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100 Challenging Spinal Pain Syndrome Cases E-Book

100 Challenging Spinal Pain Syndrome Cases E-Book

Lynton Giles

(2009)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

The new edition of 50 Challenging Spinal Pain Syndrome Cases brings together a total of 100 individual studies ranging from the common and comparatively straightforward to the more complex. Content is presented in a clear layout with details of case history, aetiology, physical examination, imaging and, when necessary, laboratory test results of patients, diagnosis, treatment and results, key points and suggestions for further reading. Comparisons between imaging and similar anatomical and or histopathological findings are used. Questions of anatomy are clarified and the cases are comprehensively illustrated with radiographs and scans to enable the reader to see the most likely nature of the pathology causing the patient's spinal pain syndrome. The problem-solving approach keeps the emphasis on the practical and corrects some common myths about spinal pain treatment. Taken together, these cases make up a book, which students, practitioners and everyone interested in the spine will want to own and constantly refer to.

  • new cases, particularly in the cervical and thoracic spine sections
  • detailed section on possible anatomical pain generators
  • colour photomicrographs

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
100 Challenging Spinal Pain Syndrome Cases iii
Copyright Page iv
Contents v
Preface ix
General Introduction xi
Introduction xi
History of Spinal Pain xiii
Brief Summary of Spinal Innervation xiv
Imaging xvii
Laboratory Tests xix
Conditions Associated with Spinal Pain Syndromes xix
Some Illustrations Showing Examples of Possible Causes of Non-Specific Spinal Pain Syndromes of Mechanical Origin xxi
Treatment xxxviii
References xxxix
Further reading xliii
Whiplash Injuries xlv
Some Mechanisms Involved in Motor Vehicle Accidents xlv
General Comments xlv
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration xlvii
Disc Desiccation xlviii
Cervical Spine Contour xlviii
Ranges of Movement xlix
Only 'Degenerated Discs Protrude' xlix
Some Symptoms Following Whiplash-Type Injuries xlix
Imaging l
References liv
Further reading lvi
Section 1: Lumbar spine cases 1
Introduction 3
Physical Examination 3
References 8
Case 1: L5-S1 posterior central intervertebral disc protrusion not abutting adjacent nerve roots 9
Comment 9
Profile 9
Past History 9
Presenting Complaint(s) 9
Aetiology 9
Examination 9
Imaging Review 9
Clinical Impression 10
What Action Should be Taken? 10
Diagnosis 11
Treatment and Results 11
References 11
Further reading 11
Appendix: Basic Low Back Exercises 12
Case 2: L5-S1 posterior central intervertebral disc protrusion abutting adjacent nerve roots 13
Comment 13
Profile 13
Past History 13
Presenting Complaint(s) 13
Aetiology 14
Examination 14
Imaging Review 14
Clinical Impression 14
What Action Should be Taken? 14
Diagnosis 15
Treatment and Results 15
References 16
Further reading 16
Case 3: L5-S1 posterior left paracentral intervertebral disc protrusion 17
Comment 17
Profile 17
Past History 17
Presenting Complaint(s) 17
Aetiology 18
Examination 18
Imaging Review 18
Clinical Impression 18
What Action Should be Taken? 18
Diagnosis 18
Treatment and Results 18
References 20
Further reading 20
Case 4: CT versus MRI for lumbar spine intervertebral disc protrusion 21
Comment 21
Profile 21
Past History 21
Presenting Complaint(s) 21
Aetiology 21
Examination 21
Imaging Review 22
Clinical Impression 22
What Action Should be Taken? 23
Diagnosis 23
Treatment and Results 23
Reference 24
Case 5: L4 retrolisthesis with associated intervertebral disc protrusion 25
Comment 25
Profile 25
Past History 25
Presenting Complaint(s) 25
Aetiology 25
Examination 25
Imaging Review 26
Clinical Impression 26
What Action Should be Taken? 26
Diagnosis 26
