chapter 103.\rGerminoma	143
Miscellaneous Primary Tumors	144
Chapter 104.\rMedulloblastoma	144
Chapter 105.\rHemangioblastoma	145
Chapter 106.\rPrimary CNS Lymphoma	146
Chapter 107.\rIntravascular (Angiocentric) Lymphoma	147
Chapter 108.\rLeukemia	148
Metastatic Tumors and Remote Effects of Cancer	149
Chapter 109.\rParenchymal Metastases	149
Chapter 110.\rMiscellaneous Intracranial Metastases	150
Chapter 111.\rMetastatic Intracranial Lymphoma	151
Chapter 112.\rParaneoplastic Syndromes and Limbic Encephalitis	152
Treatment-Related Effects	153
Chapter 113.\rRadiation and Chemotherapy	153
Chapter 114.\rPseudoprogression (PsP)	154
Chapter 115.\rPseudoresponse	155
Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts	156
Chapter 115.\rPrimary Nonneoplastic Cysts Overview	156
General Approach to Brain Cysts	156
Anatomy-Based Approach to Brain Cysts	156
Selected References	157
Chapter 116.\rArachnoid Cyst	160
Chapter 117.\rColloid Cyst	161
Chapter 118.\rDermoid Cyst	162
Chapter 119.\rEpidermoid Cyst	163
Chapter 120.\rHippocampal Sulcus Remnant Cysts	164
Chapter 121.\rEnlarged Perivascular Spaces	165
Chapter 122.\rPineal Cyst	166
Chapter 123.\rChoroid Plexus Cyst	167
Chapter 124.\rPorencephalic Cyst	168
Infectious, Inflammatory, and\rDemyelinating Disease	169
Infections	169
Chapter 125.\rCNS Infectious Disease Overview	169
Overview of CNS Infections	169
Congenital/Neonatal Infections	169
Acquired Infectious/Inflammatory Diseases	169
Chapter 126.\rMeningitis	171
Chapter 127.\rAbscess	172
Chapter 128.\rVentriculitis	173
Chapter 129.\rEmpyema	174
Chapter 130.\rHerpes Encephalitis	175
Chapter 131.\rHHV-6 Encephalitis	176
Chapter 132.\rWest Nile Virus Encephalitis	177
Chapter 133.\rMiscellaneous Encephalitis	178
Chapter 134.\rCerebellitis	179
Chapter 135.\rTuberculosis	180
Chapter 136.\rNeurocysticercosis	181
Chapter 137.\rLyme Disease	182
Chapter 138.\rAcquired HIV Encephalitis	183
Chapter 139.\rAcquired Toxoplasmosis	184
Chapter 140.\rAcquired CMV	185
Chapter 141.\rFungal Infections	186
Chapter 142.\rCryptococcosis	187
Chapter 143.\rProgressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)	188
Chapter 144.\rImmune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)	189
Chapter 145.\rHIV/AIDS, Miscellaneous Manifestations	190
Demyelinating Disorders	191
Chapter 146.\rMultiple Sclerosis	191
Chapter 147.\rNeuromyelitis Optica	192
Chapter 148.\rAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)	193
Chapter 149.\rCLIPPERS	194
Inherited Metabolic/Degenerative\rDisorders	195
Chapter 150.\rInherited Metabolic Disorders Overview	195
Overview	195
First Analysis: White vs. Gray Matter	195
Gray Matter Disorders	195
White Matter Disorders	196
Disorders Affecting Gray and White Matter	196
Chapter 151.\rLeigh Syndrome	199
Chapter 152.\rMELAS	200
Chapter 153.\rKearns-Sayre Syndrome	201
Chapter 154.\rMucopolysaccharidoses	202
Chapter 155.\rMetachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD)	203
Chapter 156.\rFabry Disease	204
Chapter 157.\rX-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy	205
Chapter 158.\rCanavan Disease	206
Chapter 159.\rAlexander Disease	207
Chapter 160.\rNeurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA)	208
Chapter 161.\rPantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN)	209
Chapter 162.\rHuntington Disease	210
Chapter 163.\rWilson Disease	211
Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/\rDegenerative Disorders	212
Chapter 164.\rAcquired Toxic/Metabolic Disorders Overview	212
Approach to Toxic and Metabolic Disorders	212
Imaging Anatomy	212
Pathologic Issues	212
Differential Diagnosis	212
Selected References	213
Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases\rWith CNS Manifestations	216
