Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The new edition of 50 Challenging Spinal Pain Syndrome Cases brings together a total of 100 individual studies ranging from the common and comparatively straightforward to the more complex. Content is presented in a clear layout with details of case history, aetiology, physical examination, imaging and, when necessary, laboratory test results of patients, diagnosis, treatment and results, key points and suggestions for further reading. Comparisons between imaging and similar anatomical and or histopathological findings are used. Questions of anatomy are clarified and the cases are comprehensively illustrated with radiographs and scans to enable the reader to see the most likely nature of the pathology causing the patient's spinal pain syndrome. The problem-solving approach keeps the emphasis on the practical and corrects some common myths about spinal pain treatment. Taken together, these cases make up a book, which students, practitioners and everyone interested in the spine will want to own and constantly refer to.
- new cases, particularly in the cervical and thoracic spine sections
- detailed section on possible anatomical pain generators
- colour photomicrographs
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| 100 Challenging Spinal Pain Syndrome Cases | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| General Introduction | xi | ||
| Introduction | xi | ||
| History of Spinal Pain | xiii | ||
| Brief Summary of Spinal Innervation | xiv | ||
| Imaging | xvii | ||
| Laboratory Tests | xix | ||
| Conditions Associated with Spinal Pain Syndromes | xix | ||
| Some Illustrations Showing Examples of Possible Causes of Non-Specific Spinal Pain Syndromes of Mechanical Origin | xxi | ||
| Treatment | xxxviii | ||
| References | xxxix | ||
| Further reading | xliii | ||
| Whiplash Injuries | xlv | ||
| Some Mechanisms Involved in Motor Vehicle Accidents | xlv | ||
| General Comments | xlv | ||
| Intervertebral Disc Degeneration | xlvii | ||
| Disc Desiccation | xlviii | ||
| Cervical Spine Contour | xlviii | ||
| Ranges of Movement | xlix | ||
| Only 'Degenerated Discs Protrude' | xlix | ||
| Some Symptoms Following Whiplash-Type Injuries | xlix | ||
| Imaging | l | ||
| References | liv | ||
| Further reading | lvi | ||
| Section 1: Lumbar spine cases | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 3 | ||
| Physical Examination | 3 | ||
| References | 8 | ||
| Case 1: L5-S1 posterior central intervertebral disc protrusion not abutting adjacent nerve roots | 9 | ||
| Comment | 9 | ||
| Profile | 9 | ||
| Past History | 9 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 9 | ||
| Aetiology | 9 | ||
| Examination | 9 | ||
| Imaging Review | 9 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 10 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 10 | ||
| Diagnosis | 11 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 11 | ||
| References | 11 | ||
| Further reading | 11 | ||
| Appendix: Basic Low Back Exercises | 12 | ||
| Case 2: L5-S1 posterior central intervertebral disc protrusion abutting adjacent nerve roots | 13 | ||
| Comment | 13 | ||
| Profile | 13 | ||
| Past History | 13 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 13 | ||
| Aetiology | 14 | ||
| Examination | 14 | ||
| Imaging Review | 14 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 14 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 14 | ||
| Diagnosis | 15 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 15 | ||
| References | 16 | ||
| Further reading | 16 | ||
| Case 3: L5-S1 posterior left paracentral intervertebral disc protrusion | 17 | ||
| Comment | 17 | ||
| Profile | 17 | ||
| Past History | 17 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 17 | ||
| Aetiology | 18 | ||
| Examination | 18 | ||
| Imaging Review | 18 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 18 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 18 | ||
| Diagnosis | 18 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 18 | ||
| References | 20 | ||
| Further reading | 20 | ||
| Case 4: CT versus MRI for lumbar spine intervertebral disc protrusion | 21 | ||
| Comment | 21 | ||
| Profile | 21 | ||
| Past History | 21 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 21 | ||
| Aetiology | 21 | ||
| Examination | 21 | ||
| Imaging Review | 22 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 22 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 23 | ||
| Diagnosis | 23 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 23 | ||
| Reference | 24 | ||
| Case 5: L4 retrolisthesis with associated intervertebral disc protrusion | 25 | ||
| Comment | 25 | ||
| Profile | 25 | ||
| Past History | 25 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 25 | ||
| Aetiology | 25 | ||
| Examination | 25 | ||
| Imaging Review | 26 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 26 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 26 | ||
| Diagnosis | 26 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 26 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| Further reading | 27 | ||
| Case 6: Carcinoma of the pancreas | 29 | ||
| Comment | 29 | ||
| Profile | 29 | ||
| Past History | 29 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 29 | ||
| Aetiology | 29 | ||
| Examination | 29 | ||
| Imaging Review | 30 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 31 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 31 | ||
| Diagnosis | 31 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 31 | ||
| Further reading | 32 | ||
| Case 7: Sacroiliac joint dysfunction | 33 | ||
| Comment | 33 | ||
| Profile | 33 | ||
| Past History | 33 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 33 | ||
| Aetiology | 34 | ||
| Examination | 34 | ||
| Imaging Review | 35 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 35 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 35 | ||
| Diagnosis | 35 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 35 | ||
| Further reading | 35 | ||
| Case 8: Sacroiliac joint dysfunction and perineal pain | 37 | ||
| Comment | 37 | ||
| Profile | 37 | ||
| Past History | 37 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 37 | ||
| Aetiology | 37 | ||
| Examination | 37 | ||
| Imaging Review | 37 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 38 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 38 | ||
| Diagnosis | 38 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 38 | ||
