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Book Details
Abstract
Electrotherapy Explained is an excellent research-based exploration of the major types of electrophysical agents used in clinical practice, particularly human and also animal. For the fourth edition, two new authors join the writing team, presenting the latest information for today's clinicians. The text has been completely updated with a major rewrite of the material, particularly that on electrical stimulation. This book continues to focus on evidence: clinical and biophysical evidence that affects how and which electrotherapies may be of use clinically and when. The inclusion of biophysics as well as clinical evidence and principles of application, enables clinicians to move away from traditional ‘recipe-based' approaches and rely more on their own clinical reasoning. The focus remains on humans but the relevance of the principles for using and applying different modalities is explained clearly, providing guidelines for clinicians across disciplines and specialties.
- Up to date research detailing the evidence both supportive and deprecatory for the use of each modality
- Written by experts from biophysics and the clinical domains
- Comprehensive and well referenced
- Clear and well chosen illustrations elucidate the text
- Text boxes and summary sections help to break down what is sometimes a complex subject into manageable and memorable chunks
- Contraindications and risks have been updated in light of the most recent research
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Three books for the price of one - the website (http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780750688437) contains the entire texts of 'Physical Principles Explained' by Low and Reed, and 'Biophysical Bases of Electrotherapy' by Ward. The text directs readers to the website for further reading at relevant points
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Electrotherapy Explained: Principles and Practice | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface to the fourth edition | ix | ||
| Preface to the first edition | xi | ||
| Chapter 1. Introduction | 1 | ||
| WHAT IS ELECTROTHERAPY? | 1 | ||
| EXOGENOUS ENERGY AND THE SKIN | 3 | ||
| CHAPTER OUTLINES | 4 | ||
| GENERAL STRUCTURE OF MOST CHAPTERS AND COMMON ISSUES | 5 | ||
| EVALUATING EPAS | 10 | ||
| ISSUES IN OBTAINING EVIDENCE | 13 | ||
| COMPARISONS | 13 | ||
| THE FUTURE FOR EPAS | 13 | ||
| References | 14 | ||
| Chapter 2. Background biophysics and physiology | 17 | ||
| THE SKIN AS A BARRIER | 18 | ||
| CELLS | 18 | ||
| THE NERVE IMPULSE OR ACTION POTENTIAL | 20 | ||
| ACTIVATION OF MUSCLE FIBRES | 25 | ||
| ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS OF OTHER CELLS AND TISSUES | 25 | ||
| THE HEALING PROCESS | 27 | ||
| HEALING OF AVASCULAR TISSUES | 34 | ||
| THE APPLICATION OF ENERGY TO THE BODY FOR THERAPY | 37 | ||
| ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE | 41 | ||
| References | 42 | ||
| Chapter 3. Electrical stimulation – currents and parameters | 45 | ||
| USING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION CLINICALLY | 47 | ||
| ELECTRODES | 50 | ||
| EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS | 62 | ||
| DIFFERENT TYPES OF CURRENTS | 72 | ||
| TENS | 80 | ||
| FES | 85 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Chapter 4. Effects of electrical stimulation | 89 | ||
| VOLUNTARY VERSUS ELECTRICALLY INDUCED CONTRACTIONS | 89 | ||
| TYPE OF CURRENT AND IMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS | 95 | ||
| CURRENT FLOW IN TISSUE | 112 | ||
| References | 115 | ||
| Chapter 5. Motor electrical stimulation | 119 | ||
| MOTOR STIMULATION | 120 | ||
| ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF INNERVATED MUSCLE | 126 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF MOTOR STIMULATION | 133 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION (FES) | 138 | ||
| ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF DENERVATED MUSCLE | 144 | ||
| METHODS OF APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND DOSAGE | 154 | ||
| References | 160 | ||
| Chapter 6. Sensory stimulation and other uses | 167 | ||
| SENSORY STIMULATION | 167 | ||
| CENTRAL EXCITABILITY | 168 | ||
| PAIN | 168 | ||
| PAIN CONTROL WITH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION | 177 | ||
| REAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PAIN | 179 | ||
| CLINICAL STUDIES AND EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS | 180 | ||
| SPASTICITY | 192 | ||
| IONTOPHORESIS | 193 | ||
| OTHER | 196 | ||
| THE FUTURE | 202 | ||
| References | 202 | ||
| Chapter 7. Risk management | 209 | ||
| RISKS WITH DIFFERENT EPAS | 209 | ||
| USING MAINS-POWERED EPA EQUIPMENT | 211 | ||
| INFECTION CONTROL WITH EPAS | 218 | ||
| References | 220 | ||
| Chapter 8. Biofeedback | 221 | ||
| SIGNALS USED CLINICALLY FOR BIOFEEDBACK | 223 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF USING BIOFEEDBACK CLINICALLY | 224 | ||
| USES OF BIOFEEDBACK | 229 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF BIOFEEDBACK | 238 | ||
| BIOFEEDBACK EQUIPMENT | 239 | ||
| EMG AND ELECTRICAL STIMULATION | 245 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 246 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| Chapter 9. Ultrasound | 251 | ||
| THE NATURE OF SONIC WAVES | 252 | ||
| PRODUCTION OF THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND | 254 | ||
| TRANSMISSION OF SONIC WAVES | 258 | ||
