BOOK
Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children E-Book
David G. Nichols | William J. Greeley | Dorothy G. Lappe | Ross M. Ungerleider | Duke E. Cameron | Philip J. Spevak | Randall C. Wetzel
(2006)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Pediatric intensivists, cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, and anesthesiologists from the leading centers around the world present the collaborative perspectives, concepts, and state-of-the-art knowledge required to care for children with congenital and acquired heart disease in the ICU. Their multidisciplinary approach encompasses every aspect of the relevant basic scientific principles, medical and pharmacologic treatments, and surgical techniques and equipment. From the extracardiac Fontan procedure, and the Ross procedure through new pharmacologic agents and the treatment of pulmonary hypertension to mechanical assist devices, heart and lung transplantation, and interventional cardiac catheterization—all of the developments that are affecting this rapidly advancing field are covered in depth.
- Employs well-documented tables, text boxes, and algorithms to make clinical information easy to access.
- Features chapters each written and reviewed by intensivists, surgeons, and cardiologists.
- Integrates the authors' extensive experiences with state-of-the-art knowledge from the literature.
- Offers four completely new chapters: Cardiac Trauma, Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult, Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries, and Outcome Evaluation.
- Describes the basic pharmacology and clinical applications of all of the new pharmacologic agents.
- Details important refinements and developments in surgical techniques, including the Ross pulmonary autograft replacement of the aortic valve, video-assisted fluoroscopy, and the extracardiac Fontan connection, and discusses their indications and potential complications.
- Explores the latest advances in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, new developments in mechanical assist devices, heart and lung transplantation, and interventional cardiac catheterization.
- Examines issues affecting adults with congenital heart disease.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| PART ONE: Basic Principles | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1. The Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease | 3 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3 | ||
| POSITION OF THE HEART | 4 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 4 | ||
| THE ATRIA | 5 | ||
| VENTRICLES AND ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONNECTIONS | 7 | ||
| GREAT VESSELS AND VENTRICLES | 9 | ||
| THE UNUSUAL CASE: RELEVANCE IN THE INTENSIVE CARE SETTING | 13 | ||
| SUMMARY | 13 | ||
| References | 13 | ||
| Chapter 2. Cardiovascular Physiology and Shock | 17 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 18 | ||
| CONTRACTILE AND METABOLIC PROPERTIES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 18 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF CARDIAC OUTPUT | 20 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF STROKE VOLUME | 21 | ||
| REGULATION OF SYSTEMIC VASCULAR TONE | 31 | ||
| REGULATION OF VASCULAR TONE BY THE ENDOTHELIUM | 32 | ||
| NEURAL REGULATION OF THE SYSTEMIC VASCULATURE | 35 | ||
| HUMORAL CONTROL OF THE SYSTEMIC VASCULATURE | 37 | ||
| DISTRIBUTION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT | 41 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION | 41 | ||
| CONGESTIVE FAILURE | 42 | ||
| ACUTE CIRCULATORY DYSFUNCTION IN SHOCK | 45 | ||
| CAUSES OF SHOCK | 49 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES | 57 | ||
| THE POST–CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS CIRCULATION | 64 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 65 | ||
| References | 66 | ||
| Chapter 3. Regulation of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and Blood Flow | 73 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 74 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION | 74 | ||
| REGULATION OF PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION | 86 | ||
| PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE | 99 | ||
| THERAPY OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION | 103 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 106 | ||
| References | 106 | ||
| Chapter 4. Renal Function and Heart Disease | 113 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 113 | ||
| VASOMOTOR BALANCE IN THE KIDNEY | 114 | ||
| RENAL RESPONSES DURING CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION | 116 | ||
| ACUTE RENAL FAILURE | 119 | ||
| INVASIVE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE | 121 | ||
| POTENTIAL OUTCOMES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 127 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| Chapter 5. Splanchnic Function\rand Heart Disease | 131 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 131 | ||
