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Instant Work-ups: A Clinical Guide to Medicine E-Book

BOOK

Instant Work-ups: A Clinical Guide to Medicine E-Book

Theodore X. O'Connell

(2016)

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Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN
978-0-323-39182-5
Edition
2
Language
English
Pages
502
Subjects
Clinical & internal medicine
Nursing
Medical study & revision guides & reference material

Abstract

Pocket-sized and portable, Instant Work-ups: A Clinical Guide to Medicine offers all of the critical information physicians need to know in order to evaluate and diagnose a patient. The content is uniquely presented as a patient would present his or her case: with symptoms and abnormalities, as opposed to a diagnosis. Practical and easy to use, it provides clear work-up plans for the most commonly encountered medical conditions, providing quick, focused guidance with the flexibility to adapt to each unique patient.

  • Covers approximately 80 of the most commonly encountered medical conditions.
  • Chapters are alphabetically organized by topic for easy reference.
  • Topics are presented as a sign, symptom, or abnormal lab reading as a patient would present his or her case.
  • Every topic includes a brief background discussion, a list of important related materials, and a detailed list of the next lab or radiographic tests.
  • Describes each diagnostic test and includes algorithms for each topic to help guide diagnosis.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Inside Front Cover ES2
Instant Work-Ups: A Clinical Guide to Medicine iii
Copyright iv
About the Author v
Dedication vii
Preface ix
Contents xi
Chapter 1: Acute Kidney Injury 1
General Discussion 1
Medications Associated with Acute Kidney Injury 2
Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury 2
Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury 2
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury 3
Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury 3
Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury 4
Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury 5
Key Historical Features 5
Key Physical Findings 5
Suggested Work-Up 6
Additional Work-Up 7
Further Reading 8
Chapter 2: Adrenal Masses 9
General Discussion 9
Signs and Symptoms of Systemic Disease 10
Cushing Syndrome 10
Pheochromocytoma 10
Hyperaldosteronism 10
Suggested Work-Up 11
Additional Evaluation 11
Further Reading 13
Chapter 3: Amenorrhea 14
General Discussion 14
Medications and Substances Associated with Amenorrhea 14
Causes of Secondary Amenorrhea 15
Anatomic Defects (Outflow Tract) 15
Hypothalamic Causes 15
Pituitary Causes 16
Primary Hypogonadism 16
Other Endocrine Gland Disorders 16
Multifactorial Causes 17
Key Historical Features 17
Key Physical Findings 18
Suggested Work-Up of Primary Amenorrhea 19
Suggested Work-Up of Secondary Amenorrhea 20
Further Reading 22
Chapter 4: Anemia 23
General Discussion 23
Microcytic Anemia 23
Normocytic Anemia 23
Macrocytic Anemia 24
Causes of Anemia 25
Microcytic Anemia 25
Normocytic Anemia 25
Macrocytic Anemia 26
Key Historical Features 26
Key Physical Findings 26
Initial Evaluation of Anemia 27
Further Reading 31
Chapter 5: Arthritis and Arthralgia 32
General Discussion 32
Medications Associated with Arthritis/Arthralgia 34
Causes of Arthritis 35
Key Historical Features 36
Key Physical Findings 36
Suggested Work-Up 37
Additional Work-Up 37
Suggested Radiographic Views 38
Further Reading 38
Chapter 6: Ascites 40
General Discussion 40
Causes of Ascites 41
Key Historical Features 42
Key Physical Findings 42
Suggested Work-Up 42
Additional Work-Up 43
Further Reading 44
Chapter 7: Atrial Fibrillation 45
General Discussion 45
Conditions Associated with Atrial Fibrillation 45
Key Historical Features 46
Key Physical Findings 46
Suggested Work-Up 47
Additional Work-Up 47
Further Reading 47
Chapter 8: Bleeding and Bruising 48
General Discussion 48
Medications and Supplements Associated with Bleeding 48
Causes of Bleeding and Bruising 49
Key Historical Features 50
Key Physical Findings 50
Suggested Work-Up 50
Additional Work-Up 51
Further Reading 52
Chapter 9: Cerebrospinal Fluid Evaluation 53
General Discussion 53
Further Reading 60
Chapter 10: Chronic Cough 61
General Discussion 61
