BOOK
Study Guide and Laboratory Exercises for Technology for Diagnostic Sonography - E-Book
Wayne R. Hedrick | Paul R. Wagner
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Gain a firm foundation for sonography practice! Corresponding to the chapters in Hedrick's Technology for Diagnostic Sonography, this study guide focuses on basic concepts to help you master sonography physics and instrumentation. It includes laboratory exercises designed to teach you how to operate a scanner, and comprehensive review questions allow you to assess your knowledge. Not only will you learn the theoretical knowledge that is the basis for ultrasound scanning, but also the practical skills necessary for clinical practice.
- Laboratory exercises teach you the function of operator controls and how to optimize image quality and practice ALARA, and include step-by-step instructions for scanner operation, for hands-on application and practice.
- 250 review questions help you assess your understanding of sonography physics and instrumentation, and identify areas of knowledge that may need further study.
- Key Points at the beginning of each chapter emphasize the most important sonography principles that you need to understand and apply.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Study Guide and Laboratory Exercises Technology for Diagnosticsonography | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Acknowledgments | vi | ||
| Table of Contents | vii | ||
| Section I: Sonography Principles | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Properties of Sound Waves | 2 | ||
| Sound waves | 2 | ||
| Properties of sound-propagation media | 3 | ||
| Frequency, wavelength, and velocity | 3 | ||
| Sound transmission | 3 | ||
| Chapter 2: Interactions | 5 | ||
| Specular Reflection | 5 | ||
| Diffuse reflection | 5 | ||
| Scattering | 6 | ||
| Reflectivity | 6 | ||
| Refraction | 6 | ||
| Divergence and diffraction | 6 | ||
| Interference | 6 | ||
| Absorption | 6 | ||
| Attenuation | 7 | ||
| Echo ranging | 7 | ||
| Chapter 3: Intensity and Power | 10 | ||
| Measurement of intensity | 10 | ||
| Intensity descriptors | 10 | ||
| Power | 11 | ||
| Attenuation | 11 | ||
| Decibel | 11 | ||
| Intensity loss | 12 | ||
| Echo intensity | 12 | ||
| Chapter 4: Single-Element Transducers... | 15 | ||
| Transducer basics | 15 | ||
| Piezoelectric properties | 15 | ||
| Transducer construction | 15 | ||
| Pulsed-wave output | 16 | ||
| Transducer descriptors | 17 | ||
| Composite piezoelectric materials | 17 | ||
| Chapter 5: Single-Element Transducers: Transmission and Echo Reception | 21 | ||
| Axial resolution | 21 | ||
| Lateral resolution | 21 | ||
| Ultrasonic field | 21 | ||
| Focusing | 22 | ||
| Transmit power | 23 | ||
| Reception | 23 | ||
| Signal processing | 23 | ||
| A-Mode display | 23 | ||
| Dynamic range | 23 | ||
| Noise | 24 | ||
| Chapter 6: Static Imaging | 26 | ||
| A-Mode scanning | 26 | ||
| Static B-Mode imaging | 26 | ||
| Chapter 7: Image Formation in Real-Time Imaging | 29 | ||
| Basic principles | 29 | ||
| Analog-to-digital conversion | 30 | ||
| Spatial representation | 30 | ||
| Image display | 30 | ||
| Time considerations | 30 | ||
| Beam width | 30 | ||
| Lateral resolution | 31 | ||
| Temporal resolution | 31 | ||
| Chapter 8: Real-Time Ultrasound Transducers | 33 | ||
| Mechanical sectors | 33 | ||
| Linear arrays | 33 | ||
| Curvilinear arrays | 35 | ||
| Phased arrays | 36 | ||
| Compound linear (vector) arrays | 36 | ||
| Annular phased arrays | 36 | ||
| 1.5D Linear arrays | 37 | ||
| Hanafy lens | 37 | ||
| Two-dimensional (2D) arrays | 37 | ||
| Transducer design | 38 | ||
| Chapter 9: Real-Time Ultrasound Instrumentation | 41 | ||
| B-Mode Acquisition | 41 | ||
| Operator Controls | 42 | ||
| Coherent Image Formation | 43 | ||
| Multiple-Frequency Imaging | 43 | ||
| Confocal Imaging | 43 | ||
| Dynamic Frequency Filtering | 43 | ||
| Frequency Compounding (Frequency Fusion) | 43 | ||
| Spatial Compounding | 43 | ||
| Extended Field of View | 43 | ||
| Coded Excitation | 44 | ||
| Zone Sonography | 44 | ||
| Tissue Harmonic Imaging | 44 | ||
| Elastography | 45 | ||
| 3D Ultrasound | 45 | ||
| 4D Ultrasound | 45 | ||
| Chapter 10: Digital Signal and Image Processing | 47 | ||
| Signal amplification | 47 | ||
| Reject control | 47 | ||
| Compression | 47 | ||
| Edge enhancement | 47 | ||
| Scan conversion | 47 | ||
| Matrix format | 47 | ||
| Display | 48 | ||
| Chapter 11: Image Quality | 50 | ||
| Image texture | 50 | ||