| BASIC SCIENCE OF THE SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION | 131 | ||
| EFFECTS OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS ON THE SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION | 134 | ||
| CLINICAL CONDITIONS | 135 | ||
| References | 139 | ||
| Chapter 6. Cerebral Function and Heart Disease | 143 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 143 | ||
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE AND NONOPERATED CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 144 | ||
| SEQUELAE OF CARDIAC SURGERY | 151 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS AND CEREBROPROTECTION | 155 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT | 161 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 166 | ||
| References | 167 | ||
| Chapter 7. Pharmacology of Cardiovascular Drugs | 173 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 174 | ||
| AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 174 | ||
| INOTROPIC DRUGS | 178 | ||
| BETA BLOCKADE | 190 | ||
| VASODILATION | 191 | ||
| VASOCONSTRICTORS | 198 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 198 | ||
| References | 198 | ||
| PART TWO: Special Problems | 205 | ||
| Chapter 8. Pediatric Arrhythmias | 207 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 208 | ||
| THE NORMAL CARDIAC RHYTHM AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAM | 208 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF ARRHYTHMIAS | 208 | ||
| PEDIATRIC CLINICAL ARRHYTHMIAS | 210 | ||
| CLINICAL ENTITIES FREQUENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH ARRHYTHMIAS | 220 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR PEDIATRIC ARRHYTHMIAS | 224 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC ARRHYTHMIAS | 227 | ||
| INTENSIVE CARE UNIT APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS | 233 | ||
| References | 238 | ||
| Chapter 9. Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade | 243 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 243 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PERICARDIUM | 243 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PERICARDIAL EFFUSION AND TAMPONADE | 247 | ||
| ETIOLOGY OF PERICARDIAL EFFUSION AND TAMPONADE | 254 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 256 | ||
| TREATMENT | 258 | ||
| THE FUTURE: PERICARDIAL THERAPEUTICS | 261 | ||
| References | 261 | ||
| Chapter 10. Anesthesia for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery | 267 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 267 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 267 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 268 | ||
| INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF ANESTHESIA | 270 | ||
| CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS | 271 | ||
| MODIFIED ULTRAFILTRATION | 276 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION, HEMOSTASIS, AND BLOOD CONSERVATION | 277 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT | 280 | ||
| SPECIFIC ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS | 280 | ||
| References | 287 | ||
| Chapter 11. Applied Respiratory Physiology | 291 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 291 | ||
| DISTRIBUTION OF PULMONARYBLOOD FLOW | 292 | ||
| DISTRIBUTION OF VENTILATION | 295 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF GAS AND FLUID EXCHANGE | 299 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS | 302 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY SECONDARY TO CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 303 | ||
| References | 304 | ||
| Chapter 12. Respiratory Support for the Child with Critical Heart Disease | 307 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SUPPORT | 307 | ||
| CARDIORESPIRATORY INTERACTIONS | 315 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SUPPORT FOR CHILDREN WITH HEART DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH | 318 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 330 | ||
| References | 330 | ||
| Chapter 13. Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 333 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION IN CHILDREN WITH HEART DISEASE | 334 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION | 335 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION | 343 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC OUTCOME FOLLOWING CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION | 354 | ||
| References | 358 | ||
| Chapter 14. Coagulation Disorders in Congenital Heart Disease | 367 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 367 | ||
| THE FLUID PHASE | 368 | ||
| HEMOSTASIS: THE PLATELET PHASE | 369 | ||
| FIBRINOLYSIS | 369 | ||
| CONTROL OF COAGULATION | 369 | ||
| TESTS OF COAGULATION | 369 | ||
| TESTS OF PLATELET FUNCTION | 370 | ||
| TESTS OF FIBRINOLYSIS | 370 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN HEMOSTASIS | 371 | ||
| HEMOSTASIS AND COAGULATION IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 371 | ||