Treatment and Results 26
References 27
Further reading 27
Case 6: Carcinoma of the pancreas 29
Comment 29
Profile 29
Past History 29
Presenting Complaint(s) 29
Aetiology 29
Examination 29
Imaging Review 30
Clinical Impression 31
What Action Should be Taken? 31
Diagnosis 31
Treatment and Result 31
Further reading 32
Case 7: Sacroiliac joint dysfunction 33
Comment 33
Profile 33
Past History 33
Presenting Complaint(s) 33
Aetiology 34
Examination 34
Imaging Review 35
Clinical Impression 35
What Action Should be Taken? 35
Diagnosis 35
Treatment and Results 35
Further reading 35
Case 8: Sacroiliac joint dysfunction and perineal pain 37
Comment 37
Profile 37
Past History 37
Presenting Complaint(s) 37
Aetiology 37
Examination 37
Imaging Review 37
Clinical Impression 38
What Action Should be Taken? 38
Diagnosis 38
Treatment and Results 38
References 38
Further reading 38
Case 9: Ewing’s sarcoma 39
Comment 39
Profile 39
Past History 39
Presenting Complaint(s) 39
Aetiology 39
Examination 39
Imaging 40
Clinical Impression 40
What Action Should be Taken? 40
Diagnosis 40
Treatment and Results 40
References 41
Further reading 41
Case 10: Abdominal aorta aneurysm 43
Comment 43
Profile 43
Past History 43
Presenting Complaint(s) 43
Aetiology 43
Examination 43
Imaging Review 43
Clinical Impression 43
What Action Should be Taken? 44
Diagnosis 45
Treatment and Results 45
Further reading 45
Case 11: Small aortic aneurysm 47
Comment 47
Profile 47
Past History 47
Presenting Complaint(s) 47
Aetiology 47
Examination 47
Imaging Review 47
Clinical Impression 48
What action Should be Taken? 48
Diagnosis 49
Treatment and Results 49
Further reading 49
Case 12: Minor internal disc disruption 51
Comment 51
Profile 51
Past History 51
Presenting Complaint 51
Aetiology 52
Examination 52
Clinical Impression 52
Imaging Review 52
What Action Should be Taken? 52
Diagnosis 55
Treatment and Results 55
References 56
Further reading 56
Case 13: Major internal disc disruption 57
Comment 57
Profile 57
Past History 57
Presenting Complaint(s) 57
Aetiology 57
Examination 57
Imaging Review 58
Clinical Impression 58
What Action Should be Taken? 58
Diagnosis 59
Treatment and Results 59
References 60
Further reading 60
Case 14: L4 discectomy 61
Comment 61
Profile 61
Past History 61
Presenting Complaint(s) 61
Aetiology 62
Examination 62
Imaging Review 62
Clinical Impression 62
What Action Should be Taken? 62
Diagnosis 62
Treatment and Results 62
References 64
Further reading 64
Case 15: Lumbosacral metastasis 65
Comment 65
Profile 65
Past History 65
Presenting Complaint(s) 65
Aetiology 65
Examination 66
Clinical Impression 66
Imaging Review 66
What Action Should be Taken? 66
Diagnosis 68
Treatment 68
Reference 69
Further reading 69
Case 16: Lytic L5 Grade 1 spondylolisthesis of long standing 71
Comment 71
Profile 71
Past History 71
Presenting Complaint(s) 71
Aetiology 71
Examination 71
Imaging Review 72
Clinical Impression 72
What Action Should be Taken? 72
Diagnosis 72
Treatment and Results 72
References 73
Further reading 73
Case 17: Lytic L5 Grade 1 spondylolisthesis in a young man 75
Comment 75
Profile 75
Past History 75
Presenting Complaint(s) 75
Aetiology 75
Examination 75
Imaging Review 76
Clinical Impression 76
What Action Should be Taken? 76
Diagnosis 77
Treatment and Results 77
References 78
Further reading 78
Case 18: Lumbosacral intervertebral disc protrusion 79
Comment 79
Profile 79
Past History 79
Presenting Complaint(s) 79
Aetiology 80
Examination 80
Imaging Review 80
Clinical Impression 81
What Action Should be Taken? 81
Diagnosis 81
Treatment and Results 81
Further reading 81
Case 19: Adolescent tethered cord syndrome 83
Comment 83
Profile 83
Past History 83
Presenting Complaint(s) 83
Aetiology 84
Examination 84
Imaging Review 84
Clinical Impression 84
What Action Should be Taken? 84
Diagnosis 86
Treatment and Results 86
References 87
Further reading 87
Case 20: Adult tethered cord syndrome 89
Comment 89
Profile 89
