Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Second Edition of this book is updated in accordance with the syllabus of Anatomy recommended by the Medical Council of India. It covers in detail fundamentals of human anatomy and builds understanding of structures, their relations and functions within the complex human body. Following recent trends of anatomy education, the book in addition to basic information provides knowledge on anatomical, embryological, histological and genetic basis of clinical conditions through its feature — Clinical Correlation.. Written in simple and easy-to-understand language, this profusely illustrated book provides knowledge of anatomy without extraneous details – ideal for undergraduate medical and dental students. It is highly recommended for those preparing for various entrance examinations, like PG entrance, USMLE, PLAB, etc.
- Detailed exposition on basic principles of anatomical structures, and relationships and functions of these structures within the human body
- Chapters on skin, superficial fascia and deep fascia, skeleton, muscular system, cardiovascular system, radiological (imaging) anatomy and genetics have been revised thoroughly
- Clinical Correlations integrated in the text, highlighting practical application of anatomical facts, have been modified extensively
- Addition of new line diagrams and improvement in earlier diagrams
- Addition of halftone figures to enrich the understanding of clinical correlations
- Inclusion of new tables and flowcharts and revision of earlier tables
- Additional information of higher academic value presented in a simple way in N.B. to make it more interesting for readers, especially aspiring postgraduates
- Important facts useful for candidates appearing in various entrance examinations like PGME, USMLE, PLAB, listed under Golden Facts to Remember
- Multiple Choice Questions at the end of the book for self-assessment
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| 3 Volume series | ii | ||
| Textbook of anatomy upper limb and thorax | ii | ||
| Textbook of anatomy abdomen and lower limb | ii | ||
| Textbook of anatomy head, neck and brain | ii | ||
| Front Matter | iii | ||
| General anatomy with systemic anatomy radiological anatomy medical genetics second edition | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Preface to the second edition | vii | ||
| Preface to the first edition | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table of contents | xiii | ||
| 1 Introduction and history of anatomy | 1 | ||
| Learning objectives | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Subdivisions of anatomy | 1 | ||
| History of anatomy | 4 | ||
| Grecian period | 4 | ||
| Hippocrates (460–377 BC), fig. 1.3 | 4 | ||
| Aristotle (384–322 BC), fig. 1.4 | 6 | ||
| Herophilus (about 325 BC), fig. 1.5 | 6 | ||
| Roman period | 6 | ||
| Claudius Galen (AD 130–201), fig. 1.6 | 6 | ||
| Renaissance period | 7 | ||
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), fig. 1.7 | 7 | ||
| Sixteenth century | 7 | ||
| Vesalius (1514–1654), fig. 1.8 | 7 | ||
| Seventeenth and eighteenth century | 8 | ||
| William Harvey (1578–1657) | 8 | ||
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), fig. 1.9 | 8 | ||
| Malpighi (1628–1634) | 8 | ||
| John Hunter (1728–1793), fig. 1.10 | 8 | ||
| Wilhelm Konrad Von Röentgen (1845–1923), fig. 1.11 | 8 | ||
| Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884) | 8 | ||
| Nineteenth century | 9 | ||
| Twentieth century | 9 | ||
| Twenty-first century | 9 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 11 | ||
| Answers | 11 | ||