| References | 38 | ||
| Further reading | 38 | ||
| Case 9: Ewing’s sarcoma | 39 | ||
| Comment | 39 | ||
| Profile | 39 | ||
| Past History | 39 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 39 | ||
| Aetiology | 39 | ||
| Examination | 39 | ||
| Imaging | 40 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 40 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 40 | ||
| Diagnosis | 40 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 40 | ||
| References | 41 | ||
| Further reading | 41 | ||
| Case 10: Abdominal aorta aneurysm | 43 | ||
| Comment | 43 | ||
| Profile | 43 | ||
| Past History | 43 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 43 | ||
| Aetiology | 43 | ||
| Examination | 43 | ||
| Imaging Review | 43 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 43 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 44 | ||
| Diagnosis | 45 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 45 | ||
| Further reading | 45 | ||
| Case 11: Small aortic aneurysm | 47 | ||
| Comment | 47 | ||
| Profile | 47 | ||
| Past History | 47 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 47 | ||
| Aetiology | 47 | ||
| Examination | 47 | ||
| Imaging Review | 47 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 48 | ||
| What action Should be Taken? | 48 | ||
| Diagnosis | 49 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 49 | ||
| Further reading | 49 | ||
| Case 12: Minor internal disc disruption | 51 | ||
| Comment | 51 | ||
| Profile | 51 | ||
| Past History | 51 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 51 | ||
| Aetiology | 52 | ||
| Examination | 52 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 52 | ||
| Imaging Review | 52 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 52 | ||
| Diagnosis | 55 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 55 | ||
| References | 56 | ||
| Further reading | 56 | ||
| Case 13: Major internal disc disruption | 57 | ||
| Comment | 57 | ||
| Profile | 57 | ||
| Past History | 57 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 57 | ||
| Aetiology | 57 | ||
| Examination | 57 | ||
| Imaging Review | 58 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 58 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 58 | ||
| Diagnosis | 59 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 59 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| Further reading | 60 | ||
| Case 14: L4 discectomy | 61 | ||
| Comment | 61 | ||
| Profile | 61 | ||
| Past History | 61 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 61 | ||
| Aetiology | 62 | ||
| Examination | 62 | ||
| Imaging Review | 62 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 62 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 62 | ||
| Diagnosis | 62 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 62 | ||
| References | 64 | ||
| Further reading | 64 | ||
| Case 15: Lumbosacral metastasis | 65 | ||
| Comment | 65 | ||
| Profile | 65 | ||
| Past History | 65 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 65 | ||
| Aetiology | 65 | ||
| Examination | 66 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 66 | ||
| Imaging Review | 66 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 66 | ||
| Diagnosis | 68 | ||
| Treatment | 68 | ||
| Reference | 69 | ||
| Further reading | 69 | ||
| Case 16: Lytic L5 Grade 1 spondylolisthesis of long standing | 71 | ||
| Comment | 71 | ||
| Profile | 71 | ||
| Past History | 71 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 71 | ||
| Aetiology | 71 | ||
| Examination | 71 | ||
| Imaging Review | 72 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 72 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 72 | ||
| Diagnosis | 72 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 72 | ||
| References | 73 | ||
| Further reading | 73 | ||
| Case 17: Lytic L5 Grade 1 spondylolisthesis in a young man | 75 | ||
| Comment | 75 | ||
| Profile | 75 | ||
| Past History | 75 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 75 | ||
| Aetiology | 75 | ||
| Examination | 75 | ||
| Imaging Review | 76 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 76 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 76 | ||
| Diagnosis | 77 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 77 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Further reading | 78 | ||
| Case 18: Lumbosacral intervertebral disc protrusion | 79 | ||
| Comment | 79 | ||
| Profile | 79 | ||
| Past History | 79 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 79 | ||
| Aetiology | 80 | ||
| Examination | 80 | ||
| Imaging Review | 80 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 81 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 81 | ||
| Diagnosis | 81 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 81 | ||
| Further reading | 81 | ||
| Case 19: Adolescent tethered cord syndrome | 83 | ||
| Comment | 83 | ||
| Profile | 83 | ||
| Past History | 83 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 83 | ||
| Aetiology | 84 | ||
| Examination | 84 | ||
| Imaging Review | 84 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 84 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 84 | ||
| Diagnosis | 86 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 86 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Further reading | 87 | ||
| Case 20: Adult tethered cord syndrome | 89 | ||
| Comment | 89 | ||
| Profile | 89 | ||
| Past History | 89 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 89 | ||
| Aetiology | 89 | ||
| Examination | 89 | ||
| Imaging Review | 90 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 90 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 90 | ||
| Diagnosis | 90 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 90 | ||
| References | 91 | ||
| Further reading | 91 | ||
| Case 21: Lumbar neuroma | 93 | ||
| Comment | 93 | ||
| Profile | 93 | ||
| Past History | 93 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 93 | ||
| Aetiology | 93 | ||
| Examination | 93 | ||
| Imaging Review | 93 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 95 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 95 | ||
| Diagnosis | 96 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 96 | ||
| Further reading | 96 | ||
| Case 22: Sacral Tarlov cyst | 97 | ||
| Comment | 97 | ||
| Profile | 97 | ||
| Past History | 97 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 97 | ||
| Aetiology | 97 | ||
