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Book Details
Abstract
An Osteopathic Approach to Children presents a comprehensive general overview of pediatric medicine from an osteopathic perspective. The book is divided into two main parts. The first part discusses the normal development, physiology and anatomy of the body systems from birth to adulthood. The second part explores the conditions and diseases of childhood and outlines the rationale for osteopathic treatment for each disorder. Also, it presents clinical problems from the perspective of the interrelatedness of structure and function. This unique approach will make it an invaluable source of reference for all those interested in using an osteopathic approach to the treatment of children in their care.
- 2 new chapters, with new photographs.
- Fully updated and expanded of current chapters.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| An osteopathic approach to children | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Introduction | xi | ||
| References | xii | ||
| Chapter 1 The nervous system: a clinician's perspective | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 1 | ||
| MYELINATION | 2 | ||
| SPINAL REFLEXES | 3 | ||
| SPINAL SEGMENTATION | 4 | ||
| LOCALIZATION | 5 | ||
| PRIMARY AFFERENT FIBERS | 6 | ||
| NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION | 6 | ||
| CONVERGENCE | 6 | ||
| SPINAL FACILITATION | 7 | ||
| AFFERENT LOAD | 8 | ||
| THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT NOCICEPTORS – PAIN | 9 | ||
| VISCEROSOMATIC INTEGRATION | 9 | ||
| VISCEROSOMATIC REFLEXES | 10 | ||
| SOMATOVISCERAL REFLEXES | 11 | ||
| EMOTIONS | 11 | ||
| HOMEOSTASIS | 12 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 13 | ||
| REFERENCES | 13 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 14 | ||
| Chapter 2 The musculoskeletal system | 15 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 16 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM | 16 | ||
| Wolff's law and mechanical stress | 19 | ||
| Growth areas and trauma | 19 | ||
| THE SPINE | 20 | ||
| Spinal curvatures | 21 | ||
| Muscles of the spine | 21 | ||
| THE PELVIS | 23 | ||
| The ligamentous complex of the pelvis | 25 | ||
| Muscles of the pelvic region | 26 | ||
| Self-bracing mechanism of the sacroiliac joints | 27 | ||
| The pelvis as related to general body structure and function | 27 | ||
| THE LOWER EXTREMITIES | 28 | ||
| THE HIP | 28 | ||
| Specialized ligaments of the hip | 31 | ||
| The rotator cuff of the hip | 31 | ||
| Vasculature | 31 | ||
| Nerves | 33 | ||
| Biomechanics | 33 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 33 | ||
| KNEE | 33 | ||
| Ligaments of the knee joint | 34 | ||
| Menisci | 35 | ||
| Biomechanics | 35 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 37 | ||
| FOOT AND ANKLE | 37 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 37 | ||
| Neurovascular supply | 38 | ||
| Arches of the foot | 38 | ||
| Tendinous component of the arches | 40 | ||
| The arches as a diaphragm | 40 | ||
| Biomechanics | 41 | ||
| Weight transmission in the foot | 41 | ||
| THE UPPER EXTREMITIES | 41 | ||
| SHOULDER COMPLEX | 41 | ||
| The shoulder girdle | 42 | ||
| Articular complexes of the shoulder | 42 | ||
| Biomechanics | 45 | ||
| ELBOW | 46 | ||
| Articular complexes of the elbow | 46 | ||
| Ligaments | 47 | ||
| Biomechanics | 48 | ||
| WRIST | 48 | ||
| Functional anatomy of the wrist | 48 | ||
| Biomechanics | 49 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 50 | ||
| REFERENCES | 50 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 51 | ||
| Chapter 3 Development of the cranium | 53 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 53 | ||
| PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRANIUM | 54 | ||
| The layers of the cranium | 54 | ||
| Anatomy of the meninges | 54 | ||
| The struggle between the brain and the heart | 57 | ||
| The role of mesenchyme | 57 | ||
| Innervation patterns follow the movement of the mesenchyme | 60 | ||
| The development of the venous sinuses | 60 | ||
| The five-pointed star | 61 | ||
| Vault | 62 | ||
| POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRANIAL BONES | 63 | ||
| Postnatal changes in the basicranium | 65 | ||
| Development of the occiput | 66 | ||
| Development of the temporal bone | 67 | ||