Causes of Chronic Cough 62
Key Historical Features 63
Key Physical Findings 63
Suggested Work-Up 64
Additional Work-Up 64
Further Reading 66
Chapter 11: Chronic Kidney Disease 67
General Discussion 67
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease 67
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease 68
Key Historical Features 68
Key Physical Findings 70
Evaluation of Patients at Increased Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease 70
Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease 70
Additional Work-Up 70
Further Reading 73
Chapter 12: Chronic Meningitis 74
General Discussion 74
Causes of Chronic Meningitis 74
Key Historical Features 75
Key Physical Findings 75
Suggested Work-Up for Chronic Meningitis 76
Useful Serologic Tests in the Chronic Meningitis Syndrome 77
Further Reading 77
Chapter 13: Constipation 78
General Discussion 78
Medications Associated with Constipation 79
Causes of Constipation 79
Key Historical Features 80
Key Physical Findings 81
Suggested Work-Up 81
Additional Work-Up 82
Further Reading 83
Chapter 14: Delirium 84
General Discussion 84
Medications Associated with Delirium 85
Causes of Delirium 87
Key Historical Features 88
Key Physical Findings 89
Suggested Work-Up 89
Additional Work-Up 90
Further Reading 90
Chapter 15: Diarrhea 91
General Discussion 91
Causes of Acute Diarrhea 91
Causes of Chronic Diarrhea 93
Fatty 94
Inflammatory or Exudative 95
Key Historical Features 95
Key Physical Findings 96
Suggested Work-Up for Acute or Persistent Diarrhea 97
Additional Work-Up for Acute or Persistent Diarrhea 97
Suggested Work-Up for Chronic Diarrhea 98
Additional Work-Up for Chronic Diarrhea 98
Further Reading 99
Chapter 16: Dyspnea 100
General Discussion 100
Medications Associated with Dyspnea 100
Causes of Dyspnea 101
Key Historical Features 103
Key Physical Findings 103
Suggested Work-Up 104
Additional Work-Up 104
Further Reading 105
Chapter 17: Dysuria 106
General Discussion 106
Medications and Supplements Associated with Dysuria 106
Causes of Dysuria 106
Key Historical Features 107
Key Physical Findings 108
Suggested Work-Up 108
Additional Work-Up 109
Further Reading 109
Chapter 18: Edema 111
General Discussion 111
Causes of Peripheral Edema 111
Medications Associated with Peripheral Edema 112
Key Historical Features 113
Key Physical Findings 113
Suggested Work-Up 114
Additional Work-Up 114
Further Reading 115
Chapter 19: Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase 116
General Discussion 116
Medications Commonly Associated with Cholestatic Liver Injury 116
Causes of Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase 117
Key Historical Features 120
Key Physical Findings 120
Suggested Work-Up 120
Additional Work-Up 121
Further Reading 121
Chapter 20: Elevated Amylase (Hyperamylasemia) 122
General Discussion 122
Medications Associated with Amylase Elevation 122
Causes of Elevated Amylase 123
Key Historical Features 124
Key Physical Findings 124
Suggested Work-Up 125
Additional Work-Up 125
Further Reading 125
Chapter 21: Erectile Dysfunction 126
General Discussion 126
Medications and Substances Associated with Erectile Dysfunction 126
Causes of Erectile Dysfunction 127
Key Historical Features 128
Key Physical Findings 129
Suggested Work-Up 129
Additional Work-Up 129
Further Reading 130
Chapter 22: Fatigue 131
General Discussion 131
Medications Associated with Fatigue 132
Causes of Fatigue 132
Key Historical Features 134
Key Physical Findings 134
Suggested Work-Up 135
Additional Work-Up 136
Further Reading 137
Chapter 23: Fever of Unknown Origin 138
General Discussion 138
Medications Associated with Fever of Unknown Origin 139
Causes of Fever of Unknown Origin 140
Key Historical Features 142
Key Physical Findings 142
Suggested Work-Up 143
Additional Work-Up 144
Further Reading 146
Chapter 24: Fibromyalgia 147
General Discussion 147
Key Historical Features 148
Key Physical Findings 149
Suggested Work-Up 150
Additional Work-Up 151
Further Reading 151
Chapter 25: Galactorrhea 152
General Discussion 152
Medications and Substances Associated with Galactorrhea 152
Causes of Galactorrhea 152
Key Historical Features 153
Key Physical Findings 154
Suggested Work-Up 154
Additional Work-Up 154
Further Reading 155
Chapter 26: Gallbladder Polyps 156
General Discussion 156