| Examination | 97 | ||
| Imaging Review | 98 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 98 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 98 | ||
| Diagnosis | 99 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 99 | ||
| References | 100 | ||
| Further reading | 100 | ||
| Case 23: Zygapophysial joint synovial cyst | 101 | ||
| Comment | 101 | ||
| Profile | 101 | ||
| Past History | 101 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 101 | ||
| Aetiology | 101 | ||
| Examination | 101 | ||
| Imaging Review | 102 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 102 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 102 | ||
| Diagnosis | 102 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 102 | ||
| Further reading | 104 | ||
| Case 24: L5-S1 posterior left paracentral intervertebral disc protrusion with a probable epidural haematoma | 105 | ||
| Comment | 105 | ||
| Profile | 105 | ||
| Past History | 105 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 105 | ||
| Aetiology | 106 | ||
| Examination | 106 | ||
| Imaging Review | 106 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 107 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 107 | ||
| Diagnosis | 107 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 107 | ||
| Further reading | 109 | ||
| Case 25: Re-absorption of intervertebral disc material | 111 | ||
| Comment | 111 | ||
| Profile | 111 | ||
| Past History | 111 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 111 | ||
| Aetiology | 111 | ||
| Examination | 111 | ||
| Imaging Review | 112 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 112 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 112 | ||
| Diagnosis | 112 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 112 | ||
| References | 114 | ||
| Further reading | 114 | ||
| Case 26: L5-S1 intervertebral disc protrusion | 115 | ||
| Comment | 115 | ||
| Profile | 115 | ||
| Past History | 115 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 115 | ||
| Aetiology | 115 | ||
| Examination | 115 | ||
| Imaging Review | 116 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 116 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 116 | ||
| Diagnosis | 116 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 117 | ||
| Reference | 117 | ||
| Further reading | 117 | ||
| Case 27: Leg length inequality | 119 | ||
| Comment | 119 | ||
| Profile | 119 | ||
| Past History | 119 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 119 | ||
| Aetiology | 119 | ||
| Examination | 119 | ||
| Imaging Review | 120 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 120 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 120 | ||
| Diagnosis | 120 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 121 | ||
| References | 122 | ||
| Further reading | 122 | ||
| Case 28: Scanogram versus erect posture X-ray examination for evaluating leg length inequality | 123 | ||
| Comment | 123 | ||
| Profile | 123 | ||
| Past History | 123 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 123 | ||
| Aetiology | 123 | ||
| Examination | 123 | ||
| Imaging Review | 124 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 124 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 124 | ||
| Diagnosis | 125 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 125 | ||
| References | 126 | ||
| Further reading | 126 | ||
| Case 29: Seropositive inflammatory arthropathy | 127 | ||
| Comment | 127 | ||
| Profile | 127 | ||
| Past History | 127 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 127 | ||
| Aetiology | 127 | ||
| Examination | 127 | ||
| Imaging Review | 127 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 127 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 128 | ||
| Diagnosis | 128 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 128 | ||
| Further reading | 129 | ||
| Case 30: Lumbar vertebral body compression fracture | 131 | ||
| Comment | 131 | ||
| Profile | 131 | ||
| Past History | 131 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 131 | ||
| Aetiology | 131 | ||
| Examination | 132 | ||
| Imaging Review | 132 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 132 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 132 | ||
| Diagnosis | 132 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 132 | ||
| References | 135 | ||
| Further reading | 135 | ||
| Case 31: Lumbar intervertebral disc symptoms aggravated by spinal manipulation | 137 | ||
| Comment | 137 | ||
| Profile | 137 | ||
| Past History | 137 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 137 | ||
| Aetiology | 137 | ||
| Examination | 137 | ||
| Imaging Review | 138 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 138 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken | 138 | ||
| Diagnosis | 138 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 138 | ||
| New Presenting Complaint | 138 | ||
| What Actions Should be Taken? | 139 | ||
| Diagnosis | 139 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 139 | ||
| Case 32: Cauda equina syndrome | 141 | ||
| Comment | 141 | ||
| Profile | 141 | ||
| Past History | 141 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 141 | ||
| Aetiology | 141 | ||
| Examination | 141 | ||
| Imaging Review | 142 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 142 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 142 | ||
| Diagnosis | 142 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 142 | ||
| Reference | 144 | ||
| Further reading | 144 | ||
| Case 33: Perineural fibrosis | 145 | ||
| Comment | 145 | ||
| Profile | 145 | ||
| Past History | 145 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 145 | ||
| Aetiology | 145 | ||
| Examination | 145 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 146 | ||
| Imaging Review | 146 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 146 | ||
| Diagnosis | 146 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 146 | ||
| Reference | 147 | ||
| Further reading | 147 | ||
| Case 34: Intervertebral disc dysfunction | 149 | ||
| Comment | 149 | ||
| Profile | 149 | ||
| Past History | 149 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 149 | ||
| Aetiology | 150 | ||
| Examination | 150 | ||
| Imaging Review | 150 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 150 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 150 | ||
| Diagnosis | 152 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 152 | ||
| Further reading | 152 | ||