| Development of the sphenoid | 70 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 72 | ||
| REFERENCE | 72 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 72 | ||
| Chapter 4 The cardiovascular system | 73 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 73 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT | 73 | ||
| ANATOMY | 74 | ||
| THE TRANSITION FROM FETAL TO NEONATAL CIRCULATION | 76 | ||
| THE CARDIAC CYCLE | 76 | ||
| CARDIAC FUNCTION | 76 | ||
| CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 78 | ||
| Cyanotic heart disease | 78 | ||
| Acyanotic heart disease | 79 | ||
| THE LOW-PRESSURE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | 80 | ||
| CLINICAL DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN | 81 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 82 | ||
| REFERENCES | 82 | ||
| Chapter 5 The respiratory system | 85 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 85 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT | 85 | ||
| TRANSITION FROM FETAL TO NEONATAL RESPIRATION | 86 | ||
| SURFACTANT | 87 | ||
| THE FIRST BREATH | 87 | ||
| BREATHING: RESPIRATORY CONTROL | 88 | ||
| BREATHING: THE VENTILATORY PUMP IN THE INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD | 88 | ||
| THE RESPIRATORY TREE | 89 | ||
| MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION | 89 | ||
| The scalene–intercostal–oblique muscles: a functional unit | 89 | ||
| The diaphragm | 90 | ||
| Functional anatomy of the diaphragm | 93 | ||
| The muscles of the oropharynx | 94 | ||
| The abdominal muscles | 95 | ||
| OTHER IMPORTANT ANATOMICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE THORAX | 95 | ||
| APERTURES IN THE DIAPHRAGM | 96 | ||
| THE SECRETORY ROLE OF THE RESPIRATORY TREE | 96 | ||
| THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE LUNG | 97 | ||
| THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM OF THE LUNG | 97 | ||
| INNERVATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 98 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 98 | ||
| REFERENCES | 99 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 100 | ||
| Chapter 6 The gastrointestinal system | 101 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 101 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY | 101 | ||
| HISTOLOGICAL ANATOMY | 103 | ||
| VASCULAR SUPPLY | 104 | ||
| REGULATION OF HEMODYNAMICS | 107 | ||
| ANATOMY OF GUT LYMPHATICS | 108 | ||
| MOTILITY | 108 | ||
| PATTERNS OF INNERVATION | 109 | ||
| REGULATORY PEPTIDES | 111 | ||
| Regulatory peptides and gut growth | 111 | ||
| Regulatory peptides and digestion | 111 | ||
| PANCREATIC FUNCTION | 112 | ||
| ACTIVATION OF GUT FUNCTION | 113 | ||
| DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION | 114 | ||
| THE GUT WALL AS A PROTECTIVE BARRIER | 115 | ||
| IMMUNE FUNCTION OF THE GUT MUCOSA | 116 | ||
| MECONIUM | 117 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 117 | ||
| REFERENCES | 117 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 119 | ||
| Chapter 7 Nociception and the neuroendocrine immune system | 121 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 121 | ||
| THE BIG PICTURE | 121 | ||
| ALLOSTATIC LOAD | 122 | ||
| WHAT KIND OF INPUT AFFECTS HOMEOSTASIS? | 122 | ||
| PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION OF NOCICEPTION | 123 | ||
| PAIN CONTROL | 124 | ||
| SENSITIZATION OF PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONS | 125 | ||
| NOCICEPTION, STRESS AND ALLOSTATIC LOAD | 125 | ||
| EFFECTS OF CHRONIC HYPERACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS | 127 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 128 | ||
| REFERENCES | 128 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 129 | ||
| Chapter 8 Labor, delivery and birth | 131 | ||
| BIRTH PROCESS: TRANSITION FROM INTRAUTERINE TO EXTRAUTERINE LIFE | 131 | ||
| LABOR: 'THE PASSENGER ADAPTS TO THE PASSAGEWAY' | 131 | ||
| MOLDING | 134 | ||
| ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS | 134 | ||
| DELIVERY | 135 | ||
| COMMON CRANIAL STRAIN PATTERNS | 137 | ||
| ASSESSING SYSTEMIC RESPONSE TO BIRTH | 137 | ||
| GESTATIONAL AGE IS BASED ON PHYSICAL FINDINGS | 137 | ||
| OSTEOPATHIC PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE TERM NEWBORN | 139 | ||