| 2 Anatomical terminology | 12 | ||
| Learning objectives | 12 | ||
| Introduction | 12 | ||
| Positions of the body | 12 | ||
| Anatomical position | 12 | ||
| Fundamental position | 12 | ||
| Other positions of the body | 13 | ||
| Anatomical planes of the body | 13 | ||
| Anatomical terms | 14 | ||
| Descriptive terms | 14 | ||
| Special terms used for limbs | 14 | ||
| Terms used to describe joint movements | 16 | ||
| Terms used to describe bony features | 18 | ||
| Depression and openings | 18 | ||
| Projections or processes | 18 | ||
| Terms used in clinical anatomy | 19 | ||
| Terms used to describe blood vessels | 20 | ||
| Terms used to describe nerves and associated structures | 20 | ||
| Terms used to describe fasciae | 20 | ||
| Terms used to describe muscles | 20 | ||
| Terms used to describe lymph nodes and lymph vessels | 21 | ||
| Anatomical nomenclature | 21 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 23 | ||
| Answers | 23 | ||
| 3 Architecture and design of human body | 24 | ||
| Learning objectives | 24 | ||
| Introduction | 24 | ||
| Classification of humans in the animal kingdom | 24 | ||
| Characteristics of humans | 24 | ||
| Organization of the human body | 25 | ||
| Body regions | 25 | ||
| Body cavities | 26 | ||
| Body membranes | 27 | ||
| Body fluids | 28 | ||
| General disposition of the body structures | 28 | ||
| Introduction to the study of illness | 28 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 31 | ||
| Answers | 31 | ||
| 4 Cells and tissues of the body | 32 | ||
| Learning objectives | 32 | ||
| Introduction | 32 | ||
| Cell | 32 | ||
| Structure | 33 | ||
| Plasma membrane (fig. 4.3 A and B) | 33 | ||
| Nucleus | 34 | ||
| Cytoplasmic organelles | 34 | ||
| Mitochondria | 34 | ||
| Ribosomes | 35 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum | 35 | ||
| Golgi apparatus | 35 | ||
| Lysosomes (lysis = solution, soma = body) | 35 | ||
| Centrioles | 35 | ||
| Microfilaments | 36 | ||
| Microtubules | 36 | ||
| Cell division | 36 | ||
| Mitosis | 36 | ||
| Cell cycle (fig. 4.6) | 36 | ||
| Meiosis (fig. 4.5) | 37 | ||
| Tissues | 37 | ||
| Epithelial tissue (epithelium) | 37 | ||
| Classification of epithelium | 37 | ||
| Simple epithelium (fig. 4.7) | 38 | ||
| Compound/stratified epithelium (fig. 4.8) | 38 | ||
| Transitional epithelium | 38 | ||
| Specialization on the free (apical) surface of the epithelial cells (fig. 4.10) | 40 | ||
| Glands | 40 | ||
| Classification of glands | 41 | ||
| Classification of endocrine glands | 42 | ||
| Connective tissue | 42 | ||
| Classification of connective tissue | 44 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 45 | ||
| Nervous tissue | 45 | ||
| Tissue regeneration | 45 | ||
| Cell differentiation | 46 | ||
| Apoptosis | 46 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 48 | ||
| Answers | 48 | ||
| 5 Skin, superficial fascia and deep fascia | 49 | ||
| Learning objectives | 49 | ||
| Skin | 49 | ||
| Structure of skin | 49 | ||
| Epidermis | 49 | ||
| Layers of epidermis | 49 | ||
| Dermis | 50 | ||
| Layers of dermis | 51 | ||
| Color of skin | 51 | ||
| Types of skin | 51 | ||
| Surface irregularities (also called surface patterns) of skin | 51 | ||
| Appendages of skin (accessory structures of skin) | 53 | ||
| Nails (fig. 5.6) | 53 | ||
| Parts of the nail | 53 | ||
| Growth of nails | 54 | ||
| Hair | 54 | ||
| Parts of hair | 55 | ||
| Structure of hair (fig. 5.7) | 55 | ||
| Color of hair | 55 | ||
| Texture of hair | 55 | ||
| Types of hair | 56 | ||
| Sweat (sudoriferous) glands | 56 | ||
| Types of sweat glands | 56 | ||