| Case 35: Discitis and osteomyelitis | 153 | ||
| Comment | 153 | ||
| Profile | 153 | ||
| Past History | 153 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 153 | ||
| Aetiology | 153 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 153 | ||
| Examination and Action Taken | 153 | ||
| Diagnosis | 154 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 155 | ||
| Further reading | 156 | ||
| Case 36: L4 and L5 posterior intervertebral disc protrusions | 157 | ||
| Comment | 157 | ||
| Profile | 157 | ||
| Past History | 157 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 157 | ||
| Aetiology | 157 | ||
| Examination | 157 | ||
| Imaging Review | 158 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 158 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 158 | ||
| Diagnosis | 158 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 158 | ||
| Case 37: Failed low back surgery | 161 | ||
| Comment | 161 | ||
| Profile | 161 | ||
| Past History | 161 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 161 | ||
| Aetiology | 161 | ||
| Examination | 161 | ||
| Imaging Review | 162 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 162 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 162 | ||
| Diagnosis | 163 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 163 | ||
| Further reading | 166 | ||
| Case 38: Incorrect laminectomy level for lumbar intervertebral disc bulge | 167 | ||
| Comment | 167 | ||
| Profile | 167 | ||
| Past History | 167 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 167 | ||
| Aetiology | 168 | ||
| Examination | 168 | ||
| Imaging Review | 168 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 168 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 168 | ||
| Diagnosis | 169 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 169 | ||
| Case 39: Chronic low back pain with an incidental finding | 171 | ||
| Comment | 171 | ||
| Profile | 171 | ||
| Past History | 171 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 171 | ||
| Aetiology | 171 | ||
| Examination | 171 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 172 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 172 | ||
| Diagnosis | 173 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 173 | ||
| References | 174 | ||
| Further reading | 174 | ||
| Case 40: Multiple level intervertebral disc degeneration | 175 | ||
| Comment | 175 | ||
| Profile | 175 | ||
| Past History | 175 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 175 | ||
| Aetiology | 175 | ||
| Examination | 175 | ||
| Imaging Review | 176 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 176 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 176 | ||
| Diagnosis | 177 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 177 | ||
| Further reading | 177 | ||
| Case 41: Lumbar osteoporotic fractures | 179 | ||
| Comment | 179 | ||
| Profile | 179 | ||
| Past History | 179 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 179 | ||
| Aetiology | 179 | ||
| Examination | 179 | ||
| Imaging Review | 180 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 180 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 180 | ||
| Diagnosis | 181 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 181 | ||
| References | 182 | ||
| Further reading | 183 | ||
| Case 42: L3-4 far lateral intervertebral disc protrusion | 185 | ||
| Comment | 185 | ||
| Profile | 185 | ||
| Past History | 185 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 185 | ||
| Aetiology | 186 | ||
| Examination | 186 | ||
| Imaging Review | 186 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 186 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 186 | ||
| Diagnosis | 186 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 186 | ||
| Case 43: Lumbar perineural ‘block’ injection | 189 | ||
| Comment | 189 | ||
| Profile | 189 | ||
| Past History | 189 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 189 | ||
| Aetiology | 189 | ||
| Examination | 189 | ||
| Imaging Review | 190 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 190 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 190 | ||
| Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 191 | ||
| Further reading | 191 | ||
| Case 44: Intervertebral disc protrusion into the intervertebral canal | 193 | ||
| Comment | 193 | ||
| Profile | 193 | ||
| Past History | 193 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 193 | ||
| Aetiology | 193 | ||
| Examination | 194 | ||
| Imaging Review | 194 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 194 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 194 | ||
| Diagnosis | 194 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 194 | ||
| Further reading | 196 | ||
| Case 45: Sacral fracture | 197 | ||
| Comment | 197 | ||
| Profile | 197 | ||
| Past History | 197 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 197 | ||
| Aetiology | 197 | ||
| Examination | 197 | ||
| Imaging Review | 198 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 198 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 198 | ||
| Diagnosis | 199 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 199 | ||
| Reference | 201 | ||
| Further reading | 201 | ||
| Case 46: Low back pain and left sided sciatica | 203 | ||
| Comment | 203 | ||
| Profile | 203 | ||
| Past History | 203 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 203 | ||
| Aetiology | 203 | ||
| Examination | 203 | ||
| Imaging Review | 204 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 204 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 204 | ||
| Diagnosis | 205 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 205 | ||
| References | 206 | ||
| Further reading | 206 | ||
| Case 47: Low back and unilateral buttock pain | 207 | ||
| Comment | 207 | ||
| Profile | 207 | ||
| Past History | 207 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 207 | ||
| Aetiology | 208 | ||
| Examination | 208 | ||
| Imaging Review | 208 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 208 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 208 | ||
| Diagnosis | 209 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 209 | ||
| Further reading | 211 | ||
| Case 48: L4-5 and L5-S1 degenerative intervertebral disc replacement with Chariteacute artificial discs | 213 | ||
| Comment | 213 | ||
| Profile | 213 | ||
| Past History | 213 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 213 | ||
| Aetiology | 213 | ||