| INITIAL FINDINGS AT BIRTH | 142 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 144 | ||
| REFERENCES | 144 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 145 | ||
| Chapter 9 Posture, balance and movement | 147 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 147 | ||
| SENSORY SYSTEMS AND THEIR ROLE AS POSTURE MODULATORS | 148 | ||
| MOTOR CONTRIBUTION TO POSTURE | 150 | ||
| THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSTURE | 151 | ||
| MOVEMENT AND POSTURE | 154 | ||
| EARLY REFLEXES USE VESTIBULAR AND VISUAL INPUT TO INFLUENCE MUSCLE SYNERGIES | 155 | ||
| NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR EYE–HAND COORDINATION | 156 | ||
| SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION | 157 | ||
| Abnormal posturing in newborns | 158 | ||
| The center of gravity and posture | 160 | ||
| MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF POSTURE AND GAIT | 160 | ||
| FACTORS WHICH ADVERSELY AFFECT THE POSTURAL MECHANISM | 163 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 164 | ||
| REFERENCES | 165 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 166 | ||
| Chapter 10 Movement, perception and cognitive development | 169 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS OF PERCEPTION | 169 | ||
| THE BIOLOGY OF LEARNING | 170 | ||
| Internal maps | 171 | ||
| NATURE VERSUS NURTURE | 172 | ||
| EARLY MOTOR AND SENSORY DEVELOPMENT ARE LINKED | 173 | ||
| VISUAL PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT | 174 | ||
| AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT | 175 | ||
| THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT | 178 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES | 180 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 183 | ||
| REFERENCES | 184 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 184 | ||
| Chapter 11 Otolaryngology | 185 | ||
| OTITIS MEDIA | 185 | ||
| Diagnosis | 185 | ||
| Etiology | 186 | ||
| Eustachian tube physiology | 187 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 187 | ||
| Postnatal changes | 188 | ||
| A pilot study | 191 | ||
| CHRONIC SINUSITIS | 192 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 192 | ||
| Mucociliary transport system | 193 | ||
| Osteopathic evaluation | 194 | ||
| Treatment | 194 | ||
| PERSISTENT NASAL CONGESTION IN THE NEWBORN | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES | 195 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 196 | ||
| Chapter 12 Ophthalmology | 197 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 197 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY | 198 | ||
| Inferior wall of the orbit: zygomae and maxillae | 198 | ||
| Medial wall of the orbit: lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid | 200 | ||
| Frontal | 203 | ||
| Fascia | 204 | ||
| MUSCLES OF THE EYE | 204 | ||
| INNERVATION OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE EYE | 206 | ||
| INHERENT MOTION OF THE EYE AND ORBIT | 207 | ||
| VISUAL ACUITY | 208 | ||
| STRABISMUS | 209 | ||
| AMBLYOPIA | 210 | ||
| VISION AND POSTURE | 211 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL OPTOMETRY AND VISION | 211 | ||
| OCULAR EVALUATION | 211 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 213 | ||
| REFERENCES | 213 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 214 | ||
| Chapter 13 Pulmonology | 215 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 215 | ||
| NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME | 216 | ||
| BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA | 217 | ||
| TRANSIENT TACHYPNEA OF THE NEWBORN | 217 | ||
| APNEA | 218 | ||
| SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME | 218 | ||
| MECONIUM ASPIRATION | 219 | ||
| ASTHMA | 220 | ||
| CYSTIC FIBROSIS | 221 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 221 | ||
| REFERENCES | 222 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 223 | ||
| Chapter 14 Gastroenterology | 225 | ||
| SUCKLING | 225 | ||
| SWALLOWING | 229 | ||
| GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX | 229 | ||
| Natural barriers to GER | 230 | ||
| Pathophysiology of GER | 232 | ||
| Diagnosis of GER | 232 | ||
| Differential diagnosis of GER | 233 | ||
| Treatment of the infant and child with GER | 233 | ||
| COLIC | 233 | ||
| A model for the pathophysiology of colic | 234 | ||
