BOOK
Pharmacologic Therapy, An Issue of Medical Clinics of North America, E-Book
Kim M. O'Connor | Douglas S. Paauw
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Medical Clinics of North America, guest edited by Drs. Douglas Paauw and Kim O'Connor, is devoted to Pharmacologic Therapy. Articles in this issue include: Pharmacologic Therapies for Autoimmune and Rheumatologic Conditions; Pharmacologic Therapies for Ophthalmologic Conditions; Pharmacologic Therapies for Neurologic Conditions; Pharmacologic Therapies for Cardiac Conditions; Pharmacologic Therapies in Men’s Health; Pharmacologic Therapies in Anticoagulation; Pharmacologic Therapies in Women’s Health: Menopause Treatment and Contraception; Pharmacologic Therapies in GI disease; Pharmacologic Therapies in Pulmonology and Allergy; Pharmacologic Therapies for Substance Abuse; Pharmacologic Therapies in Infectious Disease; Pharmacologic Therapies for HIV; Pharmacologic Therapies in Type 2 DM; Pharmacologic Therapies in Musculoskeletal Conditions; and Osteoporosis Treatment.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| CME Accreditation Page | iii | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iii | ||
| TO ENROLL | iii | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iv | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iv | ||
| MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r \r | v | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | v | ||
| September 2016 | v | ||
| November 2016 | v | ||
| January 2017 | v | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | v | ||
| May 2016 | v | ||
| March 2016 | v | ||
| January 2016 | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | vii | ||
| EDITORS | vii | ||
| AUTHORS | vii | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Foreword: Pharmacologic Therapy\r | xi | ||
| Preface: Pharmacologic Therapies: Updates and Clinical Pearls\r | xi | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes\r | xi | ||
| Update in Hypertension Therapy\r | xi | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Anticoagulation\x0B | xi | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies for Rheumatologic and Autoimmune Conditions\r | xii | ||
| Movement Disorders: A Brief Guide in Medication Management\r | xii | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Women’s Health: Contraception and Menopause Treatment\r | xii | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy in Men’s Health: Hypogonadism, Erectile Dysfunction, and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia\r | xii | ||
| Evaluation and Treatment of Osteoporosis\r | xiii | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Gastrointestinal Diseases\x0B | xiii | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Pulmonology and Allergy\r | xiii | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Musculoskeletal Conditions\r | xiii | ||
| Pharmacotherapy for Substance Use Disorders \r | xiv | ||
| New Approaches to Antibiotic Use and Review of Recently Approved Antimicrobial Agents\r | xiv | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy for Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection\r | xiv | ||
| Foreword\rPharmacologic Therapy | xv | ||
| Preface\rPharmacologic Therapies: Updates and Clinical Pearls | xvii | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes | 647 | ||
| Key points | 647 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 647 | ||
| Treatment in Context | 648 | ||
| ORAL AGENTS | 649 | ||
| Metformin | 649 | ||
| Sulfonylureas | 650 | ||
| Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Inhibitors | 651 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | 652 | ||
| Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors | 652 | ||
| INJECTABLE AGENTS | 654 | ||
| Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists | 654 | ||
| Basal Insulin | 655 | ||
| Prandial Insulin | 656 | ||
| Concentrated Insulins | 657 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 657 | ||
| Renal Dysfunction | 657 | ||
| Elderly Patients | 658 | ||
| Other Pharmacologic Therapies for Reduction of Macrovascular Complication | 658 | ||
| SUMMARY | 659 | ||
| REFERENCES | 659 | ||
| Update in Hypertension Therapy | 665 | ||
| Key points | 665 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 665 | ||
| CLINICAL QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE APPROPRIATE TARGETS FOR BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL? | 665 | ||