Past History 89
Presenting Complaint(s) 89
Aetiology 89
Examination 89
Imaging Review 90
Clinical Impression 90
What Action Should be Taken? 90
Diagnosis 90
Treatment and Result 90
References 91
Further reading 91
Case 21: Lumbar neuroma 93
Comment 93
Profile 93
Past History 93
Presenting Complaint(s) 93
Aetiology 93
Examination 93
Imaging Review 93
Clinical Impression 95
What Action Should be Taken? 95
Diagnosis 96
Treatment and Result 96
Further reading 96
Case 22: Sacral Tarlov cyst 97
Comment 97
Profile 97
Past History 97
Presenting Complaint(s) 97
Aetiology 97
Examination 97
Imaging Review 98
Clinical Impression 98
What Action Should be Taken? 98
Diagnosis 99
Treatment and Results 99
References 100
Further reading 100
Case 23: Zygapophysial joint synovial cyst 101
Comment 101
Profile 101
Past History 101
Presenting Complaint(s) 101
Aetiology 101
Examination 101
Imaging Review 102
Clinical Impression 102
What Action Should be Taken? 102
Diagnosis 102
Treatment and Results 102
Further reading 104
Case 24: L5-S1 posterior left paracentral intervertebral disc protrusion with a probable epidural haematoma 105
Comment 105
Profile 105
Past History 105
Presenting Complaint(s) 105
Aetiology 106
Examination 106
Imaging Review 106
Clinical Impression 107
What Action Should be Taken? 107
Diagnosis 107
Treatment and Results 107
Further reading 109
Case 25: Re-absorption of intervertebral disc material 111
Comment 111
Profile 111
Past History 111
Presenting Complaint(s) 111
Aetiology 111
Examination 111
Imaging Review 112
Clinical Impression 112
What Action Should be Taken? 112
Diagnosis 112
Treatment and Results 112
References 114
Further reading 114
Case 26: L5-S1 intervertebral disc protrusion 115
Comment 115
Profile 115
Past History 115
Presenting Complaint(s) 115
Aetiology 115
Examination 115
Imaging Review 116
Clinical Impression 116
What Action Should be Taken? 116
Diagnosis 116
Treatment and Results 117
Reference 117
Further reading 117
Case 27: Leg length inequality 119
Comment 119
Profile 119
Past History 119
Presenting Complaint(s) 119
Aetiology 119
Examination 119
Imaging Review 120
Clinical Impression 120
What Action Should be Taken? 120
Diagnosis 120
Treatment and Results 121
References 122
Further reading 122
Case 28: Scanogram versus erect posture X-ray examination for evaluating leg length inequality 123
Comment 123
Profile 123
Past History 123
Presenting Complaint(s) 123
Aetiology 123
Examination 123
Imaging Review 124
Clinical Impression 124
What Action Should be Taken? 124
Diagnosis 125
Treatment and Results 125
References 126
Further reading 126
Case 29: Seropositive inflammatory arthropathy 127
Comment 127
Profile 127
Past History 127
Presenting Complaint(s) 127
Aetiology 127
Examination 127
Imaging Review 127
Clinical Impression 127
What Action Should be Taken? 128
Diagnosis 128
Treatment and Result 128
Further reading 129
Case 30: Lumbar vertebral body compression fracture 131
Comment 131
Profile 131
Past History 131
Presenting Complaint(s) 131
Aetiology 131
Examination 132
Imaging Review 132
Clinical Impression 132
What Action Should be Taken? 132
Diagnosis 132
Treatment and Result 132
References 135
Further reading 135
Case 31: Lumbar intervertebral disc symptoms aggravated by spinal manipulation 137
Comment 137
Profile 137
Past History 137
Presenting Complaint(s) 137
Aetiology 137
Examination 137
Imaging Review 138
Clinical Impression 138
What Action Should be Taken 138
Diagnosis 138
Treatment and Results 138
New Presenting Complaint 138
What Actions Should be Taken? 139
Diagnosis 139
Treatment and Results 139
Case 32: Cauda equina syndrome 141
Comment 141
Profile 141
Past History 141
Presenting Complaint(s) 141
Aetiology 141
Examination 141
Imaging Review 142
Clinical Impression 142
What Action Should be Taken? 142
Diagnosis 142
Treatment and Results 142
Reference 144
Further reading 144
Case 33: Perineural fibrosis 145
Comment 145
Profile 145
Past History 145