| HEMOSTATIC ALTERATIONS CAUSED BY CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS | 371 | ||
| HEMATOLOGIC MANAGEMENT DURING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS IN CHILDREN | 374 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN | 375 | ||
| BLOOD CONSERVATION DURING CONGENITAL HEART SURGERY | 376 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC METHODS TO REDUCE BLEEDING | 377 | ||
| SUMMARY | 378 | ||
| References | 378 | ||
| Chapter 15. Nutrition and Metabolism in the Critically Ill Child with Cardiac Disease | 379 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 379 | ||
| PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION | 380 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY AS A CAUSE OF HEART DISEASE | 380 | ||
| HEART DISEASE AS A CAUSE OF MALNUTRITION | 384 | ||
| MUTIFACTORIAL NUTRITIONAL SYNDROMES IN CHILDREN WITH CRITICAL HEART DISEASE | 386 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT | 389 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF THE CARDIAC SURGICAL PATIENT | 390 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT TECHNIQUES | 391 | ||
| ORAL FEEDING, SWALLOWING, AND DYSPHAGIA IN THE CHILD WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 394 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL SWALLOWING | 397 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 398 | ||
| References | 398 | ||
| Chapter 16. Heart and Lung Transplantation | 405 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 405 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 405 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 407 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 408 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES | 409 | ||
| SHORT-TERM COMPLICATIONS | 412 | ||
| LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS | 419 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 420 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 421 | ||
| References | 422 | ||
| PART THREE: Equipment and Techniques | 425 | ||
| Chapter 17. Noninvasive Diagnosis of Congenital and Acquired Pediatric Heart Disease | 427 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 427 | ||
| ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY | 427 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 443 | ||
| References | 458 | ||
| Chapter 18. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiac Catheterization | 463 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 463 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC CATHETERIZATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SURGERY | 463 | ||
| CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN PREPARATION FOR CARDIAC SURGERY | 468 | ||
| CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY | 471 | ||
| USE OF INTRACARDIAC MONITORING LINES | 474 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS DRAINAGE OF PERICARDIAL OR PLEURAL EFFUSIONS | 475 | ||
| DECOMPRESSION OF THE LEFT ATRIUM IN PATIENTS ON EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION | 475 | ||
| THERAPY FOR ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE | 475 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 477 | ||
| References | 477 | ||
| Chapter 19. Perioperative Monitoring | 479 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 480 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING | 480 | ||
| NONINVASIVE METHODS OF BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT | 481 | ||
| INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING | 483 | ||
| INVASIVE METHODS OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT | 486 | ||
| CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE | 489 | ||
| PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE | 491 | ||
| LEFT ATRIAL PRESSURE | 495 | ||
| CARDIAC OUTPUT | 496 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY | 498 | ||
| PULSE OXIMETRY | 498 | ||
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MONITORING | 499 | ||
| ACID-BASE MANAGEMENT | 499 | ||
| INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON PARTIAL PRESSURE OF BLOOD GASES | 500 | ||
| RESPIRATORY GAS AND ANESTHETIC MONITORING | 502 | ||
| TEMPERATURE | 503 | ||
| URINARY OUTPUT | 503 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 503 | ||
| References | 503 | ||
| Chapter 20. Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Infants and Children | 507 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 507 | ||
| CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS FOR INFANTS VERSUS ADULTS | 508 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS | 509 | ||
| HYPOTHERMIC INJURY TO THE BRAIN | 515 | ||
| THE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE | 517 | ||
| THE EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUIT | 518 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION AND BLEEDING MANAGEMENT | 520 | ||
| WEANING FROM CPB | 521 | ||
| MODIFIED ULTRAFILTRATION | 522 | ||