| CLINICAL BOTTOM LINE | 668 | ||
| CLINICAL QUESTION: WHAT IS THE BEST INITIAL AGENT FOR ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION? | 668 | ||
| DIABETES | 668 | ||
| SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE | 669 | ||
| BLACK PATIENTS | 669 | ||
| CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 669 | ||
| CLINICAL QUESTION: DOUBLE THE DOSE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE, OR ADD A SECOND AGENT? | 669 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Anticoagulation | 695 | ||
| Key points | 695 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 695 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATION | 697 | ||
| Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation | 697 | ||
| Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism | 698 | ||
| Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism | 701 | ||
| Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis | 701 | ||
| Acutely Ill Medical Patients | 702 | ||
| Orthopedic Patients | 702 | ||
| Nonorthopedic Surgical Patients | 703 | ||
| PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS | 703 | ||
| Periprocedural Management of Anticoagulation | 703 | ||
| Switching Between Anticoagulants | 703 | ||
| Choice of Anticoagulant | 703 | ||
| VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS | 705 | ||
| Pharmacology | 705 | ||
| Dosage | 706 | ||
| Monitoring and Maintenance Dose | 707 | ||
| Adverse Events | 708 | ||
| Reversal of Anticoagulation Effect and Management of Bleeding | 709 | ||
| Contraindications | 709 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 709 | ||
| DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS | 710 | ||
| Dabigatran Etexilate | 710 | ||
| Rivaroxaban | 710 | ||
| Apixaban | 710 | ||
| Edoxaban | 711 | ||
| Monitoring Direct Oral Anticoagulants | 711 | ||
| Management of Bleeding Complications | 711 | ||
| Drug-Drug Interactions | 712 | ||
| PARENTERAL ANTICOAGULANTS | 712 | ||
| Pharmacology | 712 | ||
| Dosage | 712 | ||
| Monitoring | 713 | ||
| Adverse Events | 713 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 714 | ||
| REFERENCES | 714 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies for Rheumatologic and Autoimmune Conditions | 719 | ||
| Key points | 719 | ||
| NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS | 719 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROIDS | 720 | ||
| COLCHICINE | 721 | ||
| Urate-lowering Therapy | 722 | ||
| Allopurinol | 722 | ||
| Febuxostat | 723 | ||
| Probenecid | 723 | ||
| Other Agents | 724 | ||
| DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC MEDICATIONS | 724 | ||
| Anchor Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Medications | 725 | ||
| Methotrexate | 725 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 726 | ||
| Other Nonbiologic Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Medications | 726 | ||
| Sulfasalazine | 726 | ||
| Leflunomide | 726 | ||
| Azathioprine | 727 | ||
| Mycophenolate | 727 | ||
| Calcineurin inhibitors | 727 | ||
| Apremilast | 727 | ||
| Biologic Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Medications | 727 | ||
| Vaccination Recommendations | 729 | ||
| REFERENCES | 729 | ||
| Movement Disorders | 733 | ||
| Key points | 733 | ||
| MOVEMENT DISORDERS: PART I | 733 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 733 | ||
| Levodopa | 734 | ||
| Carbidopa | 736 | ||
| Dopamine Agonists | 736 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors | 737 | ||
| Selegiline | 737 | ||
| Rasagiline | 738 | ||
| Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors | 738 | ||
| Entacapone | 738 | ||
| Tolcapone | 738 | ||
| Amantadine | 738 | ||
| Anticholinergic Agents | 739 | ||
| Nonmotor Symptoms | 739 | ||
| Drooling | 739 | ||
| Constipation | 740 | ||
| Orthostatic hypotension | 740 | ||
| Dementia | 740 | ||
| Hallucinations and psychosis | 740 | ||
| Depression | 740 | ||
| Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder | 741 | ||
| MOVEMENT DISORDERS: PART II | 741 | ||
| Essential Tremors | 741 | ||
| Beta Blockers | 741 | ||
| Primidone | 746 | ||
| Gabapentin | 747 | ||
| Topiramate | 747 | ||
| Other Agents | 748 | ||
| Idiopathic Restless Leg Syndrome | 748 | ||
| Primary Restless Leg Syndrome | 749 | ||
| Intermittent Restless Leg Syndrome: One or Fewer Episodes Weekly | 749 | ||
| Levodopa | 749 | ||
| Clonazepam | 749 | ||