Presenting Complaint(s) 145
Aetiology 145
Examination 145
Clinical Impression 146
Imaging Review 146
What Action Should be Taken? 146
Diagnosis 146
Treatment and Results 146
Reference 147
Further reading 147
Case 34: Intervertebral disc dysfunction 149
Comment 149
Profile 149
Past History 149
Presenting Complaint(s) 149
Aetiology 150
Examination 150
Imaging Review 150
Clinical Impression 150
What Action Should be Taken? 150
Diagnosis 152
Treatment and Results 152
Further reading 152
Case 35: Discitis and osteomyelitis 153
Comment 153
Profile 153
Past History 153
Presenting Complaint(s) 153
Aetiology 153
Clinical Impression 153
Examination and Action Taken 153
Diagnosis 154
Treatment and Results 155
Further reading 156
Case 36: L4 and L5 posterior intervertebral disc protrusions 157
Comment 157
Profile 157
Past History 157
Presenting Complaint(s) 157
Aetiology 157
Examination 157
Imaging Review 158
Clinical Impression 158
What Action Should be Taken? 158
Diagnosis 158
Treatment and Results 158
Case 37: Failed low back surgery 161
Comment 161
Profile 161
Past History 161
Presenting Complaint(s) 161
Aetiology 161
Examination 161
Imaging Review 162
Clinical Impression 162
What Action Should be Taken? 162
Diagnosis 163
Treatment and Results 163
Further reading 166
Case 38: Incorrect laminectomy level for lumbar intervertebral disc bulge 167
Comment 167
Profile 167
Past History 167
Presenting Complaint(s) 167
Aetiology 168
Examination 168
Imaging Review 168
Clinical Impression 168
What Action Should be Taken? 168
Diagnosis 169
Treatment and Results 169
Case 39: Chronic low back pain with an incidental finding 171
Comment 171
Profile 171
Past History 171
Presenting Complaint(s) 171
Aetiology 171
Examination 171
Clinical Impression 172
What Action Should be Taken? 172
Diagnosis 173
Treatment and Results 173
References 174
Further reading 174
Case 40: Multiple level intervertebral disc degeneration 175
Comment 175
Profile 175
Past History 175
Presenting Complaint(s) 175
Aetiology 175
Examination 175
Imaging Review 176
Clinical Impression 176
What Action Should be Taken? 176
Diagnosis 177
Treatment and Results 177
Further reading 177
Case 41: Lumbar osteoporotic fractures 179
Comment 179
Profile 179
Past History 179
Presenting Complaint(s) 179
Aetiology 179
Examination 179
Imaging Review 180
Clinical Impression 180
What Action Should be Taken? 180
Diagnosis 181
Treatment and Results 181
References 182
Further reading 183
Case 42: L3-4 far lateral intervertebral disc protrusion 185
Comment 185
Profile 185
Past History 185
Presenting Complaint(s) 185
Aetiology 186
Examination 186
Imaging Review 186
Clinical Impression 186
What Action Should be Taken? 186
Diagnosis 186
Treatment and Results 186
Case 43: Lumbar perineural ‘block’ injection 189
Comment 189
Profile 189
Past History 189
Presenting Complaint(s) 189
Aetiology 189
Examination 189
Imaging Review 190
Clinical Impression 190
What Action Should be Taken? 190
Diagnosis 191
Treatment and Results 191
Further reading 191
Case 44: Intervertebral disc protrusion into the intervertebral canal 193
Comment 193
Profile 193
Past History 193
Presenting Complaint(s) 193
Aetiology 193
Examination 194
Imaging Review 194
Clinical Impression 194
What Action Should be Taken? 194
Diagnosis 194
Treatment and Results 194
Further reading 196
Case 45: Sacral fracture 197
Comment 197
Profile 197
Past History 197
Presenting Complaint(s) 197
Aetiology 197
Examination 197
Imaging Review 198
Clinical Impression 198
What Action Should be Taken? 198
Diagnosis 199
Treatment and Results 199
Reference 201
Further reading 201
Case 46: Low back pain and left sided sciatica 203
Comment 203
Profile 203
Past History 203
Presenting Complaint(s) 203
Aetiology 203
Examination 203
Imaging Review 204
Clinical Impression 204
What Action Should be Taken? 204
Diagnosis 205
Treatment and Results 205
References 206
Further reading 206
Case 47: Low back and unilateral buttock pain 207