| Sebaceous glands (oil glands) | 57 | ||
| Functions of skin | 57 | ||
| Blood supply to the skin | 58 | ||
| Nerve supply to the skin | 58 | ||
| Wound healing | 59 | ||
| Skin burns | 59 | ||
| Estimation of surface area of skin | 59 | ||
| Regeneration of the skin | 59 | ||
| Superficial fascia | 59 | ||
| Functions of superficial fascia | 61 | ||
| Deep fascia | 61 | ||
| Modifications of deep fascia | 61 | ||
| Sites where deep fascia is absent | 62 | ||
| Nerve supply of deep fascia | 62 | ||
| Functions of the deep fascia | 62 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 64 | ||
| Answers | 64 | ||
| 6 Skeleton | 65 | ||
| Learning objectives | 65 | ||
| Introduction | 65 | ||
| Types of the skeleton | 65 | ||
| Axial skeleton | 65 | ||
| Appendicular skeleton | 65 | ||
| Bones | 66 | ||
| Functions of bones | 67 | ||
| Microscopic structure of bones | 67 | ||
| Classification of bones | 68 | ||
| Compact (dense) bone | 70 | ||
| Lamellae | 70 | ||
| Haversian system (osteon) | 70 | ||
| Cancellous (spongy) bone | 71 | ||
| Developmental classification | 72 | ||
| Gross structure of a typical long bone | 72 | ||
| Periosteum and endosteum | 73 | ||
| Bone marrow | 73 | ||
| Types of bone marrow | 73 | ||
| Parts of growing (young) long bone | 74 | ||
| Blood supply of bones | 75 | ||
| Fracture of bone | 76 | ||
| Repair of a fractured bone | 76 | ||
| Development and growth of bones | 77 | ||
| Development | 77 | ||
| Ossification | 77 | ||
| Types of ossification | 77 | ||
| Ossification of a long bone | 78 | ||
| Cartilage | 83 | ||
| Function of cartilage | 83 | ||
| Structure | 83 | ||
| Growth of cartilage | 84 | ||
| Characteristic features of cartilage | 84 | ||
| Types of cartilage | 84 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 87 | ||
| Answers | 87 | ||
| 7 Joints | 88 | ||
| Learning objectives | 88 | ||
| Introduction | 88 | ||
| Classification of joints | 88 | ||
| Functional classification | 88 | ||
| Structural classification | 88 | ||
| Synovial joints | 92 | ||
| Components of synovial joints and their functional significance | 92 | ||
| Classification of synovial joints | 94 | ||
| Movements of synovial joints | 97 | ||
| Active movements | 97 | ||
| Special active movements | 98 | ||
| Passive and accessory movements | 98 | ||
| Blood supply to synovial joints | 98 | ||
| Nerve supply to synovial joints | 99 | ||
| Factors maintaining the stability of synovial joints | 100 | ||
| Biomechanics of body movements | 101 | ||
| Leverage | 101 | ||
| Classes of levers | 101 | ||
| Position of the joints | 102 | ||
| Close packed position | 102 | ||
| Loose packed position | 102 | ||
| Multiple Choice Questions | 104 | ||
| Answers | 104 | ||
| 8 Vertebral column | 105 | ||
| Learning objectives | 105 | ||
| Introduction | 105 | ||
| Vertebrae | 105 | ||
| Characteristics of a typical vertebra | 106 | ||
| Intervertebral foramina | 108 | ||
| Spaces between vertebral arches | 109 | ||
| Special features of vertebrae in different regions | 109 | ||
| Cervical vertebrae | 109 | ||
| Thoracic vertebrae | 110 | ||
| Lumbar vertebrae | 110 | ||
| Sacrum | 110 | ||
| Coccyx | 110 | ||
| Intervertebral discs | 110 | ||
| Curvatures of the vertebral column | 112 | ||
| Development of curvatures | 113 | ||
| Abnormalities of the vertebral curvatures | 113 | ||
| Line of gravity | 113 | ||
| Vertebral column and its muscles | 114 | ||
| Movements of the vertebral column | 115 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 118 | ||
| Answers | 118 | ||
| 9 Muscular system | 119 | ||
| Learning objectives | 119 | ||
| Introduction | 119 | ||