| Daily/Moderate Persistent Restless Leg Syndrome: Two or More Episodes Weekly | 749 | ||
| Dopamine Agonists | 749 | ||
| Ropinirole | 751 | ||
| Pramipexole | 751 | ||
| Gabapentin | 751 | ||
| Pregabalin | 751 | ||
| Refractory Restless Leg Syndrome | 751 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 751 | ||
| Clonidine | 751 | ||
| Amantadine | 752 | ||
| Opioids | 752 | ||
| Secondary Restless Leg Syndrome and Special Populations | 752 | ||
| Iron deficiency | 752 | ||
| Pregnancy | 752 | ||
| End-stage renal disease on hemodialysis | 752 | ||
| Concurrent peripheral neuropathy | 754 | ||
| Periodic limb movements of sleep | 754 | ||
| REFERENCES | 754 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Women’s Health | 763 | ||
| Key points | 763 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 763 | ||
| CONTRACEPTION | 766 | ||
| Effectiveness of Different Contraceptive Methods | 766 | ||
| Long-acting Reversible Contraception | 766 | ||
| Other Progestin-only Contraception | 772 | ||
| Combined Hormonal Contraception: Combined Oral Contraception, the Patch, and the Ring | 772 | ||
| Serious risks and contraindications | 772 | ||
| Nonoral combined hormonal contraceptive options: patch and ring | 774 | ||
| Choosing between different combined hormonal contraception options | 775 | ||
| Emergency Contraception | 776 | ||
| Method of action | 777 | ||
| Comparative effectiveness of each method | 777 | ||
| MENOPAUSE | 778 | ||
| Treatment of Menopause Symptoms | 779 | ||
| Treatment of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause | 781 | ||
| Contraception During the Menopause Transition | 784 | ||
| SUMMARY | 784 | ||
| REFERENCES | 784 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy in Men’s Health | 791 | ||
| Key points | 791 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 791 | ||
| TESTOSTERONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN MALE HYPOGONADISM | 792 | ||
| Benefits, Side Effects, and Risks | 792 | ||
| Testosterone Preparations | 792 | ||
| Injectable preparations | 792 | ||
| Transdermal preparations | 796 | ||
| Other available preparations | 796 | ||
| Monitoring and Dose Adjustment | 797 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION | 797 | ||
| Erectile Dysfunction | 797 | ||
| Approach to Erectile Dysfunction | 797 | ||
| Oral Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 798 | ||
| Other Oral Medications for Erectile Dysfunction | 798 | ||
| Intraurethral and Intrapenile Alprostadil | 798 | ||
| Nonpharmacological Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction | 800 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA | 800 | ||
| Medical Management | 801 | ||
| Alpha1-Adrenergic Antagonists | 801 | ||
| 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors | 801 | ||
| Side effects of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors | 802 | ||
| Anticholinergic Agents | 802 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase-5-Inhibitors | 802 | ||
| Herbal Therapies | 802 | ||
| REFERENCES | 803 | ||
| Evaluation and Treatment of Osteoporosis | 807 | ||
| Key points | 807 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 807 | ||
| WHOM TO SCREEN | 808 | ||
| WHOM TO TREAT | 809 | ||
| HOW TO CHOOSE A TREATMENT | 810 | ||
| CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION | 811 | ||
| BISPHOSPHONATES | 811 | ||
| SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS | 815 | ||
| TERIPARATIDE | 816 | ||
| DENOSUMAB | 817 | ||
| HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | 818 | ||
| CALCITONIN | 818 | ||
| STRONTIUM RANELATE | 818 | ||
| MONITORING FOR RESPONSE TO THERAPY | 819 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOID-INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS | 819 | ||
| TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN MEN | 821 | ||
| SUMMARY | 822 | ||
| REFERENCES | 822 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Gastrointestinal Diseases | 827 | ||
| Key points | 827 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR HEPATITIS C VIRUS | 827 | ||
| Clinical Benefit of Achieving Sustained Virologic Response | 827 | ||
| Direct-acting Antivirals | 828 | ||
| Principles for Patient Selection for Hepatitis C Virus Treatment | 828 | ||
| Pretreatment Evaluation | 829 | ||
| Principles of Regimen Selection | 829 | ||
| Side Effects of Direct-acting Antiviral Regimens in Phase 3 Trials | 829 | ||
| Assessing Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Response | 830 | ||