Comment 207
Profile 207
Past History 207
Presenting Complaint(s) 207
Aetiology 208
Examination 208
Imaging Review 208
Clinical Impression 208
What Action Should be Taken? 208
Diagnosis 209
Treatment and Results 209
Further reading 211
Case 48: L4-5 and L5-S1 degenerative intervertebral disc replacement with Chariteacute artificial discs 213
Comment 213
Profile 213
Past History 213
Presenting Complaint(s) 213
Aetiology 213
Examination 214
Imaging Review 214
Clinical Impression 215
What Action Should be Taken? 215
Diagnosis 215
Treatment and Results 215
Further reading 216
Section 2: Cervical spine cases 217
Introduction 219
Physical Examination 219
Radiology 220
References 223
Case 49: Post motor vehicle accident CT versus MRI investigations 225
Comment 225
Profile 225
Past History 225
Presenting Complaint(s) 225
Aetiology 226
Examination 226
Imaging Review 227
Clinical Impression 227
What Action Should be Taken? 227
Diagnosis 230
Treatment and Results 230
References 232
Case 50: C5-6 posterolateral intervertebral disc protrusion 233
Comment 233
Profile 233
Past History 233
Presenting Complaint(s) 233
Aetiology 233
Examination 234
Imaging Review 234
Clinical Impression 235
What Action Should be Taken? 235
Diagnosis 235
Treatment and Results 235
Further reading 237
Case 51: Post motor vehicle accident intervertebral disc injuries 239
Comment 239
Profile 239
Past History 239
Presenting Complaint(s) 239
Aetiology 239
Examination 240
Imaging Review 240
Clinical Impression 240
What Action Should be Taken? 240
Diagnosis 242
Treatment and Results 242
Further reading 242
Case 52: Post motor vehicle accident soft tissue injuries 243
Comment 243
Profile 243
Past History 243
Presenting Complaint(s) 243
Aetiology 244
Examination 244
Imaging Review 244
Clinical Impression 244
What Action Should be Taken? 244
Diagnosis 245
Treatment and Result 245
References 246
Further reading 246
Case 53: Vertebral artery tortuosity 247
Comment 247
Profile 247
Past History 247
Presenting Complaint(s) 247
Aetiology 247
Examination 247
Imaging Review 248
Clinical Impression 248
What Action Should be Taken? 248
Diagnosis 248
Treatment and Results 248
References 249
Further reading 249
Case 54: Vertebral artery dissection 251
Comment 251
Profile 251
Past History 251
Presenting Complaint(s) 251
Aetiology 252
Examination 252
Imaging Review 252
Clinical Impression 252
What Action Should be Taken? 252
Diagnosis 252
Treatment and Results 253
Reference 254
Further reading 255
Case 55: Post-manipulation stroke 257
Comment 257
Profile 257
Past History 257
Presenting Complaint(s) 257
Aetiology 257
Examination 257
Imaging Review 257
Diagnosis 257
Treatment and Results 258
Laboratory Tests 258
Imaging 259
Summary of PostMortem Examination Report 261
References 263
Further reading 263
Case 56: Brain injury 265
Comment 265
Profile 265
Past History 265
Presenting Complaint(s) 265
Aetiology 265
Examination 266
Imaging Review 266
Clinical Impression 266
What Action Should be Taken? 266
Diagnosis 268
Treatment and Results 268
Further reading 268
Case 57: Intervertebral disc protrusion 269
Comment 269
Profile 269
Past History 269
Presenting Complaint(s) 269
Aetiology 270
Examination 270
Imaging Review 270
Clinical Impression 270
What Action Should be Taken? 270
Diagnosis 270
Treatment and Result 270
References 271
Further reading 271
Case 58: Failed Cloward procedure 273
Comment 273
Profile 273
Past History 273
Presenting Complaint(s) 273
Aetiology 273
Examination 273
Imaging Review 274
Clinical Impression 274
What Action Should be Taken? 274
Diagnosis 275
Treatment and Results 275
References 275
Case 59: Persisting symptoms following Cloward procedure 277
Comment 277
Profile 277
Past History 277
Presenting Complaint(s) 277
Aetiology 277
Examination 278
Imaging Review 278
Clinical Impression 279
What Action Should be Taken? 279
Diagnosis 279
Treatment and Results 279
Reference 279
Further reading 279
Case 60: Cloward revision surgery 281