| Descriptors of image quality | 50 | ||
| Axial resolution | 50 | ||
| Lateral resolution | 50 | ||
| Slice thickness | 51 | ||
| Contrast resolution | 51 | ||
| Noise | 51 | ||
| Geometric distortion | 52 | ||
| Artifacts | 52 | ||
| Temporal resolution | 52 | ||
| Chapter 12: Image Artifacts | 54 | ||
| Description | 54 | ||
| Spatial mapping of echoes | 54 | ||
| Partial volume | 54 | ||
| Enhancement | 54 | ||
| Shadowing | 54 | ||
| Banding | 55 | ||
| Reverberation | 55 | ||
| Comet tail | 55 | ||
| Ring down | 55 | ||
| Mirror image | 55 | ||
| Refraction (misregistration) | 56 | ||
| Refraction (defocusing) | 56 | ||
| Ghost image | 56 | ||
| Side lobe | 56 | ||
| Range ambiguity | 56 | ||
| Velocity error | 56 | ||
| Chapter 13: Doppler Physics and Instrumentation | 59 | ||
| Doppler effect | 59 | ||
| Continuous-wave doppler | 60 | ||
| Pulsed-wave doppler | 60 | ||
| Aliasing | 60 | ||
| Directional methods | 60 | ||
| Duplex scanners | 61 | ||
| Chapter 14: Doppler Spectral Analysis | 63 | ||
| Complex doppler signal | 63 | ||
| Fast fourier transform | 63 | ||
| Power spectrum | 63 | ||
| Doppler spectral waveform | 63 | ||
| Aliasing | 64 | ||
| Limitations of spectral analysis | 64 | ||
| Power spectrum descriptors | 64 | ||
| Disturbed flow | 65 | ||
| Chapter 15: Doppler Imaging | 67 | ||
| Image formation | 67 | ||
| Color doppler imaging | 67 | ||
| Color doppler operator controls | 67 | ||
| Power doppler imaging | 68 | ||
| Image quality | 68 | ||
| Color doppler imaging artifacts | 68 | ||
| Chapter 16: M-Mode Scanning | 70 | ||
| Scan format | 70 | ||
| M-mode with B-mode imaging | 70 | ||
| Color M-mode imaging | 70 | ||
| Operator controls | 70 | ||
| Chapter 17: Clinical Safety | 73 | ||
| Synopsis | 73 | ||
| Mechanisms of biologic damage | 73 | ||
| Types of biologic damage | 73 | ||
| Epidemiologic studies | 74 | ||
| Output display standard (ODS) | 74 | ||
| Thermal mechanism | 74 | ||
| Thermal index | 74 | ||
| Mechanical index | 75 | ||
| Indications of risk | 75 | ||
| Risks versus benefits | 75 | ||
| American institute of ultrasound in medicine (AIUM) | 75 | ||
| Clinical guidelines | 75 | ||
| Chapter 18: Performance Testing | 77 | ||
| Phantoms | 77 | ||
| Performance testing | 77 | ||
| Dead zone | 77 | ||
| Vertical distance accuracy | 78 | ||
| Horizontal distance accuracy | 78 | ||
| Lateral resolution | 78 | ||
| Focal zone | 79 | ||
| Axial resolution | 79 | ||
| Sensitivity | 80 | ||
| Uniformity | 80 | ||
| Cyst size, shape, fill-in | 80 | ||
| Solid mass size and shape | 80 | ||
| Slice thickness | 80 | ||
| Contrast detail | 81 | ||
| Hard copy image recording | 81 | ||
| Purpose of quality control | 81 | ||
| Quality control for B-mode scanners | 81 | ||
| Answers to End of Chapter Questions | 85 | ||
| Appendix A | 91 | ||
| Computer Hardware | 91 | ||
| Software | 92 | ||
| Computer Operation | 92 | ||
| Overview of the Picture Archiving and Communication System | 92 | ||
| Objectives of the Picture Archiving and Communication System | 92 | ||
| Topology | 92 | ||
| Data Transmission | 92 | ||
| Interface | 92 | ||
| Data Archive | 92 | ||
| Workstations | 93 | ||
| Security | 93 | ||
| Quality Control (QC) | 93 | ||
| Summary of the Advantages of the Picture Archiving and Communications System | 93 | ||
| Summary of the Disadvantages of the Picture Archiving and Communication System | 93 | ||
| Appendix B | 96 | ||
| Hemodynamic Characteristics of Blood | 96 | ||
| Arterial Blood Flow: Velocity Profiles | 97 | ||
| Pressure-Flow Relationship | 97 | ||
| Intravascular Pressure | 97 | ||
| Fluid Energy and Bernoulli's Principle | 97 | ||
| Conduit Vessels and Resistance Vessels | 97 | ||
| Modifications of Velocity Profile | 98 | ||
| Obstruction | 98 | ||
| Velocity Profiles in the Vicinity of a Stenosis | 99 | ||
| Venous Function | 99 | ||
| Venous Pressure | 99 | ||
| Appendix C | 101 | ||
| Techniques | 101 | ||
| Types of Contrast Agents | 101 | ||
| Microbubbles | 101 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 101 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 102 | ||
| Section II: Laboratory Exercises | 103 | ||
| Introduction to Laboratory Exercises | 104 | ||
| Lab 1: Display Depth, Frame Rate, Freeze Frame, and Cine Loop | 105 | ||
| Objectives | 105 | ||
| Display Depth | 105 | ||
| Option | 105 | ||
| Explore | 105 | ||
| Document | 105 | ||
| Option | 106 | ||
| Section III: Review Questions | 161 | ||
| Review Questions | 162 | ||
| Answers for Review Questions | 178 | ||
| Glossary | 188 |