| Interpretation of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Results | 830 | ||
| Drug Resistance in Direct-acting Antivirals | 831 | ||
| Genotype 1 | 831 | ||
| Genotype 2 | 832 | ||
| Genotype 3 | 833 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus–Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection | 833 | ||
| Summary | 834 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME | 834 | ||
| Approach to Pharmacotherapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 834 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy in Constipation-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 835 | ||
| Bulking agents | 835 | ||
| Osmotic laxatives | 836 | ||
| Polyethylene glycol | 836 | ||
| Stimulant laxatives | 836 | ||
| Prosecretory agents | 836 | ||
| Linaclotide | 836 | ||
| Lubiprostone | 836 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy in Diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 836 | ||
| Loperamide | 836 | ||
| Eluxadoline | 836 | ||
| Rifaximin | 837 | ||
| Tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 837 | ||
| Antispasmodics | 837 | ||
| 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor Antagonists | 837 | ||
| Alosetron | 837 | ||
| Ondansetron | 837 | ||
| Summary | 837 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE AND PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE | 838 | ||
| Medical Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 838 | ||
| Proton Pump Inhibitors | 838 | ||
| Which Proton Pump Inhibitor, When to Administer, What Dose, and How Long? | 838 | ||
| Can Proton Pump Inhibitors be Used as On-demand Therapy? | 840 | ||
| Is Maintenance Therapy After the Initial 8 Weeks Necessary? | 840 | ||
| Histamine Receptor Antagonists | 840 | ||
| Antacids | 840 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy for Nonresponders or Partial Responders to Proton Pump Inhibitors | 840 | ||
| Baclofen for Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 840 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitors | 841 | ||
| Medical Management of Peptic Ulcer Disease | 841 | ||
| Eradication of Helicobacter pylori | 841 | ||
| Treatment of Persistent Helicobacter pylori Infection (Salvage Therapy) | 842 | ||
| Antisecretory Therapy | 842 | ||
| Treatment of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Ulcers | 843 | ||
| Misoprostol Use in Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Ulcers | 843 | ||
| Antacids | 843 | ||
| Summary | 844 | ||
| REFERENCES | 844 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Pulmonology and Allergy | 851 | ||
| Key points | 851 | ||
| RHINITIS | 852 | ||
| H1 Antihistamines | 852 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 854 | ||
| Anticholinergic Agents | 855 | ||
| Decongestants | 855 | ||
| Antileukotriene Agents | 856 | ||
| Environmental Controls | 856 | ||
| Allergen Immunotherapy | 856 | ||
| URTICARIA | 856 | ||
| Acute Urticaria | 857 | ||
| Chronic Urticaria | 857 | ||
| Antihistamines | 857 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 857 | ||
| Other Agents | 858 | ||
| ANGIOEDEMA | 858 | ||
| ASTHMA | 859 | ||
| Rescue Medications | 859 | ||
| Short-acting β2-agonists | 859 | ||
| Maintenance Therapy | 862 | ||
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 862 | ||
| Controller Medications | 864 | ||
| Long-acting β-Agonists | 864 | ||
| Combination inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting β-agonists | 864 | ||
| Leukotriene Antagonists | 864 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 864 | ||
| Omalizumab | 864 | ||
| Mepolizumab | 865 | ||
| SUMMARY | 865 | ||
| REFERENCES | 865 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapies in Musculoskeletal Conditions | 869 | ||
| Key points | 869 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 869 | ||
| ACUTE MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN | 870 | ||
| Oral Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs | 870 | ||
| Topical Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs | 871 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 873 | ||
| Tramadol | 873 | ||
| Opioids | 873 | ||
| Mixed Opioid and Nonopioid Medications | 874 | ||
| NECK AND BACK PAIN | 874 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Relaxants | 875 | ||
| Antispasmodics | 875 | ||
| Antispasticity medications | 875 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 876 | ||