| Examination | 214 | ||
| Imaging Review | 214 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 215 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 215 | ||
| Diagnosis | 215 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 215 | ||
| Further reading | 216 | ||
| Section 2: Cervical spine cases | 217 | ||
| Introduction | 219 | ||
| Physical Examination | 219 | ||
| Radiology | 220 | ||
| References | 223 | ||
| Case 49: Post motor vehicle accident CT versus MRI investigations | 225 | ||
| Comment | 225 | ||
| Profile | 225 | ||
| Past History | 225 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 225 | ||
| Aetiology | 226 | ||
| Examination | 226 | ||
| Imaging Review | 227 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 227 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 227 | ||
| Diagnosis | 230 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 230 | ||
| References | 232 | ||
| Case 50: C5-6 posterolateral intervertebral disc protrusion | 233 | ||
| Comment | 233 | ||
| Profile | 233 | ||
| Past History | 233 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 233 | ||
| Aetiology | 233 | ||
| Examination | 234 | ||
| Imaging Review | 234 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 235 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 235 | ||
| Diagnosis | 235 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 235 | ||
| Further reading | 237 | ||
| Case 51: Post motor vehicle accident intervertebral disc injuries | 239 | ||
| Comment | 239 | ||
| Profile | 239 | ||
| Past History | 239 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 239 | ||
| Aetiology | 239 | ||
| Examination | 240 | ||
| Imaging Review | 240 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 240 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 240 | ||
| Diagnosis | 242 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 242 | ||
| Further reading | 242 | ||
| Case 52: Post motor vehicle accident soft tissue injuries | 243 | ||
| Comment | 243 | ||
| Profile | 243 | ||
| Past History | 243 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 243 | ||
| Aetiology | 244 | ||
| Examination | 244 | ||
| Imaging Review | 244 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 244 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 244 | ||
| Diagnosis | 245 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 245 | ||
| References | 246 | ||
| Further reading | 246 | ||
| Case 53: Vertebral artery tortuosity | 247 | ||
| Comment | 247 | ||
| Profile | 247 | ||
| Past History | 247 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 247 | ||
| Aetiology | 247 | ||
| Examination | 247 | ||
| Imaging Review | 248 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 248 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 248 | ||
| Diagnosis | 248 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 248 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| Further reading | 249 | ||
| Case 54: Vertebral artery dissection | 251 | ||
| Comment | 251 | ||
| Profile | 251 | ||
| Past History | 251 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 251 | ||
| Aetiology | 252 | ||
| Examination | 252 | ||
| Imaging Review | 252 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 252 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 252 | ||
| Diagnosis | 252 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 253 | ||
| Reference | 254 | ||
| Further reading | 255 | ||
| Case 55: Post-manipulation stroke | 257 | ||
| Comment | 257 | ||
| Profile | 257 | ||
| Past History | 257 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 257 | ||
| Aetiology | 257 | ||
| Examination | 257 | ||
| Imaging Review | 257 | ||
| Diagnosis | 257 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 258 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 258 | ||
| Imaging | 259 | ||
| Summary of PostMortem Examination Report | 261 | ||
| References | 263 | ||
| Further reading | 263 | ||
| Case 56: Brain injury | 265 | ||
| Comment | 265 | ||
| Profile | 265 | ||
| Past History | 265 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 265 | ||
| Aetiology | 265 | ||
| Examination | 266 | ||
| Imaging Review | 266 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 266 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 266 | ||
| Diagnosis | 268 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 268 | ||
| Further reading | 268 | ||
| Case 57: Intervertebral disc protrusion | 269 | ||
| Comment | 269 | ||
| Profile | 269 | ||
| Past History | 269 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 269 | ||
| Aetiology | 270 | ||
| Examination | 270 | ||
| Imaging Review | 270 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 270 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 270 | ||
| Diagnosis | 270 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 270 | ||
| References | 271 | ||
| Further reading | 271 | ||
| Case 58: Failed Cloward procedure | 273 | ||
| Comment | 273 | ||
| Profile | 273 | ||
| Past History | 273 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 273 | ||
| Aetiology | 273 | ||
| Examination | 273 | ||
| Imaging Review | 274 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 274 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 274 | ||
| Diagnosis | 275 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 275 | ||
| References | 275 | ||
| Case 59: Persisting symptoms following Cloward procedure | 277 | ||
| Comment | 277 | ||
| Profile | 277 | ||
| Past History | 277 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 277 | ||
| Aetiology | 277 | ||
| Examination | 278 | ||
| Imaging Review | 278 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 279 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 279 | ||
| Diagnosis | 279 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 279 | ||
| Reference | 279 | ||
| Further reading | 279 | ||
| Case 60: Cloward revision surgery | 281 | ||
| Comment | 281 | ||
| Profile | 281 | ||
| Past History | 281 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 281 | ||
| Aetiology | 281 | ||
| Examination | 281 | ||
| Imaging Review | 282 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 282 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 282 | ||
| Diagnosis | 282 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 282 | ||
| Case 61: Uncovertebral joint osteoarthrosis | 283 | ||
| Comment | 283 | ||
| Profile | 283 | ||
