Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Be confident that you can answer any and all questions on your registry exams correctly when you prepare with this complete review. Mosby’s Comprehensive Review for General Sonography Examinations provides study resources for all three main exams required for general ultrasound practice: physics, abdomen, and ob/gyn. Each chapter is arranged in table and outline format with 50 review questions at the end of the chapter and a mock exam at the end of each section. Access additional mock exams for each subject area on the companion CD or Evolve site. These exams give you experience with timed test taking in an electronic environment that simulates the actual registry exam experience. With this realistic preview of the exam environment and solid review of the material, you’ll be prepared to ace the exams!
- Complete preparation for the three general ARDMS exams (physics, abdomen, and ob/gyn)
- Content review in outline and tabular format provides a quick review of all the material you need to learn, including key terms, anatomy, functions, scanning techniques, lab values, and pathology.
- More than 2,500 questions in Registry format cover everything you’ll be tested on in the Registry exams.
- Rationales for answers to mock questions help you understand why an answer is correct or incorrect and increase your comprehension.
- More than 350 ultrasound scans included in the abdominal and ob/gyn sections prepare you for exam questions that ask you to identify pathology on scans.
- Color insert with Doppler images of the liver, biliary, and umbilical cord helps you be ready to answer questions related to Doppler imaging.
- Companion CD provides extra timed, graded mock exams and two entertaining, interactive games: Sonography Millionaire and Tournament of Sonography.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Mosby’s Comprehensive Review for\rGeneral Sonography Examinations | i | ||
| Copyright page | ii | ||
| About the Author | iii | ||
| Reviewers | v | ||
| Preface | vi | ||
| Acknowledgments | viii | ||
| Table of contents | ix | ||
| PART I: Sonography Principles and Instrumentation | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 1: Patient Care, Safety, and Communication | 2 | ||
| PATIENT CARE | 2 | ||
| STANDARD PRECAUTIONS AND INFECTION CONTROL | 2 | ||
| PATIENT–SONOGRAPHER INTERACTION | 5 | ||
| BIOEFFECTS AND ALARA PRINCIPLE | 6 | ||
| INTENSITY OF ULTRASOUND | 6 | ||
| INTENSITY VALUES (LOWEST TO HIGHEST) | 7 | ||
| INSTRUMENT OUTPUT | 7 | ||
| BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS | 7 | ||
| ACOUSTIC OUTPUT LABELING STANDARDS | 8 | ||
| BIOEFFECTS AND SAFETY REVIEW | 10 | ||
| CHAPTER 2: Physics Principles | 14 | ||
| SOUND CATEGORIES | 15 | ||
| SOUND WAVES | 15 | ||
| PULSE ULTRASOUND | 16 | ||
| PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND | 17 | ||
| INCIDENT BEAM = REFLECTED BEAM + TRANSMITTED BEAM | 17 | ||
| PERPENDICULAR INCIDENCE | 18 | ||
| OBLIQUE INCIDENCE | 18 | ||
| REFLECTION OF ULTRASOUND | 18 | ||
| CONTRAST AGENTS | 19 | ||
| HARMONIC FREQUENCIES | 19 | ||
| TRANSMISSION OF ULTRASOUND | 19 | ||
| REFRACTION OF ULTRASOUND | 19 | ||
| DECIBEL (DB) | 20 | ||
| ATTENUATION | 20 | ||
| ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT | 20 | ||
| HALF VALUE LAYER | 21 | ||
| RANGE EQUATION | 21 | ||
| PHYSICS PRINCIPLES REVIEW | 23 | ||
| CHAPTER 3: Ultrasound Transducers | 27 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS | 28 | ||
| PIEZOELECTRICITY (PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT) | 28 | ||
| TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS | 29 | ||
| UNFOCUSED SOUND BEAM | 30 | ||
| FOCUSING OF THE SOUND BEAM | 30 | ||
| STEERING OF THE SOUND BEAM | 32 | ||
| RESOLUTION | 33 | ||
| TRANSDUCER CARE | 33 | ||
| TRANSDUCER REVIEW | 34 | ||
