BOOK
Cardioembolic Stroke, An Issue of Cardiology Clinics, E-Book
Ranjan K. Thakur | Ziyad M. Hijazi | Andrea Natale
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of the Cardiology Clinics, edited by Ranjan K. Thakur, Andrea Natale, and Ziyad Hijazi, focuses on Cardioembolic Stroke. Topics covered in this issue include, but are not limited to: epidemiology of atrial fibrillation and stroke, atrial fibrillation and stroke, device detected atrial fibrillation, left atrial appendage closure for stroke prevention, cryptogenic strokes, and atrial fibrillation and cognitive decline.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Cardioembolic Stroke\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITORIAL BOARD | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Cardioembolic Stroke\r | vii | ||
| Cardioembolic Stroke and Postmyocardial Infarction Stroke\r | vii | ||
| Embolic Stroke in Cardiomyopathy: Should Patients be Anticoagulated?\r | vii | ||
| Atrial Septal Defects and Cardioembolic Strokes\r | vii | ||
| Patent Foramen Ovale: Stroke and Device Closure\r | vii | ||
| Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations and Risk of Stroke\r | viii | ||
| Congenital Malformations Leading to Paradoxical Embolism\r | viii | ||
| The Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke\r | viii | ||
| Radiological Portrait of Embolic Strokes\r | viii | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation and Cognitive Decline: Phenomenon or Epiphenomenon?\r | ix | ||
| Cardiac Monitoring for Atrial Fibrillation in Cryptogenic Stroke\r | ix | ||
| Device-Detected Atrial Fibrillation—Perils and Pitfalls: An Update\r | ix | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Stroke\r | ix | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke: Making Sense of Recent Observations on Anticoagulation\r | x | ||
| Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Stroke Prevention: Devices, Techniques, and Efficacy\r | x | ||
| CARDIOLOGY CLINICS\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| August 2016 | xi | ||
| November 2016 | xi | ||
| February 2017 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| February 2016 | xi | ||
| November 2015 | xi | ||
| August 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface: Cardioembolic Stroke\r | xiii | ||
| Cardioembolic Stroke and Postmyocardial Infarction Stroke | 207 | ||
| Key points | 207 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 207 | ||
| NONCARDIOEMBOLIC STROKES FOLLOWING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | 208 | ||
| CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKES FOLLOWING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | 208 | ||
| Left Ventricular Thrombus Formation | 208 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 209 | ||
| SUMMARY | 211 | ||
| REFERENCES | 211 | ||
| Embolic Stroke in Cardiomyopathy | 215 | ||
| Key points | 215 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 215 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF STROKE IN HEART FAILURE | 215 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF STROKE IN HEART FAILURE | 217 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE IN SINUS RHYTHM | 218 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | 220 | ||
| NOVEL ORAL ANTICOAGULATION IN HEART FAILURE | 221 | ||
| GUIDELINES FOR ANTICOAGULATION IN HEART FAILURE | 221 | ||
| SUMMARY | 222 | ||
| REFERENCES | 222 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defects and Cardioembolic Strokes | 225 | ||
| Key points | 225 | ||
| BACKGROUND AND PRESENTATION | 225 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF STROKE IN ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS | 226 | ||
| CAUSES OF STROKE | 226 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 227 | ||
| Closure | 227 | ||
| Medical Management | 229 | ||
| REFERENCES | 229 | ||
| Patent Foramen Ovale | 231 | ||
| Key points | 231 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 231 | ||
| ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PATENT FORAMEN OVALE AND CRYPTOGENIC STROKE | 231 | ||
| PATENT FORAMEN OVALE AND RECURRENT STROKE | 232 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR PATENT FORAMEN OVALE IN STROKE | 233 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 233 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 233 | ||
| Percutaneous Therapy | 234 | ||
| Randomized Trials Evidence | 234 | ||
| First trial | 234 | ||
| Second trial | 236 | ||
| Third Trial | 236 | ||
| Limitations of the Randomized Trials | 236 | ||
| Management Approach for Cryptogenic Stroke and Patent Foramen Ovale | 237 | ||
| Ongoing Studies | 238 | ||
| SUMMARY | 238 | ||
| REFERENCES | 239 | ||
| Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations and Risk of Stroke | 241 | ||
| Key points | 241 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 241 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSIS | 241 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS | 244 | ||
| TRANSCATHETER THERAPY | 244 | ||
| SUMMARY | 245 | ||
| REFERENCES | 246 | ||
| Congenital Malformations Leading to Paradoxical Embolism | 247 | ||
| Key points | 247 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 247 | ||
| ISOLATED SYSTEMIC VENOUS ABNORMALITIES AND PARADOXICAL EMBOLI | 248 | ||
| Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava | 248 | ||
| Right Superior Vena Cava Draining to the Left Atrium | 248 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava “Draining to the Left Atrium” | 248 | ||
| Ductus Venosus | 248 | ||
| UNIVENTRICULAR HEARTS AND PARADOXICAL EMBOLI | 249 | ||
| BIVENTRICULAR HEARTS AND PARADOXICAL EMBOLI | 250 | ||
| SUMMARY | 252 | ||
| REFERENCES | 252 | ||
| The Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke | 255 | ||
| Key points | 255 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 255 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | 256 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF STROKE | 257 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ISCHEMIC STROKE SUBTYPES AND LINK WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | 257 | ||