Key Historical Features 156
Key Diagnostic Findings 156
Suggested Management 157
Further Reading 157
Chapter 27: Gynecomastia 158
General Discussion 158
Medications and Supplements Associated with Gynecomastia 158
Causes of Gynecomastia 160
Key Historical Features 161
Key Physical Findings 161
Suggested Work-Up 162
Additional Work-Up 162
Further Reading 163
Chapter 28: Hair Loss 164
General Discussion 164
Medications Associated with Hair Loss 165
Causes of Hair Loss 166
Key Historical Features 166
Key Physical Findings 167
Suggested Work-Up 167
Additional Work-Up 167
Further Reading 168
Chapter 29: Hearing Loss 169
General Discussion 169
Medications Associated with Hearing Loss 169
Causes of Hearing Loss 170
Key Historical Features 170
Key Physical Findings 171
Suggested Work-Up 171
Additional Work-Up 171
Further Reading 172
Chapter 30: Hematospermia 173
General Discussion 173
Causes of Hematospermia 173
Key Historical Features 174
Key Physical Findings 175
Suggested Work-Up 175
Additional Work-Up 175
Further Reading 175
Chapter 31: Hematuria 177
General Discussion 177
Medications Associated with Hematuria 178
Causes of Microscopic Hematuria 179
Key Historical Features 181
Key Physical Findings 181
Suggested Work-Up 181
Additional Work-Up 182
Further Reading 182
Chapter 32: Hemoptysis 183
General Discussion 183
Medications Associated with Hemoptysis 183
Causes of Hemoptysis 183
Key Historical Features 185
Key Physical Findings 185
Suggested Work-Up 186
Additional Work-Up 186
Further Reading 187
Chapter 33: Hirsutism 188
General Discussion 188
Medications Associated with Hirsutism 188
Medications Associated with Hypertrichosis 189
Causes of Hirsutism 189
Key Historical Features 190
Key Physical Findings 190
Suggested Work-Up 190
Additional Work-Up 190
Further Reading 191
Chapter 34: Hypercalcemia 192
General Discussion 192
Medications and Ingestions Associated with Hypercalcemia 192
Causes of Hypercalcemia 193
Key Historical Features 194
Key Physical Findings 195
Suggested Work-Up 195
Additional Work-Up 196
Further Reading 197
Chapter 35: Hypercoagulable States 198
General Discussion 198
Acquired Risk Factors for Thrombophilia 198
Hereditary Risk Factors for Thrombophilia 198
Key Historical Features 199
Suggested Work-Up 199
Additional Work-Up 200
Further References 200
Chapter 36: Hyperkalemia 201
General Discussion 201
Medications and Supplements Associated with Hyperkalemia 201
Causes of Hyperkalemia 202
Key Historical Features 203
Key Physical Findings 203
Suggested Work-up 204
Additional Work-up 204
Further Reading 204
Chapter 37: Hypernatremia 205
General Discussion 205
Medications Associated with Hypernatremia 206
Causes of Hypernatremia* 206
Key Historical Features 207
Key Physical Findings 207
Suggested Work-Up 207
Concentration 207
Additional Work-Up 207
Further Reading 208
Chapter 38: Hypertension 209
General Discussion 209
Medications and Herbal Supplements Associated with Hypertension 209
Identifiable Causes of Hypertension 210
Suggested Work-Up 210
Additional Work-Up 211
Further Reading 212
Chapter 39: Hyperthyroidism 213
General Discussion 213
Medications Associated with Hyperthyroidism 213
Causes of Hyperthyroidism 214
Key Historical Features 214
Key Physical Findings 216
Suggested Work-Up 217
Additional Work-Up 217
Further Reading 217
Chapter 40: Hypocalcemia 218
General Discussion 218
Medications Associated with Hypocalcemia 218
Causes of Hypocalcemia 218
Key Historical Features 219
Key Physical Findings 220
Suggested Work-Up 220
Additional Work-Up 220
Further Reading 222
Chapter 41: Hypoglycemia 223
General Discussion 223
Medications Associated with Hypoglycemia* 223
Causes of Hypoglycemia 225
Key Historical Features 226
Key Physical Findings 227
Suggested Work-Up 227
Additional Work-Up 227
Further Reading 227
Chapter 42: Hypokalemia 229
General Discussion 229
Medications and Substances Associated with Hypokalemia 229
Causes of Hypokalemia 230
Key Historical Features 231
Key Physical Findings 231
Suggested Work-Up 232
Additional Work-Up 232
Further Reading 232
Chapter 43: Hyponatremia 233
General Discussion 233
Medications Associated with Hyponatremia 234
Causes of Hyponatremia 235
Key Historical Features 236
Suggested Work-Up 238
Additional Work-Up 238
Further Reading 238
Chapter 44: Hypothyroidism 239