| Past History | 283 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 283 | ||
| Aetiology | 284 | ||
| Examination | 284 | ||
| Imaging Review | 284 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 284 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 284 | ||
| Diagnosis | 285 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 286 | ||
| Further reading | 286 | ||
| Case 62: Hangman’s fracture of C2 vertebra | 287 | ||
| Comment | 287 | ||
| Profile | 287 | ||
| Past History | 287 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 287 | ||
| Aetiology | 288 | ||
| Examination | 288 | ||
| Imaging Review | 288 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 289 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 289 | ||
| Diagnosis | 290 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 290 | ||
| Further reading | 291 | ||
| Case 63: Cervical cord myelopathy | 293 | ||
| Comment | 293 | ||
| Profile | 293 | ||
| Past History | 293 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 293 | ||
| Aetiology | 293 | ||
| Examination | 294 | ||
| Imaging Review | 294 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 294 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 294 | ||
| Diagnosis | 294 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 295 | ||
| References | 295 | ||
| Further reading | 295 | ||
| Case 64: Advanced osteoarthrosis in the cervical spine | 297 | ||
| Comment | 297 | ||
| Profile | 297 | ||
| Past History | 297 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 297 | ||
| Aetiology | 297 | ||
| Examination | 297 | ||
| Imaging Review | 297 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 298 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 298 | ||
| Diagnosis | 298 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 298 | ||
| Further reading | 299 | ||
| Case 65: Cervical cord ependymoma | 301 | ||
| Comment | 301 | ||
| Profile | 301 | ||
| Past history | 301 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 301 | ||
| Aetiology | 301 | ||
| Examination | 302 | ||
| Imaging Review | 302 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 302 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 302 | ||
| Diagnosis | 304 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 304 | ||
| Further reading | 304 | ||
| Case 66: Cervical, lumbar, and thoracic spine injuries, as well as a foot injury, following a motorcycle accident | 305 | ||
| Comment | 305 | ||
| Profile | 305 | ||
| Past History | 305 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 305 | ||
| Aetiology | 306 | ||
| Examination | 306 | ||
| Imaging Review | 306 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 306 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 306 | ||
| Diagnosis | 308 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 309 | ||
| Case 67: Cervical ribs | 311 | ||
| Comment | 311 | ||
| Profile | 311 | ||
| Past History | 311 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 311 | ||
| Aetiology | 311 | ||
| Examination | 311 | ||
| Imaging Review | 312 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 312 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 312 | ||
| Diagnosis | 312 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 312 | ||
| References | 314 | ||
| Case 68: Block vertebrae | 315 | ||
| Comment | 315 | ||
| Profile | 315 | ||
| Past History | 315 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 315 | ||
| Aetiology | 315 | ||
| Examination | 316 | ||
| Imaging Review | 316 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 316 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 316 | ||
| Diagnosis | 317 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 317 | ||
| Further reading | 317 | ||
| Case 69: Cerebellar tonsil ectopia | 319 | ||
| Comment | 319 | ||
| Profile | 319 | ||
| Past History | 319 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 319 | ||
| Aetiology | 319 | ||
| Examination | 319 | ||
| Imaging Review | 320 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 320 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 320 | ||
| Diagnosis | 321 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 321 | ||
| Reference | 321 | ||
| Further reading | 321 | ||
| Case 70: Chiari I malformation | 323 | ||
| Comment | 323 | ||
| Profile | 323 | ||
| Past Medical History | 323 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 324 | ||
| Aetiology | 324 | ||
| Examination | 324 | ||
| Imaging Review | 325 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 326 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 326 | ||
| Diagnosis | 326 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 326 | ||
| References | 328 | ||
| Further reading | 328 | ||
| Case 71: Cervical spine plain X-rays versus MRI | 329 | ||
| Comment | 329 | ||
| Profile | 329 | ||
| Past History | 329 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 329 | ||
| Aetiology | 330 | ||
| Examination | 330 | ||
| Imaging Review | 330 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 330 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 331 | ||
| Diagnosis | 331 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 331 | ||
| Reference | 331 | ||
| Case 72: Cervical and thoracic spine injuries resulting in biomechanical disturbances and pain | 333 | ||
| Comment | 333 | ||
| Profile | 333 | ||
| Past Medical History | 333 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 333 | ||
| Aetiology | 333 | ||
| Examination | 333 | ||
| Imaging Review | 334 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 334 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 334 | ||
| Diagnosis | 336 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 336 | ||
| Reference | 336 | ||
| Case 73: C3 lamina fracture | 337 | ||
| Comment | 337 | ||
| Profile | 337 | ||
| Past History | 337 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 337 | ||
| Aetiology | 338 | ||
| Examination | 338 | ||
| Imaging Review | 338 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 338 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 339 | ||
| Diagnosis | 339 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 339 | ||
| Case 74: C5 facet fracture | 341 | ||
| Comment | 341 | ||
| Profile | 341 | ||
| Past History | 341 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 341 | ||
| Aetiology | 341 | ||
| Examination | 342 | ||
| Imaging Review | 342 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 343 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 343 | ||