| POST-CARDIOTOMY MECHANICAL SUPPORT | 522 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 523 | ||
| References | 524 | ||
| Chapter 21. Mechanical Circulatory Support in Infants and Children | 529 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 529 | ||
| GENERAL INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS | 530 | ||
| THE VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE | 532 | ||
| EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO) | 535 | ||
| ECMO AS A BRIDGE TO TRANSPLANTATION | 538 | ||
| OUTCOME OF VAD AND ECMO IN CHILDREN | 539 | ||
| VAD VERSUS ECMO FOR CHILDREN | 541 | ||
| COST | 542 | ||
| LONG-TERM SUPPORT | 542 | ||
| OTHER SUPPORT SYSTEMS | 542 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 543 | ||
| References | 543 | ||
| Chapter 22. Nursing Care of the Child with Congenital Heart Disease | 545 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 545 | ||
| PEDIATRIC CARDIAC NURSING SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE | 545 | ||
| PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN THE CHILD | 554 | ||
| FAMILY-CENTERED CARE | 556 | ||
| References | 558 | ||
| PART FOUR: Congenital Heart Defects | 559 | ||
| Chapter 23. Perioperative Management of Patients with Congenital Heart Disease: A Multidisciplinary Approach | 561 | ||
| BASIC PRINCIPLES | 561 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF OXYGEN DELIVERY AND UTILIZATION | 562 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AFFECTING PREOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 563 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE STABILIZATION, SURGICAL PLANNING | 564 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 566 | ||
| FAMILY-CENTERED CARE | 575 | ||
| References | 576 | ||
| Chapter 24. Atrial Septal Defects and Ventricular Septal Defects | 579 | ||
| ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS | 579 | ||
| VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS | 585 | ||
| References | 591 | ||
| Chapter 25. Atrioventricular Septal Defects | 593 | ||
| DEFINITION | 593 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 593 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION AND ANATOMY | 594 | ||
| ASSOCIATED DEFECTS | 595 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 596 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 597 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT | 598 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE MANAGEMENT | 599 | ||
| SURGICAL CORRECTION | 600 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE | 605 | ||
| OUTCOME | 606 | ||
| References | 606 | ||
| Chapter 26. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction | 609 | ||
| VALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS | 609 | ||
| SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS | 617 | ||
| SUPRAVALVULAR STENOSIS | 618 | ||
| References | 622 | ||
| Chapter 27. Coarctation of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch | 625 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 625 | ||
| COARCTATION OF THE AORTA | 625 | ||
| INTERRUPTED AORTIC ARCH | 641 | ||
| References | 645 | ||
| Chapter 28. Mitral Valve Diseases | 649 | ||
| HISTORY | 649 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 650 | ||
| ANATOMY | 650 | ||
| OBSTRUCTIVE (STENOTIC) LESIONS OF THE MITRAL VALVE | 651 | ||
| REGURGITANT LESIONS OF THE MITRAL VALVE | 656 | ||
| RESULTS | 659 | ||
| MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT | 659 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 660 | ||
| References | 660 | ||
| Chapter 29. Aortopulmonary Septal Defects and Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 663 | ||
| AORTOPULMONARY SEPTAL DEFECTS | 663 | ||
| PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS | 668 | ||
| References | 673 | ||
| Chapter 30. Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries | 675 | ||
| DEFINITION | 675 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 675 | ||
| NORMAL VARIATION IN CORONARY ANATOMY | 676 | ||
| ANOMALOUS ORIGIN OF THE LEFT CORONARY ARTERY FROM THE PULMONARY ARTERY | 677 | ||
| ANOMALOUS ORIGIN OF THE RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY FROM THE PULMONARY TRUNK | 684 | ||
| ANOMALOUS ORIGIN OF A MAIN CORONARY ARTERY FROM THE AORTA | 685 | ||
| References | 686 | ||
| Chapter 31. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus | 689 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY | 689 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 689 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 689 | ||
| ANATOMY AND ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES | 690 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 691 | ||
| HEMODYNAMICS | 691 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 692 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 692 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 695 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 696 | ||
| References | 696 | ||