| CHAPTER 4: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation | 38 | ||
| DISPLAY MODES | 39 | ||
| REAL-TIME IMAGING | 39 | ||
| PULSE-ECHO INSTRUMENTATION | 41 | ||
| POWER | 41 | ||
| TRANSDUCER | 42 | ||
| MASTER SYNCHRONIZER | 42 | ||
| PULSER (TRANSMITTER) | 42 | ||
| SIGNAL PROCESSING | 43 | ||
| RECEIVER | 43 | ||
| IMAGE STORAGE | 44 | ||
| IMAGE DISPLAY | 46 | ||
| CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) | 46 | ||
| LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) | 47 | ||
| RECORDING TECHNIQUES | 47 | ||
| ARCHIVE STORAGE | 48 | ||
| STANDARDS FOR ARCHIVING MEDICAL FILES | 48 | ||
| ARTIFACTS OF ULTRASOUND | 48 | ||
| PULSE-ECHO INSTRUMENTATION REVIEW | 51 | ||
| CHAPTER 5: Doppler Instrumentation and Hemodynamics | 55 | ||
| HEMODYNAMICS | 56 | ||
| VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE | 56 | ||
| TYPES OF BLOOD FLOW | 57 | ||
| VENOUS HEMODYNAMICS | 58 | ||
| DOPPLER EQUATION | 58 | ||
| DOPPLER EFFECT | 58 | ||
| DETECTION OF DOPPLER SHIFT | 59 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DOPPLER SHIFT | 59 | ||
| SPECTRAL RATIOS | 60 | ||
| HEMODYNAMICS AND DOPPLER REVIEW | 62 | ||
| CHAPTER 6: Quality Assurance, Quality Control of Equipment | 66 | ||
| QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA) | 66 | ||
| METHODS OF EVALUATION | 66 | ||
| SYSTEM MAINTENANCE | 68 | ||
| RECORD KEEPING | 68 | ||
| QUALITY ASSURANCE REVIEW | 69 | ||
| SONOGRAPHY PRINCIPLES AND INSTRUMENTATION MOCK EXAM | 73 | ||
| PART II: Abdomen | 83 | ||
| CHAPTER 7: Liver | 84 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 84 | ||
| ANATOMY | 84 | ||
| VASCULAR ANATOMY | 86 | ||
| LOCATION | 87 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 88 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 88 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 89 | ||
| HEPATIC TRANSPLANT | 95 | ||
| LIVER REVIEW | 96 | ||
| CHAPTER 8: Biliary System | 103 | ||
| BILIARY SYSTEM | 104 | ||
| BILIARY ANATOMY | 104 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 105 | ||
| GALLBLADDER PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY | 105 | ||
| GALLBLADDER ANATOMICAL VARIANTS | 106 | ||
| CONGENITAL ANOMALIES | 106 | ||
| GALLBLADDER SIZE | 106 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 106 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 107 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 107 | ||
| BILIARY REVIEW TEST | 113 | ||
| CHAPTER 9: Pancreas | 119 | ||
| PANCREAS PHYSIOLOGY | 119 | ||
| PANCREAS ANATOMY | 120 | ||
| CONGENITAL ANOMALIES | 121 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 121 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 122 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 122 | ||
| PANCREATODUODENECTOMY (WHIPPLE PROCEDURE) | 125 | ||
| PANCREAS REVIEW QUESTIONS | 126 | ||
| CHAPTER 10: Urinary System | 132 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 132 | ||
| ANATOMY | 134 | ||
| SIZE | 136 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 137 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 138 | ||
| RENAL DIALYSIS | 143 | ||
| RENAL TRANSPLANT | 143 | ||
| URINARY BLADDER ANATOMY | 144 | ||
| NORMAL SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 144 | ||
| URINARY SYSTEM REVIEW | 146 | ||
| CHAPTER 11: Spleen | 154 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 154 | ||
| ANATOMY | 154 | ||
| NORMAL SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 156 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 156 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 157 | ||
| SPLEEN REVIEW | 160 | ||
| CHAPTER 12: Retroperitoneum | 166 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 166 | ||
| ANATOMY | 167 | ||
| LOCATION | 167 | ||
| SIZE | 167 | ||
| VASCULAR ANATOMY | 167 | ||