| Diagnosis | 343 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 343 | ||
| Reference | 344 | ||
| Further reading | 344 | ||
| Case 75: Fractures of the C6 and C7 spinous processes and of the C7 inferior articular processes | 345 | ||
| Comment | 345 | ||
| Profile | 345 | ||
| Past History | 345 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 345 | ||
| Aetiology | 346 | ||
| Examination | 346 | ||
| Imaging Review | 346 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 347 | ||
| What action Should be taken? | 347 | ||
| Diagnosis | 348 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 348 | ||
| Case 76: Cervico-thoracic junction and upper thoracic spine aches | 349 | ||
| Comment | 349 | ||
| Profile | 349 | ||
| Past History | 349 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 349 | ||
| Aetiology | 350 | ||
| Examination | 350 | ||
| Imaging Review | 350 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 350 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 350 | ||
| Diagnosis | 350 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 351 | ||
| Case 77: Osseous anomalies | 353 | ||
| Comment | 353 | ||
| Profile | 353 | ||
| Past History | 353 | ||
| Presenting complaint(s) | 353 | ||
| Aetiology | 353 | ||
| Examination | 353 | ||
| Imaging Review | 353 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 354 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 354 | ||
| Diagnosis | 354 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 354 | ||
| Case 78: C7-T1 posterior central intervertebral disc protrusion | 357 | ||
| Comment | 357 | ||
| Profile | 357 | ||
| Past History | 357 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 357 | ||
| Aetiology | 358 | ||
| Examination | 358 | ||
| Imaging Review | 358 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 358 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 358 | ||
| Diagnosis | 358 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 358 | ||
| Case 79: Hyperflexion injury | 361 | ||
| Comment | 361 | ||
| Profile | 361 | ||
| Past History | 361 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 361 | ||
| Aetiology | 362 | ||
| Examination | 362 | ||
| Imaging Review | 362 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 362 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 363 | ||
| Diagnosis | 363 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 363 | ||
| References | 364 | ||
| Further reading | 364 | ||
| Case 80: Neck pain, headaches and facial injuries | 365 | ||
| Comment | 365 | ||
| Profile | 365 | ||
| Past History | 365 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 365 | ||
| Aetiology | 366 | ||
| Examination | 366 | ||
| Imaging Review | 366 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 367 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 367 | ||
| Diagnosis | 367 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 368 | ||
| Section 3: Thoracic spine cases | 369 | ||
| Introduction | 371 | ||
| Physical Examination | 371 | ||
| References | 375 | ||
| Case 81: T9-10 intervertebral disc herniation | 377 | ||
| Comment | 377 | ||
| Profile | 377 | ||
| Past History | 377 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 377 | ||
| Aetiology | 377 | ||
| Examination | 378 | ||
| Imaging Review | 378 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 379 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 379 | ||
| Diagnosis | 380 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 380 | ||
| References | 380 | ||
| Further reading | 381 | ||
| Case 82: T7-8 intervertebral disc posterior protrusion | 383 | ||
| Comment | 383 | ||
| Profile | 383 | ||
| Past History | 383 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 383 | ||
| Aetiology | 383 | ||
| Examination | 383 | ||
| Imaging Review | 384 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 384 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 384 | ||
| Diagnosis | 385 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 385 | ||
| Case 83: Pancoast’s tumour | 387 | ||
| Comment | 387 | ||
| Profile | 387 | ||
| Past History | 387 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 387 | ||
| Aetiology | 387 | ||
| Examination | 387 | ||
| Imaging Review | 388 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 388 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 388 | ||
| Diagnosis | 388 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 390 | ||
| References | 390 | ||
| Further reading | 390 | ||
| Case 84: Zygapophysial joint facet fracture | 391 | ||
| Comment | 391 | ||
| Profile | 391 | ||
| Past History | 391 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 391 | ||
| Aetiology | 391 | ||
| Examination | 391 | ||
| Imaging Review | 392 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 392 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 392 | ||
| Diagnosis | 392 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 392 | ||
| Further reading | 393 | ||
| Case 85: Osteoporosis | 395 | ||
| Comment | 395 | ||
| Profile | 395 | ||
| Past History | 395 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 395 | ||
| Aetiology | 396 | ||
| Examination | 396 | ||
| Imaging Review | 396 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 396 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 396 | ||
| Diagnosis | 396 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 396 | ||
| Reference | 398 | ||
| Further reading | 398 | ||
| Case 86: T10-11 intervertebral disc posterior protrusion | 399 | ||
| Comment | 399 | ||
| Profile | 399 | ||
| Past History | 399 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 399 | ||
| Aetiology | 400 | ||
| Examination | 400 | ||
| Imaging Review | 400 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 400 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 400 | ||
| Diagnosis | 401 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 401 | ||
| References | 402 | ||
| Further reading | 402 | ||
| Case 87: Burst fracture | 403 | ||
| Comment | 403 | ||
| Profile | 403 | ||
| Past History | 403 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 403 | ||
| Aetiology | 403 | ||
| Examination | 404 | ||
| Imaging Review | 404 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 404 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 404 | ||
| Diagnosis | 405 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 405 | ||