| Chapter 32. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return | 699 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 699 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 699 | ||
| ANATOMY AND CLASSIFICATION | 700 | ||
| GENETICS | 701 | ||
| ASSOCIATED DEFECTS | 702 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 702 | ||
| PRESENTATION | 702 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT | 703 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE MANAGEMENT | 704 | ||
| SURGICAL INTERVENTION | 705 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE MANAGEMENT | 708 | ||
| OUTCOME | 709 | ||
| References | 712 | ||
| Chapter 33. Transposition of the Great Arteries and the Arterial Switch Operation | 715 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 715 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMIC FEATURES | 715 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY | 718 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 718 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE MANAGEMENT | 718 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THE INFANT WITH TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES | 719 | ||
| ANATOMIC FEATURES REQUIRING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION | 720 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE MANAGEMENT | 724 | ||
| OUTCOME | 725 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 727 | ||
| References | 727 | ||
| Chapter 34. Double-Outlet Right Ventricle and Double-Outlet Left Ventricle | 731 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 731 | ||
| DEFINITION | 731 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 732 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY AND GENETICS | 732 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 733 | ||
| ANATOMY | 733 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 736 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT | 737 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE MANAGEMENT | 740 | ||
| SURGICAL PROCEDURE | 741 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE MANAGEMENT | 745 | ||
| OUTCOME | 749 | ||
| DOUBLE-OUTLET LEFT VENTRICLE | 750 | ||
| References | 750 | ||
| Chapter 35. Tetralogy of Fallot with and without Pulmonary Atresia | 755 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 755 | ||
| ANATOMY | 755 | ||
| GENETICS | 757 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 757 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 758 | ||
| INITIAL MEDICAL MANAGEMENT | 760 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 760 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 762 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 762 | ||
| OUTCOME | 763 | ||
| SUMMARY | 764 | ||
| References | 764 | ||
| Chapter 36. Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum | 767 | ||
| INTRODUCTION/DEFINITIONS | 767 | ||
| ANATOMY/MORPHOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 767 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 770 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 770 | ||
| DIAGNOSTICS | 770 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 770 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT | 771 | ||
| CATHETER-BASED INTERVENTIONS | 771 | ||
| SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS | 772 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 773 | ||
| OUTCOME | 775 | ||
| References | 775 | ||
| Chapter 37. Ebstein’s Malformation | 777 | ||
| HISTORY | 777 | ||
| DEFINITION | 777 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 777 | ||
| ASSOCIATED DEFECTS | 778 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 778 | ||
| PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 779 | ||
| MEDICAL MANAGEMENT | 781 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 782 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE | 786 | ||
| RESULTS | 786 | ||
| References | 786 | ||
| Chapter 38. Single-Ventricle Lesions | 789 | ||
| ANATOMY OF SINGLE-VENTRICLE COMPLEXES | 789 | ||
| BALANCING THE PARALLEL CIRCULATIONS | 790 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF NEWBORN SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 793 | ||
| IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PALLIATIVE PROCEDURES | 795 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS | 795 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 796 | ||
| References | 796 | ||
| Chapter 39. Tricuspid Atresia | 799 | ||
| DEFINITION | 799 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 799 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 800 | ||
| ANATOMY AND CLASSIFICATION | 800 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 802 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT | 803 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF TRICUSPID ATRESIA | 805 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE PROBLEMS AFTER THE FONTAN OPERATION | 815 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 820 | ||
| References | 820 | ||