Chapter 165.\rAdult Hypoglycemia	216
Chapter 166.\rThyroid Disorders	217
Chapter 167.\rParathyroid Disorders	218
Chapter 168.\rFahr Disease	219
Chapter 169.\rAlcoholic Encephalopathy	220
Chapter 170.\rHepatic Encephalopathy	221
Chapter 171.\rAcute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)	222
Chapter 172.\rChronic Hypertensive Encephalopathy	223
Chapter 173.\rIdiopathic Intracranial Hypertension	224
Chapter 174.\rCarbon Monoxide Poisoning	225
Chapter 175.\rDrug Abuse	226
Chapter 176.\rOsmotic Demyelination Syndrome	227
Chapter 177.\rMesial Temporal Sclerosis	228
Chapter 178.\rStatus Epilepticus	229
Chapter 179.\rTransient Global Amnesia (TGA)	230
Dementias and Degenerative Disorders	231
Chapter 180.\rNormal Aging Brain	231
Chapter 181.\rAlzheimer Disease	232
Chapter 182.\rVascular Dementia	233
Chapter 183.\rFrontotemporal Lobar Degeneration	234
Chapter 184.\rDementia With Lewy Bodies	235
Chapter 185.\rCreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Classic	236
Chapter 186.\rCreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variants	237
Chapter 187.\rParkinson Disease	238
Chapter 188.\rMultiple System Atrophy	239
Chapter 189.\rPosterior Cortical Atrophy	240
Chapter 190.\rCorticobasal Degeneration	241
Chapter 191.\rProgressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)	242
Chapter 192.\rAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)	243
Chapter 193.\rWallerian Degeneration	244
Chapter 194.\rSpinocerebellar Ataxias	245
Chapter 195.\rCrossed Cerebellar Diaschisis	246
Chapter 196.\rHypertrophic Olivary Degeneration	247
SECTION 3:\rAnatomy-Based Diagnoses	248
Ventricles and Cisterns	250
Chapter 197.\rVentricles and Cisterns Overview	250
Gross and Imaging Anatomy	250
Imaging Recommendations	251
Differential Diagnosis Approach	251
Chapter 198.\rCavum Septi Pellucidi (CSP)	256
Chapter 199.\rIntraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus	257
Chapter 200.\rExtraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus	258
Chapter 201.\rAqueductal Stenosis	259
Chapter 202.\rNormal Pressure Hydrocephalus	260
Chapter 203.\rCSF Shunts and Complications	261
Sella and Pituitary	262
Chapter 204.\rSella and Pituitary Overview	262
Gross Anatomy	262
Imaging Recommendations	262
Imaging Anatomy	262
Differential Diagnosis Approach	262
Suprasellar Lesions	263
Infundibular Stalk Lesions	263
Chapter 205.\rPituitary Anomalies	266
Chapter 206.\rPituitary Microadenoma	267
Chapter 207.\rPituitary Macroadenoma	268
Chapter 208.\rPituitary Apoplexy	269
Chapter 209.\rRathke Cleft Cyst	270
Chapter 210.\rCraniopharyngioma	271
Chapter 211.\rEmpty Sella	272
Chapter 212.\rPituitary Hyperplasia	273
Chapter 213. Lymphocytic Hypophysitis	274
Cerebellopontine Angle and Internal\rAuditory Canal (CPA-IAC)	275
Chapter 214.\rCPA-IAC Overview	275
Terminology	275
Embryology	275
Imaging Anatomy of Cochlea, IAC, and CPA	275
Imaging Techniques & Indications	275
Approaches to Imaging Issues of CPA-IAC	276
Selected References	276
Chapter 215.\rEpidermoid Cyst, CPA-IAC	279
Chapter 216.\rArachnoid Cyst, CPA-IAC	280
Chapter 217.\rBell's Palsy	281
Chapter 218.\rTrigeminal Neuralgia	282
Chapter 219.\rHemifacial Spasm	283
Chapter 220.\rVestibular Schwannoma	284
Chapter 221.\rNonvestibular Schwannoma	285
Chapter 222.\rMeningioma, CPA-IAC	286
Chapter 223.\rMetastases, CPA-IAC	287
Skull, Scalp, and Meninges	288
Chapter 224.\rSkull, Scalp, and Meninges Overview	288
Overview	288
Scalp	288
Skull Vault (Calvaria)	288
Meninges	288
Differential Diagnosis	288
Nonneoplastic Disorders	292
Chapter 225.\rIntracranial Hypotension	292
Chapter 226.\rSkull Base CSF Leak	293
Chapter 227.\rIntracranial Idiopathic Inflammatory Pseudotumor	294