Comment 281
Profile 281
Past History 281
Presenting Complaint(s) 281
Aetiology 281
Examination 281
Imaging Review 282
Clinical Impression 282
What Action Should be Taken? 282
Diagnosis 282
Treatment and Results 282
Case 61: Uncovertebral joint osteoarthrosis 283
Comment 283
Profile 283
Past History 283
Presenting Complaint(s) 283
Aetiology 284
Examination 284
Imaging Review 284
Clinical Impression 284
What Action Should be Taken? 284
Diagnosis 285
Treatment and Results 286
Further reading 286
Case 62: Hangman’s fracture of C2 vertebra 287
Comment 287
Profile 287
Past History 287
Presenting Complaint(s) 287
Aetiology 288
Examination 288
Imaging Review 288
Clinical Impression 289
What Action Should be Taken? 289
Diagnosis 290
Treatment and Results 290
Further reading 291
Case 63: Cervical cord myelopathy 293
Comment 293
Profile 293
Past History 293
Presenting Complaint(s) 293
Aetiology 293
Examination 294
Imaging Review 294
Clinical Impression 294
What Action Should be Taken? 294
Diagnosis 294
Treatment and Result 295
References 295
Further reading 295
Case 64: Advanced osteoarthrosis in the cervical spine 297
Comment 297
Profile 297
Past History 297
Presenting Complaint(s) 297
Aetiology 297
Examination 297
Imaging Review 297
Clinical Impression 298
What Action Should be Taken? 298
Diagnosis 298
Treatment and Results 298
Further reading 299
Case 65: Cervical cord ependymoma 301
Comment 301
Profile 301
Past history 301
Presenting Complaint(s) 301
Aetiology 301
Examination 302
Imaging Review 302
Clinical Impression 302
What Action Should be Taken? 302
Diagnosis 304
Treatment and Results 304
Further reading 304
Case 66: Cervical, lumbar, and thoracic spine injuries, as well as a foot injury, following a motorcycle accident 305
Comment 305
Profile 305
Past History 305
Presenting Complaint 305
Aetiology 306
Examination 306
Imaging Review 306
Clinical Impression 306
What Action Should be Taken? 306
Diagnosis 308
Treatment and Results 309
Case 67: Cervical ribs 311
Comment 311
Profile 311
Past History 311
Presenting Complaint 311
Aetiology 311
Examination 311
Imaging Review 312
Clinical Impression 312
What Action Should be Taken? 312
Diagnosis 312
Treatment and Results 312
References 314
Case 68: Block vertebrae 315
Comment 315
Profile 315
Past History 315
Presenting Complaint(s) 315
Aetiology 315
Examination 316
Imaging Review 316
Clinical Impression 316
What Action Should be Taken? 316
Diagnosis 317
Treatment and Results 317
Further reading 317
Case 69: Cerebellar tonsil ectopia 319
Comment 319
Profile 319
Past History 319
Presenting Complaint 319
Aetiology 319
Examination 319
Imaging Review 320
Clinical Impression 320
What Action Should be Taken? 320
Diagnosis 321
Treatment and Results 321
Reference 321
Further reading 321
Case 70: Chiari I malformation 323
Comment 323
Profile 323
Past Medical History 323
Presenting Complaint 324
Aetiology 324
Examination 324
Imaging Review 325
Clinical Impression 326
What Action Should be Taken? 326
Diagnosis 326
Treatment and Results 326
References 328
Further reading 328
Case 71: Cervical spine plain X-rays versus MRI 329
Comment 329
Profile 329
Past History 329
Presenting Complaint 329
Aetiology 330
Examination 330
Imaging Review 330
Clinical Impression 330
What Action Should be Taken? 331
Diagnosis 331
Treatment and Results 331
Reference 331
Case 72: Cervical and thoracic spine injuries resulting in biomechanical disturbances and pain 333
Comment 333
Profile 333
Past Medical History 333
Presenting Complaint 333
Aetiology 333
Examination 333
Imaging Review 334
Clinical Impression 334
What Action Should be Taken? 334
Diagnosis 336
Treatment and Results 336
Reference 336
Case 73: C3 lamina fracture 337
Comment 337
Profile 337
Past History 337
Presenting Complaint(s) 337
Aetiology 338
Examination 338
Imaging Review 338
Clinical Impression 338
What Action Should be Taken? 339
Diagnosis 339
Treatment and Results 339
Case 74: C5 facet fracture 341