General Discussion 239
Medications Associated with Hypothyroidism 239
Causes of Hypothyroidism 240
Key Historical Features 240
Key Physical Findings 241
Suggested Work-Up 242
Additional Work-Up 242
Further Reading 243
Chapter 45: Infertility, Female 244
General Discussion 244
Causes of Female Infertility 244
Key Historical Features 245
Key Physical Findings 246
Suggested Work-Up 246
Additional Work-Up 246
Further Reading 248
Chapter 46: Infertility, Male 249
General Discussion 249
Medications Associated with Male Infertility 249
Causes of Male Infertility 249
Key Historical Features 250
Key Physical Findings 251
Suggested Work-Up 251
Additional Work-Up 251
Further Reading 252
Chapter 47: Insomnia 253
General Discussion 253
Medications and Substances Associated with Insomnia 253
Comorbid Medical and Psychiatric Conditions Associated with Insomnia 254
Key Historical Features 256
Suggested Work-Up 257
Additional Work-Up 258
Further Reading 258
Chapter 48: Leukocytosis 259
General Discussion 259
Causes of Neutrophilia 260
Causes of Eosinophilia 261
Causes of Basophilia 262
Causes of Lymphocytosis 262
Causes of Monocytosis 263
Key Historical Features 264
Key Physical Findings 264
Suggested Work-Up of Leukocytosis 264
Suggested Work-Up of Neutrophilia 265
Suggested Work-Up of Monocytosis 265
Suggested Work-Up of Eosinophilia 265
Suggested Work-Up of Basophilia 266
Suggested Work-Up of Lymphocytosis 266
Further Reading 266
Chapter 49: Leukopenia 267
General Discussion 267
Medications Associated with Neutropenia 267
Medications Associated with Lymphocytopenia 269
Causes of Neutropenia 269
Causes of Lymphocytopenia 269
Key Historical Features 270
Key Physical Findings 270
Suggested Work-Up of Neutropenia 271
Suggested Work-Up of Lymphocytopenia 271
Additional Work-Up for Leukopenias 271
Further Reading 271
Chapter 50: Memory Loss and Dementia 272
General Discussion 272
Common Causes of Dementia 273
Key Historical Features 274
Key Examination Findings 274
Suggested Work-Up 274
Additional Work-Up 275
Further Reading 276
Chapter 51: Muscle Weakness 277
General Discussion 277
Medications Associated with Muscle Weakness 277
Causes of Muscle Weakness 277
Key Historical Features 279
Key Physical Findings 280
Suggested Work-Up 280
Additional Work-Up 281
Further Reading 282
Chapter 52: Myalgias 283
General Discussion 283
Medications Associated with Myalgias 283
Causes of Myalgias 285
Key Historical Features 286
Key Physical Findings 286
Suggested Work-Up 286
Additional Work-Up 287
Further Reading 287
Chapter 53: Nephrolithiasis 288
General Discussion 288
Medications Associated with Nephrolithiasis 288
Causes of Nephrolithiasis 289
Key Historical Features 289
Key Physical Findings 290
Suggested Work-Up of a Patient with First Stone Episode 290
Suggested Work-Up of a Patient with Recurrent Stone Formation 291
Further Reading 291
Chapter 54: Night Sweats 292
General Discussion 292
Medications Associated with Night Sweats 292
Causes of Night Sweats 293
Key Historical Features 294
Key Physical Findings 294
Suggested Work-Up 295
Additional Work-Up 295
Further Reading 296
Chapter 55: Osteoporosis 297
General Discussion 297
Medications Associated with Osteoporosis 297
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis 298
Causes of Secondary Osteoporosis 298
Suggested Work-Up for Patients with Suspected Secondary Osteoporosis 299
Additional Work-Up 299
Further Reading 300
Chapter 56: Palpitations 301
General Discussion 301
Medications and Substances Associated with Palpitations 301
Causes of Palpitations 302
Key Historical Features 303
Key Physical Findings 303
Suggested Work-Up 305
Additional Work-Up 305
Further Reading 306
Chapter 57: Peripheral Neuropathy 307
General Discussion 307
Medications Associated with Neuropathy 307
Causes of Peripheral Neuropathy 309
Suggested Work-Up 311
Additional Selected Work-Up 312
Further Reading 312
Chapter 58: Pituitary Adenomas 314
General Discussion 314
Key Historical Features 314
Key Physical Findings 315
Suggested Work-Up 315
Additional Work-Up 316
Further Reading 316
Chapter 59: Pleural Effusion 317
General Discussion 317
Medications Associated with Pleural Effusion 318
Causes of Pleural Effusion 319
Key Historical Features 320
Key Physical Findings 320
Suggested Work-Up 320
Additional Work-Up 321
Further Reading 321