| Chapter 40. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | 823 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 823 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 824 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT | 825 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CRITICAL CARE MANAGEMENT | 826 | ||
| SURGICAL INTERVENTION | 829 | ||
| INITIAL PALLIATIVE RECONSTRUCTION (STAGE I) | 830 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR NONCARDIAC SURGERY IN CHILDREN WITH HLHS | 839 | ||
| OUTCOME | 840 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 841 | ||
| References | 841 | ||
| Chapter 41. Separating the Circulations: Cavopulmonary Connections (Bidirectional Glenn, Hemi-Fontan) and the Modified Fontan Operation | 845 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SUPERIOR AND TOTAL CAVOPULMONARY CONNECTIONS | 846 | ||
| BIDIRECTIONAL GLENN/HEMI-FONTAN | 846 | ||
| THE MODIFIED FONTAN OPERATION | 853 | ||
| EARLY OUTCOME AFTER THE FONTAN PROCEDURE | 862 | ||
| References | 864 | ||
| PART FIVE: Medical Conditions | 869 | ||
| Chapter 42. The Critical Appraisal and Use of Evidence about Therapy | 871 | ||
| TRYING TO SORT OUT WHAT WORKED: A CASE STUDY | 871 | ||
| THE ERA OF EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE | 872 | ||
| STEPS IN THE PRACTICE OF EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE | 872 | ||
| BUILDING A BODY OF EVIDENCE | 873 | ||
| PITFALLS IN DATA INTERPRETATION | 875 | ||
| CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE CLINICAL TRIAL | 876 | ||
| CAUTIONS REGARDING OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES OF THERAPY | 879 | ||
| IMPORTANT ANALYSIS ISSUES RELATED TO APPRAISAL OF OUTCOMES OF THERAPY | 880 | ||
| SUMMARY | 882 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 882 | ||
| References | 883 | ||
| Chapter 43. Pulmonary Hypertension | 885 | ||
| DEFINITION/NOMENCLATURE | 885 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 886 | ||
| BIOPHYSICS/MEASUREMENT | 886 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 888 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 888 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 891 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT | 892 | ||
| GENERAL PHARMACOLOGIC MEASURES | 893 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 896 | ||
| References | 896 | ||
| Chapter 44. Inflammatory Heart Disease | 899 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 899 | ||
| PERICARDITIS | 899 | ||
| MYOCARDITIS | 904 | ||
| SUMMARY | 921 | ||
| References | 921 | ||
| Chapter 45. Infective Endocarditis | 927 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 927 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 928 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS | 928 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 928 | ||
| THE PATTERN OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS IN CHILDREN | 929 | ||
| NEONATAL ENDOCARDITIS | 932 | ||
| PROSTHETIC VALVE ENDOCARDITIS | 933 | ||
| NOSOCOMIAL ENDOCARDITIS | 933 | ||
| INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS IN INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSERS | 934 | ||
| FUNGAL ENDOCARDITIS | 935 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS | 936 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 938 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 939 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS | 943 | ||
| OUTCOME | 944 | ||
| RESPONSE TO THERAPY | 944 | ||
| RELAPSE | 944 | ||
| PREVENTION OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS | 944 | ||
| References | 946 | ||
| Chapter 46. Syndromes and Congenital Heart Defects | 951 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 951 | ||
| DOWN SYNDROME OMIM 1906851 | 952 | ||
| NOONAN SYNDROME OMIM 163950 | 954 | ||
| CHROMOSOME 22Q11.2 DELETION SYNDROMES: DIGEORGE (OMIM 188400), VELOCARDIOFACIAL (OMIM 192430), AND CONOTRUNCAL ANOMALY FACE (OMIM 217095) SYNDROMES | 956 | ||
| THE VISCERAL HETEROTAXY SYNDROMES (SPLENO-CARDIAC OR ISOMERISM SYNDROMES, IVEMARK SYNDROME, OMIM 208530, 306955) | 959 | ||
| OTHER CARDIAC SYNDROMES | 963 | ||
| ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 964 | ||
| References | 967 | ||
| Chapter 47. Heritable Heart Disease as Part of Multisystem Illness | 973 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 973 | ||
| CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES | 973 | ||
| STORAGE DISEASES | 975 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES | 977 | ||
| References | 979 | ||
| Chapter 48. Cardiomyopathy | 981 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 981 | ||
| DEFINITIONS OF CARDIOMYOPATHY | 981 | ||
| DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY | 982 | ||
| HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 986 | ||
| RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY | 989 | ||
| GENETICS OF CARDIOMYOPATHY | 990 | ||
| SUMMARY | 991 | ||
| References | 991 | ||
| Index | 995 |