Chapter 228.\rIgG4-Related Disease	295
Chapter 229.\rFibrous Dysplasia	296
Chapter 230.\rPaget Disease	297
Chapter 231.\rThick Skull	298
Chapter 232.\rLangerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain	299
Chapter 233.\rNeurosarcoid	300
Chapter 234.\rTrichilemmal Cyst	301
Neoplasms	302
Chapter 235.\rMeningioma	302
Chapter 236.\rAtypical and Malignant Meningioma	303
Chapter 237.\rCalvarial Hemangioma	304
Chapter 238.\rMyeloma	305
Chapter 239.\rSkull and Meningeal Metastases	306
Eye, Orbit, and Optic Nerve	307
Overview	307
Chapter 240.\rOrbit Overview	307
Imaging Approach & Indications	307
Imaging Anatomy	307
Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues	308
Imaging Protocols	308
Pathologic Issues: Vascular Malformations	308
Selected References	308
Nonneoplastic Disorders	311
Chapter 241.\rOptic Neuritis	311
Chapter 242.\rThyroid Ophthalmopathy	312
Chapter 243.\rOrbital Idiopathic Inflammatory Pseudotumor	313
Neoplasms	314
Chapter 244.\rOptic Pathway Glioma	314
Chapter 245.\rOptic Nerve Sheath Meningioma	315
PART II: SPINE	317
SECTION 1: Normal Anatomy and Congenital Disorders	317
Anatomy	318
Chapter 246.\rNormal Spine Anatomy	318
Imaging Anatomy	318
Chapter 247.\rApproach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development	324
Terminology	324
Imaging Protocols	324
Embryology	324
Selected References	326
Malformations, Congenital Disorders, and Scoliosis	332
Chapter 248.\rMyelomeningocele	332
Chapter 249.\rDorsal Dermal Sinus	333
Chapter 250.\rSimple Coccygeal Dimple	334
Chapter 251.\rTethered Spinal Cord	335
Chapter 252.\rKlippel-Feil Spectrum	336
Chapter 253. Dural Dysplasia	337
Chapter 254.\rNeurofibromatosis Type 1	338
Chapter 255.\rNeurofibromatosis Type 2	339
Chapter 256.\rAchondroplasia	340
Chapter 257.\rKyphosis	341
Chapter 258.\rScoliosis	342
Chapter 259.\rDegenerative Scoliosis	343
SECTION 2:\rTrauma and Hemorrhage	345
Chapter 260.\rCentral Spinal Cord Syndrome	346
Chapter 261.\rPosttraumatic Syrinx	347
Chapter 262.\rSpinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma	348
Chapter 263.\rSpontaneous Epidural Hematoma	349
Chapter 264. Subdural Hematoma	350
Chapter 265.\rSubarachnoid Hemorrhage	351
SECTION 3:\rDegenerative Diseases and Arthritides	353
Spine Degenerations	354
Chapter 266.\rNomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease	354
Disc Degeneration	354
Bulge vs. Herniation	354
Degenerative Endplate Changes	355
Selected References	355
Chapter 267.\rDegenerative Disc Disease	358
Chapter 268.\rDisc Bulge	359
Chapter 269.\rCervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation	360
Chapter 270.\rThoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation	361
Chapter 271.\rLumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation	362
Chapter 272.\rIntervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal	363
Chapter 273.\rCervical Facet Arthropathy	364
Chapter 274.\rLumbar Facet Arthropathy	365
Chapter 275.\rSchmorl Node	366
Chapter 276.\rScheuermann Disease	367
Chapter 277.\rAcquired Lumbar Central Stenosis	368
Chapter 278.\rCongenital Spinal Stenosis	369
Chapter 279.\rCervical Spondylosis	370
Chapter 280.\rDiffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)	371
Chapter 281.\rOssification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL)	372
Spondylolisthesis and Spondylolysis	373
Chapter 282.\rSpondylolisthesis	373
Chapter 283.\rSpondylolysis	374
Inflammatory, Crystalline, and Miscellaneous Arthritides	375
Chapter 284.\rAdult Rheumatoid Arthritis	375
Chapter 285.\rCalcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition (CPPD)	376
Chapter 286.\rAnkylosing Spondylitis	377
SECTION 4:\rInfection and Inflammatory Disorders	379
Infections	380