| Types of muscles | 120 | ||
| Basic properties of muscles | 120 | ||
| Skeletal muscles | 120 | ||
| Functions | 121 | ||
| Microscopic structure | 121 | ||
| Supporting tissue | 121 | ||
| Muscle fibers | 121 | ||
| Myofibrillar proteins | 123 | ||
| Mechanism of contraction (fig. 9.6) | 123 | ||
| Types of skeletal muscle fibers | 124 | ||
| Fascicular architecture | 124 | ||
| Names of muscles | 125 | ||
| Gross features of a typical skeletal muscle | 126 | ||
| Two ends | 126 | ||
| Two parts | 127 | ||
| Tendons | 127 | ||
| Lubricating mechanisms | 128 | ||
| Synovial bursa and synovial sheath | 128 | ||
| Synovial bursa | 128 | ||
| Types of bursae | 128 | ||
| Synovial sheaths (fig. 9.12 A, B and C) | 128 | ||
| Blood supply | 128 | ||
| Classification of muscles according to vascular pedicles | 129 | ||
| Nerve supply | 129 | ||
| Motor point | 130 | ||
| Motor unit (fig. 9.13) | 130 | ||
| Neuromuscular junction (myoneural junction [fig. 9.14]) | 130 | ||
| Motor end plate | 130 | ||
| Sole plate | 130 | ||
| Synaptic cleft (neuromuscular cleft) | 130 | ||
| Mechanism of transmission of impulse | 130 | ||
| Muscle receptors | 131 | ||
| Neuromuscular spindles (muscle spindles) | 131 | ||
| Stretch reflex | 131 | ||
| Golgi tendon organs (neurotendinous spindles) | 131 | ||
| Segmental innervation of muscles | 132 | ||
| Action of muscles | 133 | ||
| Muscle tone | 133 | ||
| Length–tension relationship in muscles | 133 | ||
| Types of muscle contraction | 133 | ||
| Active and passive insufficiency of muscles | 134 | ||
| Group action of muscles | 134 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 137 | ||
| Answers | 137 | ||
| 10 Cardiovascular system | 138 | ||
| Learning objectives | 138 | ||
| Introduction | 138 | ||
| Functions of cardiovascular system | 138 | ||
| Components of cardiovascular system | 138 | ||
| Blood | 138 | ||
| Blood cells | 138 | ||
| Plasma | 141 | ||
| Heart | 141 | ||
| Weight of the heart | 141 | ||
| Wall of the heart | 141 | ||
| Chambers of the heart | 141 | ||
| Base of the heart | 141 | ||
| Apex of the heart | 142 | ||
| Functions of the heart | 142 | ||
| Apex beat | 142 | ||
| Arterial supply | 142 | ||
| Venous drainagae | 143 | ||
| Nerve supply | 143 | ||
| Conducting system of the heart | 143 | ||
| Blood vessels | 143 | ||
| Classification of blood vessels | 144 | ||
| Arteries | 144 | ||
| Characteristic features | 144 | ||
| General (microscopic) structure | 144 | ||
| Classification | 145 | ||
| Blood supply of the arteries | 146 | ||
| Nerve supply | 146 | ||
| Filling of the arteries | 146 | ||
| Arterial pulse | 146 | ||
| Capillaries | 147 | ||
| Types | 147 | ||
| Sinusoids | 147 | ||
| Functions | 147 | ||
| Veins | 147 | ||
| Characteristic features | 147 | ||
| General structure | 148 | ||
| Classification | 148 | ||
| Blood supply | 149 | ||
| Nerve supply | 149 | ||
| Pattern of distribution of arteries and veins | 149 | ||
| Venous valves | 149 | ||
| Factors helping venous flow | 150 | ||
| Anastomosis | 150 | ||
| Arterial anastomosis | 150 | ||
| Different types of anastomosis: | 150 | ||
| End arteries | 151 | ||
| Arteriovenous anastomoses | 151 | ||
| Sites | 151 | ||
| Functions | 151 | ||
| Circulation of blood | 151 | ||
| Types of blood circulation | 151 | ||
| Fetal circulation | 153 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 156 | ||
| Answers | 156 | ||
| 11 Lymphatic system | 157 | ||
| Learning objectives | 157 | ||
| Introduction | 157 | ||
| Components of the lymphatic system | 157 | ||
| Lymph | 157 | ||
| Lymph capillaries | 159 | ||
| Lymph vessels | 159 | ||