| An osteopathic perspective on colic | 234 | ||
| CONSTIPATION | 235 | ||
| Differential diagnosis of chronic constipation | 236 | ||
| Precipitating factors in functional constipation | 236 | ||
| HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA/NEONATAL JAUNDICE | 237 | ||
| Physiological jaundice | 237 | ||
| Breast milk jaundice | 237 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 238 | ||
| Complications of hyperbilirubinemia | 238 | ||
| Treatment of jaundice | 238 | ||
| REFERENCES | 239 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 241 | ||
| Chapter 15 Orthopedics | 243 | ||
| COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE HEAD AND NECK | 244 | ||
| Plagiocephaly/craniosynostosis | 244 | ||
| Torticollis | 247 | ||
| Klippel–Feil syndrome | 248 | ||
| COMMON PROBLEMS OF THE SPINE AND PELVIS | 249 | ||
| Congenital scoliosis | 249 | ||
| Idiopathic scoliosis | 249 | ||
| Back pain | 253 | ||
| COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE HIP | 258 | ||
| Developmental dysplasia | 259 | ||
| Slipped capital femoral epiphysis | 260 | ||
| Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease | 260 | ||
| Persistent femoral anteversion | 261 | ||
| Miserable malalignment syndrome | 261 | ||
| Functional changes in the hip | 261 | ||
| COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE KNEE | 262 | ||
| Osgood–Schlatter disease | 263 | ||
| Genu varum and genu valgum | 263 | ||
| Tibial torsion | 263 | ||
| Meniscal injuries | 263 | ||
| Patellofemoral syndrome | 265 | ||
| Compartment syndrome | 265 | ||
| Common peroneal nerve entrapment | 265 | ||
| Iliotibial band syndrome | 265 | ||
| COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE FOOT AND ANKLE | 266 | ||
| Sprained ankle (traumatic inversion of the foot) | 266 | ||
| Sever's disease (calcaneal apophysitis) | 266 | ||
| Tarsal tunnel syndrome | 266 | ||
| Metatarsalgia | 267 | ||
| Pes planus (flat foot) | 267 | ||
| Plantar fasciitis | 268 | ||
| Metatarsus adductus | 268 | ||
| COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE UPPER EXTREMITY | 268 | ||
| Shoulder complex | 268 | ||
| The elbow | 269 | ||
| The wrist | 270 | ||
| REFERENCES | 271 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 272 | ||
| Chapter 16 Neurology | 275 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE INJURY | 275 | ||
| BRACHIAL PLEXUS OR ERB'S PALSY | 275 | ||
| Diagnosis | 276 | ||
| Pathophysiology of neurovascular compression | 276 | ||
| Osteopathic examination | 276 | ||
| FACIAL NERVE PALSY | 277 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 277 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment | 278 | ||
| Differential diagnosis of facial palsy | 279 | ||
| COMMON NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES | 279 | ||
| Median nerve | 279 | ||
| Ulnar nerve | 280 | ||
| Radial nerve | 280 | ||
| SPASTICITY | 280 | ||
| TICS | 281 | ||
| CEPHALGIA | 281 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 282 | ||
| Palpatory examination | 283 | ||
| POSTCONCUSSION SYNDROME | 284 | ||
| REFERENCES | 286 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 286 | ||
| Chapter 17 Cerebral palsy | 289 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 289 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 290 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 290 | ||
| SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY | 290 | ||
| EXTRAPYRAMIDAL CEREBRAL PALSY | 291 | ||
| ATONIC CEREBRAL PALSY | 292 | ||
| CEREBELLAR CEREBRAL PALSY | 292 | ||
| ATAXIA IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY | 292 | ||
| DISTRIBUTION OF INJURY | 293 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 295 | ||
| CONSEQUENCES OF SPASTICITY | 295 | ||
| GOALS OF OSTEOPATHIC TREATMENT | 296 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 299 | ||
| REFERENCES | 299 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 300 | ||
| Index | 301 | ||
| A | 301 | ||
| B | 302 | ||
| C | 303 | ||
| D | 304 | ||
| E | 305 | ||
| F | 306 | ||
| G | 306 | ||
| H | 307 | ||
| I | 308 | ||
| J | 309 | ||
| K | 309 | ||
| L | 309 | ||
| M | 310 | ||
| N | 311 | ||
| O | 312 | ||
| P | 312 | ||
| Q | 314 | ||
| R | 314 | ||
| S | 315 | ||
| T | 317 | ||
| U | 317 | ||
| V | 317 | ||
| W | 318 | ||
| X | 318 | ||
| Y | 318 | ||
| Z | 318 |