| NORMAL SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 168 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 168 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 168 | ||
| RETROPERITONEUM | 171 | ||
| LYMPH NODES | 171 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE NORMAL LYMPH NODE | 172 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE ABNORMAL LYMPH NODE | 172 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF RETROPERITONEAL MASSES | 172 | ||
| RETROPERITONEUM REVIEW | 174 | ||
| CHAPTER 13: Abdominal Vasculature | 180 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY | 180 | ||
| ARTERIAL ANATOMY | 181 | ||
| VENOUS ANATOMY | 183 | ||
| LOCATION | 185 | ||
| SIZE | 186 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 186 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 186 | ||
| ABDOMINAL VASCULATURE REVIEW | 189 | ||
| CHAPTER 14: Gastrointestinal Tract | 194 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT | 194 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 194 | ||
| ANATOMY | 195 | ||
| LOCATION | 197 | ||
| SIZE | 197 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 198 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 198 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT REVIEW | 202 | ||
| CHAPTER 15: Superficial Structures: Breast, Abdominal Wall, and Musculoskeletal Sonography | 208 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 209 | ||
| BREAST ANATOMY AND LOCATION | 209 | ||
| BREAST VASCULATURE | 210 | ||
| CONGENITAL BREAST ANOMALIES | 211 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE BREAST | 211 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 211 | ||
| ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL ANATOMY | 214 | ||
| MUSCULOSKELETAL ANATOMY | 215 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL | 216 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM | 216 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 216 | ||
| SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES REVIEW | 218 | ||
| CHAPTER 16: Scrotum and Prostate | 225 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 225 | ||
| ANATOMY | 226 | ||
| VASCULAR ANATOMY | 228 | ||
| SIZE | 229 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 229 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 230 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 231 | ||
| SCROTUM AND PROSTATE REVIEW | 234 | ||
| CHAPTER 17: Neck | 240 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 240 | ||
| ANATOMY | 241 | ||
| VASCULATURE OF THE NECK | 241 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE THYROID GLANDS | 242 | ||
| VASCULATURE OF THE THYROID GLANDS | 242 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS | 242 | ||
| LOCATION | 242 | ||
| CONGENITAL ANOMALIES | 243 | ||
| SIZE | 243 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 243 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 243 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 244 | ||
| THYROID PATHOLOGY | 245 | ||
| PARATHYROID PATHOLOGY | 247 | ||
| NECK REVIEW | 248 | ||
| CHAPTER 18: Peritoneum, Noncardiac Chest, and Invasive Procedures | 254 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 254 | ||
| PERITONEUM ANATOMY | 255 | ||
| PERITONEAL SPACES | 256 | ||
| LOCATION OF THE PERITONEUM | 256 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE PLEURA | 257 | ||
| SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 257 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 257 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 257 | ||
| INVASIVE PROCEDURES | 259 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 260 | ||
| PERITONEUM, NONCARDIAC CHEST, AND INVASIVE PROCEDURES REVIEW | 261 | ||
| ABDOMEN MOCK EXAM | 267 | ||
| PART III: Obstetrics and Gynecology | 291 | ||