| Superficial and deep lymph vessels | 160 | ||
| Drainage of lymph | 161 | ||
| Lymphoid organs | 161 | ||
| Lymph nodes | 161 | ||
| Structure of lymph nodes (fig. 11.5) | 161 | ||
| Capsule | 161 | ||
| Gland substance (parenchyma) | 162 | ||
| Circulation of lymph and blood in lymph nodes (fig. 11.6) | 162 | ||
| Circulation of lymph | 162 | ||
| Flow of blood (fig. 11.6) | 162 | ||
| Functions of lymph nodes | 163 | ||
| Spleen | 164 | ||
| Structure | 164 | ||
| Functions | 164 | ||
| Thymus | 165 | ||
| Structure | 165 | ||
| Functions | 165 | ||
| Epithelio-lymphoid system | 165 | ||
| Reticulo-endothelial system | 166 | ||
| Lymphocytes and immunity | 166 | ||
| Cell-mediated immunity (fig. 11.10) | 166 | ||
| Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity | 167 | ||
| Bone marrow | 167 | ||
| Multiple Choice Questions | 169 | ||
| Answers | 169 | ||
| 12 Nervous system | 170 | ||
| Learning objectives | 170 | ||
| Introduction | 170 | ||
| Subdivisions of the nervous system | 170 | ||
| Anatomical subdivision (fig. 12.1) | 170 | ||
| Functional subdivision (fig. 12.2) | 170 | ||
| Structural organization of the nervous system | 171 | ||
| Neurons | 171 | ||
| Structure of a neuron (fig. 12.3) | 171 | ||
| Cell body | 171 | ||
| Process | 171 | ||
| Classification of neurons | 172 | ||
| Ganglion | 173 | ||
| Neuroglia (fig. 12.5) | 173 | ||
| Structure of neuroglia | 173 | ||
| Classification of neuroglia | 174 | ||
| Functions of neuroglia | 174 | ||
| Nerve fibers | 174 | ||
| Myelination of nerve fibers | 174 | ||
| Conduction of action potential along an axon (fig. 12.8) | 175 | ||
| Transmission of impulses | 175 | ||
| Synapse | 175 | ||
| Types of synapses | 176 | ||
| Structure of synapse (fig. 12.9 A) | 176 | ||
| Mechanism of transmission of impulse across the synapse (fig. 12.9 B) | 176 | ||
| Neurotransmitter | 176 | ||
| Nerves | 177 | ||
| Structure of a nerve/peripheral nerve | 177 | ||
| Classification of nerves | 177 | ||
| Reflex action | 177 | ||
| Degeneration and regeneration of nerves after injury | 177 | ||
| Degeneration (fig. 12.13) | 177 | ||
| Regeneration (fig. 12.14) | 179 | ||
| Types of peripheral nerves | 179 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 179 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 180 | ||
| Typical spinal nerve (fig. 12.15) | 180 | ||
| Distribution of sympathetic fibers through spinal nerves (fig. 12.16) | 180 | ||
| Dermatome | 181 | ||
| Plexus formation by spinal nerves | 182 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 182 | ||
| Subdivisions of autonomic nervous system | 182 | ||
| Characteristic features of sympathetic and parasympathetic supply | 183 | ||
| Functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system | 183 | ||
| Neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system (fig. 12.21) | 184 | ||
| Afferent component of autonomic nervous system | 185 | ||
| Referred pain | 185 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 187 | ||
| Answers | 187 | ||
| 13 Endocrine system | 188 | ||
| Learning objectives | 188 | ||
| Introduction | 188 | ||
| Components of endocrine system | 188 | ||
| Endocrine glands | 188 | ||
| Pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) | 189 | ||
| Parts of pituitary gland | 189 | ||
| Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) | 189 | ||
| Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) | 190 | ||
| Blood supply | 191 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 191 | ||
| Structure | 191 | ||
| Hormones secreted by thyroid gland | 191 | ||
| Blood supply | 192 | ||