Chapter 60: Preoperative Evaluation Before Noncardiac Surgery 322
General Discussion 322
Cardiac Assessment 322
Chest Radiography 324
Routine Laboratory Tests 325
Key Historical Features 325
Key Physical Findings 326
Suggested Work-Up 326
Further Reading 328
Chapter 61: Proteinuria 329
General Discussion 329
Causes of Proteinuria 330
Key Historical Features 331
Key Physical Findings 331
Suggested Work-Up 332
Additional Work-Up 333
Further Reading 336
Chapter 62: Pruritus 337
General Discussion 337
Medications That Cause Cholestasis or Cholestatic Hepatitis 337
Conditions Associated with Pruritus 339
Key Historical Features 340
Key Physical Findings 340
Suggested Work-Up 340
Additional Work-Up 341
Further Reading 341
Chapter 63: Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection 342
General Discussion 342
Conditions Associated with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection 343
Key Historical Features 343
Key Physical Findings 344
Suggested Work-Up 344
Additional Work-Up 345
Further Reading 345
Chapter 64: Renal Cysts 346
General Discussion 346
Classification of Renal Masses 346
Further Reading 347
Chapter 65: Rhinitis 348
General Discussion 348
Medications Associated with Rhinitis 349
Causes of Rhinitis 349
Key Historical Features 350
Key Physical Findings 350
Suggested Work-Up 351
Additional Work-Up 351
Further Reading 351
Chapter 66: Scrotal Masses 353
General Discussion 353
Causes of Testicular Masses 354
Key Historical Features 354
Key Physical Findings 354
Suggested Work-Up 355
Additional Work-Up 355
Further Reading 355
Chapter 67: Seizure 356
General Discussion 356
Medications and Substances Associated with Seizure 356
Causes of Seizure 357
Conditions That May Mimic Seizures 359
Key Historical Features 359
Key Physical Findings 360
Suggested Work-Up 360
Additional Work-Up 361
Further Reading 362
Chapter 68: Solitary Pulmonary Nodule 363
General Discussion 363
Further Reading 366
Chapter 69: Syncope 367
General Discussion 367
Medications Associated with Syncope 368
Causes of Syncope 368
Key Historical Features 370
Key Physical Findings 370
Suggested Work-Up 371
Additional Work-Up 371
Further Reading 373
Chapter 70: Synovial Fluid Analysis 375
General Discussion 375
Suggested Work-Up 375
Additional Work-Up 375
Further Reading 377
Chapter 71: Thrombocytopenia 378
General Discussion 378
Medications Associated with Thrombocytopenia 378
Causes of Thrombocytopenia 380
Key Historical Features 381
Key Physical Findings 381
Suggested Work-Up 382
Additional Work-Up 382
Further Reading 384
Chapter 72: Thyroid Nodule 385
General Discussion 385
Key Historical Features 385
Key Physical Findings 385
Suggested Work-Up 386
Additional Work-Up 387
Further Reading 387
Chapter 73: Tinnitus 388
General Discussion 388
Medications Associated with Tinnitus 388
Causes of Tinnitus 389
Key Historical Features 390
Key Physical Findings 391
Suggested Work-Up 391
Additional Work-Up 391
Further Reading 392
Chapter 74: Transaminase Elevation 393
General Discussion 393
Medications Associated with Transaminase Elevation 394
Causes of Transaminase Elevation 395
Key Historical Features 396
Key Physical Findings 396
Suggested Work-Up 397
Additional Work-Up 397
Further Reading 399
Chapter 75: Tremor 400
General Discussion 400
Medications and Substances Associated with Tremor 401
Causes of Tremor 402
Key Historical Features 403
Key Physical Findings 403
Suggested Work-Up 404
Additional Work-Up 404
Further Reading 405
Chapter 76: Urinary Incontinence 406
General Discussion 406
Medications Associated with Urinary Incontinence 407
Causes of Urinary Incontinence 407
Key Historical Features 408
Key Physical Findings 409
Suggested Work-Up 409
Additional Work-Up 410
Further Reading 411
Chapter 77: Visual Disturbances 412
General Discussion 412
Medications Associated with Visual Disturbances 413
Causes of Visual Disturbances 413
Key Historical Features 414
Key Physical Findings 414
Suggested Work-Up 415
Additional Work-Up 415
Further Reading 415
Chapter 78: Weight Loss 417
General Discussion 417
Medications Associated with Weight Loss 417
Causes of Weight Loss 419
Key Historical Features 421
Key Physical Findings 421
Suggested Work-Up 422
Additional Work-Up 422
Further Reading 423
Index 424
Inside Back Cover ES3

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