Chapter 287.\rPathways of Spread of Infection	380
Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues	380
Pathologic Issues	380
Clinical Implications	381
Differential Diagnosis	381
Selected References	381
Chapter 288.\rSpinal Meningitis	384
Chapter 289.\rTuberculous Osteomyelitis	385
Chapter 290.\rParaspinal Abscess	386
Chapter 291.\rEpidural Abscess	387
Chapter 292.\rSubdural Abscess	388
Chapter 293.\rViral Myelitis	389
Chapter 294.\rHIV Myelitis	390
Chapter 295.\rOpportunistic Infections	391
Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders	392
Chapter 296.\rAcute Transverse Myelopathy	392
Chapter 297.\rIdiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis	393
Chapter 298.\rMultiple Sclerosis	394
Chapter 299.\rNeuromyelitis Optica	395
Chapter 300.\rAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)	396
Chapter 301.\rAcute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)	397
Chapter 302.\rChronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)	398
Chapter 303.\rSarcoidosis	399
Chapter 304.\rSubacute Combined Degeneration	400
Chapter 305.\rParaneoplastic Myelopathy	401
SECTION 5:\rNeoplasms, Cysts, and Other Masses	402
Neoplasms	404
Chapter 306.\rSpread of Neoplasms	404
Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues	404
Pathologic Issues	404
Clinical Implications	405
Selected References	405
Extradural	408
Chapter 307.\rBlastic Osseous Metastases	408
Chapter 308.\rLytic Osseous Metastases	409
Chapter 309.\rHemangioma	410
Chapter 310.\rLymphoma	411
Chapter 311.\rLeukemia	412
Chapter 312.\rPlasmacytoma	413
Chapter 313.\rMultiple Myeloma	414
Intradural Extramedullary	415
Chapter 314.\rSchwannoma	415
Chapter 315.\rMeningioma	416
Chapter 316.\rNeurofibroma	417
Chapter 317.\rMetastases, CSF Disseminated	418
Intramedullary	419
Chapter 318.\rAstrocytoma	419
Chapter 319.\rClassic Ependymoma	420
Chapter 320.\rMyxopapillary Ependymoma	421
Chapter 321.\rSpinal Cord Metastases	422
Neoplasms and Treatment-Related Effects	423
Chapter 322.\rRadiation Myelopathy	423
Chapter 323.\rPostirradiation Vertebral Marrow	424
Chapter 324.\rAnterior Lumbar Radiculopathy	425
Nonneoplastic Cysts and Tumor Mimics	426
Cysts	426
Chapter 325.\rCSF Flow Artifact	426
Chapter 326.\rPerineural Root Sleeve Cyst	427
Nonneoplastic Masses and Tumor Mimics	428
Chapter 327.\rEpidural Lipomatosis	428
Chapter 328.\rNormal Fatty Marrow Variants	429
Chapter 329.\rIgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis	430
Vascular and Systemic Disorders	431
Vascular Lesions	431
Chapter 330.\rVascular Anatomy	431
Terminology	431
Imaging Anatomy	431
Embryology	432
Selected References	432
Chapter 331.\rType 1 Vascular Malformation (dAVF)	437
Chapter 332.\rSpinal Cord Infarction	438
Spinal Manifestations of Systemic Diseases	439
Chapter 333.\rOsteoporosis	439
SECTION 6:\rPeripheral Nerve and Plexi	441
Chapter 334.\rNormal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy	442
Terminology	442
Imaging Anatomy	442
Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues	442
Clinical Implications	443
Differential Diagnosis	443
Selected References	443
Chapter 335.\rSuperior Sulcus Tumor	448
Chapter 336.\rThoracic Outlet Syndrome	449
Chapter 337.\rMuscle Denervation	450
Chapter 338.\rBrachial Plexus Traction Injury	451
Chapter 339.\rIdiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis	452
Chapter 340.\rHypertrophic Neuropathy	453
Chapter 341.\rFemoral Neuropathy	454
Chapter 342.\rUlnar Neuropathy	455
Chapter 343.\rSuprascapular Neuropathy	456
Chapter 344.\rMedian Neuropathy	457
Chapter 345.\rCommon Peroneal Neuropathy	458
Chapter 346.\rTibial Neuropathy	459
Radiology Abbreviation Index	R-A-I-i
INDEX	I-i

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