| Parathyroid glands | 192 | ||
| Structure | 192 | ||
| Hormones secreted by parathyroid glands | 192 | ||
| Blood supply | 193 | ||
| Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) | 193 | ||
| Structure and secretion of hormones | 193 | ||
| Adrenal cortex | 193 | ||
| Adrenal medulla | 194 | ||
| Blood supply | 194 | ||
| Pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) | 194 | ||
| Structure | 194 | ||
| Hormones secreted by pineal gland | 194 | ||
| Functions of pineal gland | 194 | ||
| Blood supply | 195 | ||
| Thymus gland | 195 | ||
| Hormone secreted by thymus gland | 195 | ||
| Scattered masses of endocrine cells in exocrine glands | 195 | ||
| Islets of langerhans of pancreas | 195 | ||
| Gonads | 195 | ||
| Testes | 195 | ||
| Ovary | 196 | ||
| Diffuse neuroendocrine cells | 196 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 197 | ||
| Answers | 197 | ||
| 14 Digestive and respiratory systems | 198 | ||
| Learning objectives | 198 | ||
| Digestive system | 198 | ||
| Introduction | 198 | ||
| Digestive tract | 198 | ||
| Mouth (oral cavity) | 198 | ||
| Lips and cheeks | 199 | ||
| Teeth | 199 | ||
| Tongue | 199 | ||
| Pharynx | 200 | ||
| Esophagus | 200 | ||
| Stomach | 200 | ||
| Small intestine | 200 | ||
| Large intestine | 201 | ||
| Major digestive glands | 201 | ||
| Salivary glands | 201 | ||
| Liver | 202 | ||
| Structure | 202 | ||
| Functions of liver | 202 | ||
| Bile secretion | 203 | ||
| Gallbladder | 203 | ||
| Pancreas | 203 | ||
| Respiratory system | 204 | ||
| Introduction | 204 | ||
| Components of respiratory system | 204 | ||
| Conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system | 205 | ||
| Nasal cavity | 205 | ||
| Lining of nasal cavity | 205 | ||
| Pharynx | 205 | ||
| Larynx (‘voice box’) | 205 | ||
| Trachea | 206 | ||
| Bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles | 206 | ||
| Respiratory bronchioles: Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli | 206 | ||
| Lungs | 206 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 208 | ||
| Answers | 208 | ||
| 15 Urogenital system | 209 | ||
| Learning objectives | 209 | ||
| Urinary system | 209 | ||
| Introduction | 209 | ||
| Kidneys | 209 | ||
| Ureters | 211 | ||
| Urinary bladder | 211 | ||
| Urethra | 211 | ||
| Genital/reproductive system | 211 | ||
| Introduction | 211 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 212 | ||
| Testes | 212 | ||
| Epididymis | 212 | ||
| Ductus deferens | 213 | ||
| Seminal vesicles | 213 | ||
| Ejaculatory duct | 213 | ||
| Prostate gland | 213 | ||
| Bulbourethral glands (of cowper) | 213 | ||
| Penis | 213 | ||
| Urethra | 214 | ||
| Scrotum | 214 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 214 | ||
| Ovaries | 215 | ||
| Uterine tubes | 215 | ||
| Uterus | 215 | ||
| Vagina | 215 | ||
| Clitoris, labia minora and labia majora | 215 | ||
| Clitoris | 216 | ||
| Greater vestibular glands | 216 | ||
| Mons pubis | 216 | ||
| Vaginal orifice | 216 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 218 | ||
| Answers | 218 | ||
| 16 Radiological (imaging) anatomy | 219 | ||
| Learning objectives | 219 | ||
| Introduction | 219 | ||
| Imaging techniques: Using ionizing radiation | 219 | ||
| Conventional imaging | 219 | ||
| Plain radiography | 219 | ||
| Properties of x-rays | 220 | ||
| Side effects of radiations (radiation hazards) | 221 | ||
| Radiosensitivity of normal tissues and cells | 221 | ||
| Radiographic views | 221 | ||
| Simple radiological procedures | 222 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 222 | ||
| Plain radiography (plain x-ray) | 222 | ||