| Oral Corticosteroids | 877 | ||
| Antidepressants | 877 | ||
| VERTEBRAL COMPRESSION FRACTURES | 877 | ||
| NEUROPATHIC PAIN | 879 | ||
| Antidepressants | 879 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 880 | ||
| Topical Medications | 880 | ||
| Lidocaine | 880 | ||
| Capsaicin | 880 | ||
| OSTEOARTHRITIS | 881 | ||
| Nutraceuticals: Glucosamine and Chondroitin | 881 | ||
| Injectable Medications | 882 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 882 | ||
| Local anesthetics | 883 | ||
| Hyaluronic acid | 883 | ||
| TENDINOPATHY | 884 | ||
| Topical Glyceryl Trinitrate | 884 | ||
| Injectable Corticosteroids | 884 | ||
| SUMMARY | 884 | ||
| REFERENCES | 885 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy for Substance Use Disorders | 891 | ||
| Key points | 891 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 891 | ||
| Screening | 891 | ||
| Diagnosis | 892 | ||
| Treatment Principles | 892 | ||
| TOBACCO USE DISORDERS | 893 | ||
| Pharmacology of Nicotine | 893 | ||
| Epidemiology of Tobacco Use | 893 | ||
| First-line Agents | 893 | ||
| Nicotine replacement therapy | 893 | ||
| Varenicline | 893 | ||
| Bupropion | 895 | ||
| Second-line Agents | 895 | ||
| Nortriptyline | 895 | ||
| Combination Therapy | 895 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 895 | ||
| Pregnancy and lactation | 895 | ||
| Older adults | 896 | ||
| Relapsed smokers | 896 | ||
| ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS | 896 | ||
| Pharmacology of Alcohol | 896 | ||
| Epidemiology of Alcohol Use | 896 | ||
| Detoxification | 896 | ||
| Maintenance Therapy: First-line Agents | 897 | ||
| Naltrexone | 897 | ||
| Acamprosate | 898 | ||
| Maintenance Therapy: Second-line Agents | 898 | ||
| Disulfiram | 898 | ||
| Other agents | 899 | ||
| Combination Therapy | 899 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 899 | ||
| Pregnancy and lactation | 899 | ||
| Older adults | 900 | ||
| OPIOID USE DISORDERS | 900 | ||
| Pharmacology of Opioids | 900 | ||
| Epidemiology of Opioid Use | 900 | ||
| Detoxification Versus Maintenance | 900 | ||
| First-line Agents | 902 | ||
| Methadone | 902 | ||
| Buprenorphine | 903 | ||
| Second-line Agents | 904 | ||
| Naltrexone | 904 | ||
| Other agents | 904 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 905 | ||
| Pregnancy and lactation | 905 | ||
| Older adults | 905 | ||
| OTHER SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS | 906 | ||
| SUMMARY | 906 | ||
| REFERENCES | 906 | ||
| New Approaches to Antibiotic Use and Review of Recently Approved Antimicrobial Agents | 911 | ||
| Key points | 911 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 912 | ||
| WHITE HOUSE STEWARDSHIP INITIATIVE | 912 | ||
| THE DIMINISHED ROLE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE ABSCESSES | 912 | ||
| SHORT-COURSE THERAPY FOR COMPLICATED INTRAABDOMINAL INFECTION | 914 | ||
| GUIDELINE-CONCORDANT ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING | 914 | ||
| NOVEL ANTIMICROBIALS | 915 | ||
| DALBAVANCIN AND ORITAVANCIN | 915 | ||
| Clinical Efficacy | 916 | ||
| Place in Therapy | 918 | ||
| CEFTAROLINE | 918 | ||
| Clinical Efficacy | 918 | ||
| Place in Therapy | 919 | ||
| CEFTOLOZANE-TAZOBACTAM | 919 | ||
| Clinical Efficacy | 919 | ||
| Place in Therapy | 920 | ||
| CEFTAZIDIME-AVIBACTAM | 921 | ||
| Spectrum of Activity | 921 | ||
| Clinical Efficacy | 921 | ||
| Place in Therapy | 922 | ||
| SUMMARY | 922 | ||
| REFERENCES | 923 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy for Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 927 | ||
| Key points | 927 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 927 | ||
| ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY FOR PREVENTION | 928 | ||
| TREATMENT AS PREVENTION | 928 | ||
| WHEN TO START HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TREATMENT | 928 | ||
| COMMONLY USED ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | 929 | ||
| TREATMENT INITIATION AND LABORATORY MONITORING | 929 | ||
| PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | 934 | ||
| OCCUPATIONAL AND NONOCCUPATIONAL POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS | 934 | ||
| PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS | 937 | ||
| ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY SIDE EFFECTS AND DRUG INTERACTIONS | 939 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND SUMMARY | 943 | ||
| REFERENCES | 946 | ||
| Index | 951 |