| CHAPTER 19: Pelvic Anatomy | 292 | ||
| VAGINA | 295 | ||
| UTERUS | 296 | ||
| FALLOPIAN TUBES (OVIDUCT) | 301 | ||
| URINARY BLADDER | 302 | ||
| PELVIC ANATOMY REVIEW | 304 | ||
| CHAPTER 20: Physiology of the Female Pelvis | 311 | ||
| NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY | 311 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 311 | ||
| ENDOMETRIUM | 313 | ||
| PREMENARCHE | 313 | ||
| MENARCHE | 313 | ||
| OVARIES | 315 | ||
| POSTMENOPAUSE | 317 | ||
| CONTRACEPTION | 318 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE PELVIS REVIEW | 319 | ||
| CHAPTER 21: Uterine and Ovarian Pathology | 326 | ||
| UTERINE PATHOLOGY | 326 | ||
| OVARIAN PATHOLOGY | 328 | ||
| UTERINE AND OVARIAN PATHOLOGY REVIEW | 331 | ||
| CHAPTER 22: Adnexal Pathology and Infertility | 337 | ||
| INFERTILITY | 338 | ||
| METHODS OF FERTILITY ASSISTANCE | 339 | ||
| ULTRASOUND EVALUATION OF THE UTERUS | 339 | ||
| ULTRASOUND MONITORING OF THE ENDOMETRIUM | 339 | ||
| ULTRASOUND MONITORING OF THE OVARIES | 339 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF FERTILITY ASSISTANCE | 339 | ||
| ADNEXAL PATHOLOGY AND INFERTILITY REVIEW | 341 | ||
| CHAPTER 23: Assessment of the First Trimester | 348 | ||
| EARLY EMBRYOLOGY | 348 | ||
| BLASTOCYST DEVELOPMENT | 349 | ||
| ANATOMY | 351 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 351 | ||
| FIRST-TRIMESTER MEASUREMENTS | 351 | ||
| FIRST-TRIMESTER PROTOCOL | 352 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION | 352 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRST TRIMESTER REVIEW | 357 | ||
| CHAPTER 24: Assessment of the Second Trimester | 364 | ||
| SECOND TRIMESTER BIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS | 364 | ||
| LABORATORY VALUES | 365 | ||
| SECOND-TRIMESTER PROTOCOL | 366 | ||
| FETAL ANATOMY | 366 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE SECOND TRIMESTER REVIEW | 370 | ||
| CHAPTER 25: Assessment of the Third Trimester | 376 | ||
| THIRD TRIMESTER | 376 | ||
| THIRD-TRIMESTER MEASUREMENTS | 376 | ||
| FETAL GROWTH | 376 | ||
| AMNIOTIC FLUID | 378 | ||
| FETAL WELL-BEING | 379 | ||
| FETAL PRESENTATION | 380 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE THIRD TRIMESTER REVIEW | 381 | ||
| CHAPTER 26: Fetal Abnormalities | 386 | ||
| FETAL ABNORMALITIES REVIEW | 393 | ||
| CHAPTER 27: Complications in Pregnancy | 399 | ||
| CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES | 399 | ||
| FETAL SYNDROMES | 400 | ||
| HYDROPS FETALIS | 401 | ||
| MULTIFETAL GESTATIONS | 402 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS IN PREGNANCY REVIEW | 404 | ||
| CHAPTER 28: Placenta and Umbilical Cord | 410 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 410 | ||
| FUNCTIONS | 410 | ||
| SIZE | 411 | ||
| NORMAL SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE | 411 | ||
| PLACENTAL POSITION | 412 | ||
| PLACENTA PREVIA | 412 | ||
| UMBILICAL CORD ANATOMY | 415 | ||
| SIZE | 415 | ||
| CERVICAL OS | 416 | ||
| PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD REVIEW | 417 | ||
| CHAPTER 29: Patient Care and Technique | 423 | ||
| PATIENT CARE | 423 | ||
| SONOGRAPHER RESPONSIBILITIES | 423 | ||
| PATIENT HISTORY | 424 | ||
| TRANSABDOMINAL EXAMINATION | 425 | ||
| GYNECOLOGICAL EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE | 425 | ||
| OBSTETRIC EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE | 427 | ||
| TRANSVAGINAL EXAMINATION | 427 | ||
| TRANSLABIAL EXAMINATION | 429 | ||
| TRANSDUCER CARE | 429 | ||
| PATIENT CARE AND TECHNIQUE REVIEW | 430 | ||
| OBSTETRICS/GYNECOLOGY MOCK EXAM | 435 | ||
| Sonography Principles and Instrumentation Answers | 459 | ||
| Abdomen Answers | 472 | ||
| Obstetrics and Gynecology Answers | 503 | ||
| Bibliography | 525 | ||
| Illustration Credits | 526 | ||
| CD Illustration Credits | 527 | ||
| Index | 528 |