| Interpretation of common plain radiographs | 222 | ||
| Chest radiograph: | 223 | ||
| Abdominal radiograph: | 223 | ||
| Peripheral radiographs of limbs: | 223 | ||
| Xeroradiography | 223 | ||
| Tomography | 223 | ||
| Special radiological procedures | 223 | ||
| Contrast radiography | 223 | ||
| Contrast media | 223 | ||
| Interpretation of common contrast radiographs | 224 | ||
| Barium meal x-ray (fig. 16.6): | 224 | ||
| Barium enema x-ray (fig. 16.7): | 224 | ||
| Pyelogram: | 224 | ||
| Hysterosalpingogram: | 225 | ||
| Computed tomography (CT) scanning/computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning | 225 | ||
| Features | 225 | ||
| Spiral CT (SCT) | 225 | ||
| Radioisotope scanning (nuclear medicine imaging) | 225 | ||
| Imaging techniques: Not using ionizing radiation | 226 | ||
| Ultrasonography (USG) | 226 | ||
| Features | 226 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | 226 | ||
| Weighting of imaging | 227 | ||
| Features | 227 | ||
| Positron emission tomography (PET) | 227 | ||
| Radiological terms in present perspective | 228 | ||
| Orientation of images | 228 | ||
| Multiple Choice Questions | 230 | ||
| Answers | 230 | ||
| 17 Medical genetics | 231 | ||
| Learning objectives | 231 | ||
| Introduction | 231 | ||
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | 231 | ||
| Ribonucleic acid | 232 | ||
| Chromosomes | 233 | ||
| Chemical structure | 233 | ||
| Morphological types | 234 | ||
| Number of chromosomes | 234 | ||
| Karyotyping | 234 | ||
| Method | 234 | ||
| Sex chromatin (barr body) | 235 | ||
| Chromosomal abnormalities | 236 | ||
| Classification | 236 | ||
| Numerical abnormalities | 236 | ||
| Structural abnormalities | 237 | ||
| Genes | 239 | ||
| Structure (fig. 17.14) | 239 | ||
| Types | 239 | ||
| Location of genes | 239 | ||
| Dominant and recessive genes | 240 | ||
| Inheritance | 240 | ||
| Autosomal inheritance | 240 | ||
| Sex-linked inheritance | 241 | ||
| X-linked inheritance | 241 | ||
| Y-linked inheritance (holandric inheritance) | 241 | ||
| Mitochondrial inheritance | 242 | ||
| Genetic basis of diseases | 242 | ||
| Disorders due to chromosomal abnormalities | 242 | ||
| Numerical chromosomal abnormalities affecting autosomes | 242 | ||
| Down’s syndrome (mongolism) or trisomy 21 | 242 | ||
| Patau’s syndrome | 243 | ||
| Edward’s syndrome | 243 | ||
| Structural chromosomal abnormalities affecting autosomes | 243 | ||
| Cri-du-chat syndrome (cat cry syndrome) | 243 | ||
| Prader–Willi syndrome | 243 | ||
| Angelman’s syndrome (happy puppet syndrome) | 243 | ||
| DiGeorge syndrome | 244 | ||
| Miller–Dieker syndrome | 244 | ||
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | 244 | ||
| Chromosomal abnormalities affecting sex chromosomes | 244 | ||
| Single gene inherited diseases | 245 | ||
| Autosomal dominant inheritance | 245 | ||
| Huntington’s disease (HD) | 245 | ||
| Autosomal recessive inheritance | 245 | ||
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | 246 | ||
| X-linked recessive inheritance | 246 | ||
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | 246 | ||
| Hemophilia | 246 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 248 | ||
| Answers | 248 | ||
| Index | 249 | ||
| A | 249 | ||
| B | 249 | ||
| C | 249 | ||
| D | 250 | ||
| E | 250 | ||
| F | 250 | ||
| G | 250 | ||
| H | 250 | ||
| I | 251 | ||
| J | 251 | ||
| K | 251 | ||
| L | 251 | ||
| M | 251 | ||
| N | 252 | ||
| O | 252 | ||
| P | 252 | ||
| Q | 252 | ||
| R | 252 | ||
| S | 252 | ||
| T | 253 | ||
| U | 253 | ||
| V | 253 | ||
| W | 253 | ||
| X | 253 | ||
| Y | 253 | ||
| Z | 253 |