Comment 341
Profile 341
Past History 341
Presenting Complaint(s) 341
Aetiology 341
Examination 342
Imaging Review 342
Clinical Impression 343
What Action Should be Taken? 343
Diagnosis 343
Treatment and Results 343
Reference 344
Further reading 344
Case 75: Fractures of the C6 and C7 spinous processes and of the C7 inferior articular processes 345
Comment 345
Profile 345
Past History 345
Presenting Complaint(s) 345
Aetiology 346
Examination 346
Imaging Review 346
Clinical Impression 347
What action Should be taken? 347
Diagnosis 348
Treatment and Results 348
Case 76: Cervico-thoracic junction and upper thoracic spine aches 349
Comment 349
Profile 349
Past History 349
Presenting Complaint(s) 349
Aetiology 350
Examination 350
Imaging Review 350
Clinical Impression 350
What Action Should be Taken? 350
Diagnosis 350
Treatment and Results 351
Case 77: Osseous anomalies 353
Comment 353
Profile 353
Past History 353
Presenting complaint(s) 353
Aetiology 353
Examination 353
Imaging Review 353
Clinical Impression 354
What Action Should be Taken? 354
Diagnosis 354
Treatment and Results 354
Case 78: C7-T1 posterior central intervertebral disc protrusion 357
Comment 357
Profile 357
Past History 357
Presenting Complaint(s) 357
Aetiology 358
Examination 358
Imaging Review 358
Clinical Impression 358
What Action Should be Taken? 358
Diagnosis 358
Treatment and Results 358
Case 79: Hyperflexion injury 361
Comment 361
Profile 361
Past History 361
Presenting Complaint(s) 361
Aetiology 362
Examination 362
Imaging Review 362
Clinical Impression 362
What Action Should be Taken? 363
Diagnosis 363
Treatment and Results 363
References 364
Further reading 364
Case 80: Neck pain, headaches and facial injuries 365
Comment 365
Profile 365
Past History 365
Presenting Complaint(s) 365
Aetiology 366
Examination 366
Imaging Review 366
Clinical Impression 367
What Action Should be Taken? 367
Diagnosis 367
Treatment and Results 368
Section 3: Thoracic spine cases 369
Introduction 371
Physical Examination 371
References 375
Case 81: T9-10 intervertebral disc herniation 377
Comment 377
Profile 377
Past History 377
Presenting Complaint(s) 377
Aetiology 377
Examination 378
Imaging Review 378
Clinical Impression 379
What Action Should be Taken? 379
Diagnosis 380
Treatment and Results 380
References 380
Further reading 381
Case 82: T7-8 intervertebral disc posterior protrusion 383
Comment 383
Profile 383
Past History 383
Presenting Complaint(s) 383
Aetiology 383
Examination 383
Imaging Review 384
Clinical Impression 384
What Action Should be Taken? 384
Diagnosis 385
Treatment and Results 385
Case 83: Pancoast’s tumour 387
Comment 387
Profile 387
Past History 387
Presenting Complaint(s) 387
Aetiology 387
Examination 387
Imaging Review 388
Clinical Impression 388
What Action Should be Taken? 388
Diagnosis 388
Treatment and Result 390
References 390
Further reading 390
Case 84: Zygapophysial joint facet fracture 391
Comment 391
Profile 391
Past History 391
Presenting Complaint(s) 391
Aetiology 391
Examination 391
Imaging Review 392
Clinical Impression 392
What Action Should be Taken? 392
Diagnosis 392
Treatment and Results 392
Further reading 393
Case 85: Osteoporosis 395
Comment 395
Profile 395
Past History 395
Presenting Complaint(s) 395
Aetiology 396
Examination 396
Imaging Review 396
Clinical Impression 396
What Action Should be Taken? 396
Diagnosis 396
Treatment and Results 396
Reference 398
Further reading 398
Case 86: T10-11 intervertebral disc posterior protrusion 399
Comment 399
Profile 399
Past History 399
Presenting Complaint(s) 399
Aetiology 400
Examination 400
Imaging Review 400
Clinical Impression 400
What Action Should be Taken? 400
Diagnosis 401
Treatment and Results 401
References 402
Further reading 402
Case 87: Burst fracture 403
Comment 403
Profile 403
Past History 403
Presenting Complaint(s) 403
Aetiology 403
Examination 404
Imaging Review 404
Clinical Impression 404
What Action Should be Taken? 404