| REFERENCES | 264 | ||
| Radiological Portrait of Embolic Strokes | 269 | ||
| Key points | 269 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 269 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF EMBOLIC STROKES | 270 | ||
| EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE STROKE | 270 | ||
| IMAGING MODALITIES IN ACUTE STROKE | 273 | ||
| IMAGING APPEARANCE OF CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKE | 273 | ||
| SUMMARY | 277 | ||
| REFERENCES | 277 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation and Cognitive Decline | 279 | ||
| Key points | 279 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 279 | ||
| ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT | 279 | ||
| MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT | 280 | ||
| Hypercoagulable States and Brain Infarcts | 280 | ||
| Proinflammatory State | 282 | ||
| Changes in Brain Perfusion | 282 | ||
| Brain Morphometric Changes | 283 | ||
| DISCUSSION/SUMMARY | 283 | ||
| REFERENCES | 284 | ||
| Cardiac Monitoring for Atrial Fibrillation in Cryptogenic Stroke | 287 | ||
| Key points | 287 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 287 | ||
| OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES OF EXTERNAL MONITORS: INPATIENT MONITORING | 288 | ||
| OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES OF EXTERNAL MONITORS: HOLTER MONITORING | 288 | ||
| OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES OF EXTERNAL MONITORS: OUTPATIENT EVENT MONITORING | 289 | ||
| OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES OF EXTERNAL MONITORS: OUTPATIENT MOBILE CARDIAC TELEMETRY MONITORING | 290 | ||
| RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS COMPARING EXTERNAL MONITORING STRATEGIES | 290 | ||
| OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES OF INSERTABLE CARDIAC MONITORS | 291 | ||
| RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS OF INSERTABLE CARDIAC MONITORS VERSUS EXTERNAL MONITORS | 292 | ||
| META-ANALYSES OF MONITORING TECHNIQUES | 293 | ||
| COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF MONITORING | 295 | ||
| FUTURE IMPLICATIONS | 295 | ||
| REFERENCES | 296 | ||
| Device-Detected Atrial Fibrillation—Perils and Pitfalls | 299 | ||
| Key points | 299 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 299 | ||
| ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AS A RISK FACTOR FOR STROKE | 300 | ||
| ATRIAL HIGH-RATE EVENTS AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | 300 | ||
| ATRIAL HIGH-RATE EVENTS AND THROMBOEMBOLISM | 302 | ||
| UNANSWERED QUESTIONS | 304 | ||
| SUMMARY | 305 | ||
| REFERENCES | 305 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Stroke | 307 | ||
| Key points | 307 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 307 | ||
| CEREBROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF CATHETER ABLATION | 308 | ||
| Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack | 308 | ||
| Silent Cerebral Ischemia | 308 | ||
| Mechanisms of Silent Cerebral Ischemia | 309 | ||
| PERIPROCEDURAL ANTICOAGULATION | 310 | ||
| OTHER FACTORS HAVING AN IMPACT ON THE RISK OF PERIPROCEDURAL EMBOLIC EVENTS | 311 | ||
| Patient Characteristics | 311 | ||
| Ablation Energy Source | 312 | ||
| Sheaths and Catheters | 312 | ||
| Ablation Protocol and Periprocedural Cardioversion | 312 | ||
| SUMMARY | 313 | ||
| REFERENCES | 313 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke | 317 | ||
| Key points | 317 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 317 | ||
| A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CURRENT CLINICAL GUIDELINES | 318 | ||
| MAKING SENSE OF RECENT OBSERVATIONS ON AN ORAL ANTICOAGULANT FOR STROKE PREVENTION | 320 | ||
| Gender | 320 | ||
| Ethnicity | 320 | ||
| Age | 321 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 321 | ||
| Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease | 322 | ||
| Perioperative Management | 322 | ||
| FROM TRIALS TO REAL-WORLD CLINICAL PRACTICE | 323 | ||
| SUMMARY | 323 | ||
| REFERENCES | 324 | ||
| Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Stroke Prevention | 329 | ||
| Key points | 329 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 329 | ||
| LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 330 | ||
| Variation in Left Atrial Appendage Anatomy | 330 | ||
| FUNCTION | 330 | ||
| Contractility | 330 | ||
| Fluid Hemostasis | 330 | ||
| LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE EXCLUSION: SURGICAL APPROACH | 330 | ||
| Endocardial Suture Closure | 332 | ||
| Stapler Occlusion | 332 | ||
| Epicardial Clip Closure | 332 | ||
| Procedure | 332 | ||
| Efficacy | 333 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS APPROACH | 333 | ||
| Basic Concept of Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure Procedure | 333 | ||
| Preprocedural Imaging | 333 | ||
| Transseptal Access | 333 | ||
| WATCHMAN (BOSTON SCIENTIFIC, NATICK, MA, USA) | 333 | ||
| Device | 334 | ||
| Data | 334 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 334 | ||
| Procedure | 335 | ||
| Preprocedural imaging and transseptal puncture as previously described | 335 | ||
| Implantation of the WATCHMAN device | 335 | ||
| Device release | 336 | ||
| Complications | 336 | ||
| Pericardial effusion | 336 | ||
| Air embolism | 336 | ||
| Thrombus formation during device implantation | 336 | ||
| Early device embolization | 336 | ||
| Late device embolization | 336 | ||
| Leak | 336 | ||
| AMPLATZER CARDIAC PLUG (ST. JUDE MEDICAL, ST. PAUL, MN, USA) | 337 | ||
| Amulet (St. Jude Medical) | 338 | ||
| Preprocedural imaging | 338 | ||
| Size selection | 338 | ||
| Amplatzer cardiac plug sizing | 338 | ||
| Procedural technique | 338 | ||
| Access sheath advancement | 338 | ||
| Device deployment and release | 338 | ||
| Data | 338 | ||
| Complications | 339 | ||
| Device embolization | 339 | ||
| Perforation | 339 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE TRANSCATHETER OCCLUSION (APPRIVA MEDICAL INC, SUNNYVALE, CA, USA) | 340 | ||
| Index | 353 |