| PULSED ULTRASOUND | 265 | ||
| PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND | 266 | ||
| DISCUSSION OF THERAPEUTIC USES | 272 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION | 277 | ||
| DOSAGE | 284 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS AND RISKS | 291 | ||
| PHONOPHORESIS | 295 | ||
| LONGWAVE ULTRASOUND | 297 | ||
| COMBINATION THERAPY | 298 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND | 298 | ||
| References | 305 | ||
| Chapter 10. Heat and cold | 313 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 313 | ||
| THERMAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS | 319 | ||
| THERMAL REGULATION | 324 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON BODY TISSUES | 328 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF LOCAL TISSUE HEATING | 332 | ||
| SITES OF TISSUE HEATING | 336 | ||
| TISSUE DAMAGE DUE TO EXCESS LOCAL HEAT – BURNS | 337 | ||
| References | 339 | ||
| Chapter 11. Therapeutic conduction heating | 341 | ||
| THE EFFECTS OF CONDUCTION HEATING | 341 | ||
| PARAFFIN WAX BATHS | 344 | ||
| HOT PACKS | 347 | ||
| HYDROCOLLATOR PACKS | 348 | ||
| CONTRAST BATHS | 348 | ||
| HYDROTHERAPY | 349 | ||
| WHIRLPOOL BATHS | 350 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS TO TREATMENTS WITH HOT WATER | 350 | ||
| HEATED AIR TREATMENT | 351 | ||
| ELECTRIC HEATING PADS | 352 | ||
| HEATING AND COOLING APPARATUS | 352 | ||
| THE EFFECTS OF SUPERFICIAL HEAT ON TISSUES | 352 | ||
| THE THERAPEUTIC USES OF SUPERFICIAL HEATING | 354 | ||
| References | 355 | ||
| Chapter 12. Cold therapy | 357 | ||
| EFFECTS OF COOLING THE SKIN | 357 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES | 359 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC USES OF COOLING | 365 | ||
| METHODS OF APPLYING COLD THERAPY | 370 | ||
| CHOOSING BETWEEN HEAT AND COLD | 377 | ||
| DANGERS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS | 378 | ||
| References | 380 | ||
| Chapter 13. Electromagnetic fields: shortwave | 385 | ||
| NATURE | 386 | ||
| SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY APPARATUS | 387 | ||
| INDUCTION OF HIGH-FREQUENCY CURRENTS IN TISSUES | 389 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND THERAPEUTIC USES OF SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY | 391 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION | 393 | ||
| DOSAGE | 402 | ||
| POTENTIAL DANGERS | 403 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS TO SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY | 407 | ||
| PULSED SHORTWAVE | 408 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PULSED SHORTWAVE | 411 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC USES | 413 | ||
| APPLICATION OF PULSED SHORTWAVE | 413 | ||
| DOSAGE | 414 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 414 | ||
| LOW-POWER PULSED HIGH-FREQUENCY ENERGY | 415 | ||
| KILOHERTZ FREQUENCY DEVICES | 415 | ||
| THE USE OF MAGNETISM IN THERAPY | 417 | ||
| References | 420 | ||
| Chapter 14. Electromagnetic radiation | 425 | ||
| NATURE | 425 | ||
| FEATURES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION | 430 | ||
| INTERACTIONS OF RADIATION WITH MATTER | 432 | ||
| PENETRATION DEPTH | 437 | ||
| Further reading | 440 | ||
| Chapter 15. Microwave diathermy | 441 | ||
| PRODUCTION OF MICROWAVES | 442 | ||
| THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROWAVES ON THE TISSUES | 443 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC USES | 448 | ||
| DOSAGE | 451 | ||
| POTENTIAL DANGERS | 451 | ||
| References | 456 | ||
| Chapter 16. Infrared and visible radiation | 459 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 459 | ||
| PRODUCTION OF INFRARED | 461 | ||
| ABSORPTION AND PENETRATION OF INFRARED AND VISIBLE RADIATION | 464 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS | 467 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC USES OF INFRARED | 469 | ||
| EFFECTS AND USES OF VISIBLE RADIATION | 469 | ||
| CHOICE OF LUMINOUS (RADIANT HEAT) OR NON-LUMINOUS SOURCES | 470 | ||
| POTENTIAL DANGERS WITH INFRARED TREATMENT | 472 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 473 | ||
| LASERS | 473 | ||
| LASER CLASSIFICATION | 477 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF LASER ENERGY | 478 | ||
| EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON THE TISSUES | 478 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC USES OF LASERS | 481 | ||
| EFFECTIVENESS OF LOW-INTENSITY LASER THERAPY | 486 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION | 487 | ||
| DOSAGE | 489 | ||
| DANGERS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS | 492 | ||
| References | 494 | ||
| Chapter 17. Ultraviolet radiation | 499 | ||
| THE NATURE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION | 500 | ||
| PRODUCTION OF UVR | 501 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF UVR | 506 | ||
| NORMAL SKIN – A REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITY | 506 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET | 509 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC USES AND INDICATIONS | 512 | ||
| SKIN RESPONSES TO TREATMENT USING UVR | 515 | ||
| TREATMENT PRINCIPLES USING UVR | 519 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF UVR APPLICATION | 524 | ||
| DANGERS | 530 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 530 | ||
| HELIOTHERAPY | 531 | ||
| SUNBEDS | 531 | ||
| References | 532 | ||
| APPENDIX: Some ‘basic science’ ideas | 535 | ||
| Index | 543 |