| Reference | 405 | ||
| Further reading | 405 | ||
| Case 88: Thoracic vertebral body fracture | 407 | ||
| Comment | 407 | ||
| Profile | 407 | ||
| Past History | 407 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 407 | ||
| Aetiology | 408 | ||
| Examination | 408 | ||
| Imaging Review | 409 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 409 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 409 | ||
| Diagnosis | 411 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 411 | ||
| Further reading | 412 | ||
| Case 89: T6-7 intervertebral disc posterior protrusion | 413 | ||
| Comment | 413 | ||
| Profile | 413 | ||
| Past History | 413 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 413 | ||
| Aetiology | 414 | ||
| Examination | 414 | ||
| Imaging Review | 414 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 414 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 414 | ||
| Diagnosis | 414 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 414 | ||
| Further reading | 415 | ||
| Case 90: Spinal cord syrinx | 417 | ||
| Comment | 417 | ||
| Profile | 417 | ||
| Past History | 417 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 417 | ||
| Aetiology | 418 | ||
| Examination | 418 | ||
| Imaging Review | 418 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 418 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 418 | ||
| Diagnosis | 418 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 418 | ||
| References | 420 | ||
| Further reading | 420 | ||
| Case 91: Extradural cystic lesion | 421 | ||
| Comment | 421 | ||
| Profile | 421 | ||
| Past History | 421 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 421 | ||
| Aetiology | 421 | ||
| Examination | 421 | ||
| Imaging Review | 421 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 421 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 421 | ||
| Diagnosis | 423 | ||
| Treatment and Result | 423 | ||
| Reference | 423 | ||
| Further reading | 423 | ||
| Case 92: Post-traumatic anterior longitudinal ligament calcification | 425 | ||
| Comment | 425 | ||
| Profile | 425 | ||
| Past History | 425 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 425 | ||
| Aetiology | 425 | ||
| Examination | 426 | ||
| Imaging Review | 426 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 426 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 426 | ||
| Diagnosis | 427 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 427 | ||
| Reference | 427 | ||
| Further reading | 427 | ||
| Case 93: Neurofibroma | 429 | ||
| Comment | 429 | ||
| Profile | 429 | ||
| Past History | 429 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 429 | ||
| Aetiology | 429 | ||
| Examination | 429 | ||
| Imaging Review | 430 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 430 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 430 | ||
| Diagnosis | 431 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 431 | ||
| Further reading | 431 | ||
| Case 94: Posterior central osteophyte encroaching upon the dural tube | 433 | ||
| Comment | 433 | ||
| Profile | 433 | ||
| Past History | 433 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 433 | ||
| Aetiology | 433 | ||
| Examination | 433 | ||
| Imaging Review | 434 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 434 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 434 | ||
| Diagnosis | 434 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 434 | ||
| Further reading | 435 | ||
| Case 95: T4 and T6 vertebral body fractures | 437 | ||
| Comment | 437 | ||
| Profile | 437 | ||
| Past History | 437 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 437 | ||
| Aetiology | 437 | ||
| Examination | 437 | ||
| Imaging Review | 438 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 439 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 439 | ||
| Diagnosis | 439 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 440 | ||
| Further reading | 440 | ||
| Case 96: T7 vertebral body fracture | 441 | ||
| Comment | 441 | ||
| Profile | 441 | ||
| Past History | 441 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 441 | ||
| Aetiology | 441 | ||
| Examination | 441 | ||
| Imaging Review | 442 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 442 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 442 | ||
| Diagnosis | 442 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 444 | ||
| Case 97: Spinal canal cyst | 445 | ||
| Comment | 445 | ||
| Profile | 445 | ||
| Past History | 445 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 445 | ||
| Aetiology | 445 | ||
| Examination | 446 | ||
| Imaging Review | 446 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 446 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 446 | ||
| Diagnosis | 446 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 447 | ||
| Case 98: Scheuermann’s disease - or is it? | 449 | ||
| Comment | 449 | ||
| Profile | 449 | ||
| Past History | 449 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 449 | ||
| Aetiology | 450 | ||
| Examination | 450 | ||
| Imaging Review | 450 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 450 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 450 | ||
| Diagnosis | 452 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 452 | ||
| References | 452 | ||
| Further reading | 453 | ||
| Case 99: T6 intervertebral disc anterior protrusion and posterior bulge | 455 | ||
| Comment | 455 | ||
| Profile | 455 | ||
| Past History | 455 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 455 | ||
| Aetiology | 456 | ||
| Examination | 456 | ||
| Imaging Review | 456 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 456 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 456 | ||
| Diagnosis | 457 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 457 | ||
| References | 457 | ||
| Further reading | 457 | ||
| Case 100: T5-6 and T11-12 intervertebral disc posterior protrusions | 459 | ||
| Comment | 459 | ||
| Profile | 459 | ||
| Past History | 459 | ||
| Presenting Complaint(s) | 459 | ||
| Aetiology | 460 | ||
| Examination | 460 | ||
| Imaging Review | 460 | ||
| Clinical Impression | 460 | ||
| What Action Should be Taken? | 460 | ||
| Diagnosis | 461 | ||
| Treatment and Results | 461 | ||
| References | 461 | ||
| Conclusions | 463 | ||
| Reference | 463 | ||
| Questions and answers | 465 | ||
| Definitions and abbreviations | 473 | ||
| References | 477 | ||
| Index | 479 | ||
| Color Plate Section | 486 |