Diagnosis 405
Treatment and Result 405
Reference 405
Further reading 405
Case 88: Thoracic vertebral body fracture 407
Comment 407
Profile 407
Past History 407
Presenting Complaint(s) 407
Aetiology 408
Examination 408
Imaging Review 409
Clinical Impression 409
What Action Should be Taken? 409
Diagnosis 411
Treatment and Results 411
Further reading 412
Case 89: T6-7 intervertebral disc posterior protrusion 413
Comment 413
Profile 413
Past History 413
Presenting Complaint(s) 413
Aetiology 414
Examination 414
Imaging Review 414
Clinical Impression 414
What Action Should be Taken? 414
Diagnosis 414
Treatment and Results 414
Further reading 415
Case 90: Spinal cord syrinx 417
Comment 417
Profile 417
Past History 417
Presenting Complaint 417
Aetiology 418
Examination 418
Imaging Review 418
Clinical Impression 418
What Action Should be Taken? 418
Diagnosis 418
Treatment and Results 418
References 420
Further reading 420
Case 91: Extradural cystic lesion 421
Comment 421
Profile 421
Past History 421
Presenting Complaint(s) 421
Aetiology 421
Examination 421
Imaging Review 421
Clinical Impression 421
What Action Should be Taken? 421
Diagnosis 423
Treatment and Result 423
Reference 423
Further reading 423
Case 92: Post-traumatic anterior longitudinal ligament calcification 425
Comment 425
Profile 425
Past History 425
Presenting Complaint(s) 425
Aetiology 425
Examination 426
Imaging Review 426
Clinical Impression 426
What Action Should be Taken? 426
Diagnosis 427
Treatment and Results 427
Reference 427
Further reading 427
Case 93: Neurofibroma 429
Comment 429
Profile 429
Past History 429
Presenting Complaint 429
Aetiology 429
Examination 429
Imaging Review 430
Clinical Impression 430
What Action Should be Taken? 430
Diagnosis 431
Treatment and Results 431
Further reading 431
Case 94: Posterior central osteophyte encroaching upon the dural tube 433
Comment 433
Profile 433
Past History 433
Presenting Complaint(s) 433
Aetiology 433
Examination 433
Imaging Review 434
Clinical Impression 434
What Action Should be Taken? 434
Diagnosis 434
Treatment and Results 434
Further reading 435
Case 95: T4 and T6 vertebral body fractures 437
Comment 437
Profile 437
Past History 437
Presenting Complaint(s) 437
Aetiology 437
Examination 437
Imaging Review 438
Clinical Impression 439
What Action Should be Taken? 439
Diagnosis 439
Treatment and Results 440
Further reading 440
Case 96: T7 vertebral body fracture 441
Comment 441
Profile 441
Past History 441
Presenting Complaint(s) 441
Aetiology 441
Examination 441
Imaging Review 442
Clinical Impression 442
What Action Should be Taken? 442
Diagnosis 442
Treatment and Results 444
Case 97: Spinal canal cyst 445
Comment 445
Profile 445
Past History 445
Presenting Complaint 445
Aetiology 445
Examination 446
Imaging Review 446
Clinical Impression 446
What Action Should be Taken? 446
Diagnosis 446
Treatment and Results 447
Case 98: Scheuermann’s disease - or is it? 449
Comment 449
Profile 449
Past History 449
Presenting Complaint(s) 449
Aetiology 450
Examination 450
Imaging Review 450
Clinical Impression 450
What Action Should be Taken? 450
Diagnosis 452
Treatment and Results 452
References 452
Further reading 453
Case 99: T6 intervertebral disc anterior protrusion and posterior bulge 455
Comment 455
Profile 455
Past History 455
Presenting Complaint 455
Aetiology 456
Examination 456
Imaging Review 456
Clinical Impression 456
What Action Should be Taken? 456
Diagnosis 457
Treatment and Results 457
References 457
Further reading 457
Case 100: T5-6 and T11-12 intervertebral disc posterior protrusions 459
Comment 459
Profile 459
Past History 459
Presenting Complaint(s) 459
Aetiology 460
Examination 460
Imaging Review 460
Clinical Impression 460
What Action Should be Taken? 460
Diagnosis 461
Treatment and Results 461
References 461
Conclusions 463
Reference 463
Questions and answers 465
Definitions and abbreviations 473
References 477
Index 479
Color Plate Section 486