BOOK
Aspinall's Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing E-Book
Nicola Ackerman | Victoria Aspinall
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The third edition of Aspinall’s Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing is the ideal text for both student and qualified veterinary nurses as it covers the entire veterinary nursing syllabus. Now written in the main by veterinary nurses this book comprehensively covers all aspects of the veterinary nursing role from client communication to nutritional support.
All chapters have been revised in line with changes in legislation and regulation but also theoretical and practical aspects. Greater emphasis on the veterinary practice structure including the role of corporate businesses and use of social media bring this edition fully up to date.
The new edition welcomes Nicola Ackerman as principal editor. Nicola is past officer of the BVNA and past executive editor of the Veterinary Nursing Journal. Nicola is a winner of several awards including the Blue Cross/BVNA Veterinary Nurse of the Year and the Barbara Cooper / CAW Professional Development Award for outstanding service to the veterinary nursing profession. Nicola was the first Veterinary Nurse in the UK to become a veterinary nurse specialist in nutrition.
Evolve Resources containing
- Self-assessment questions for every chapter to test learning
- Image Bank of over 700 figures
- Additional chapters
- Comprehensive content ideal for both student and qualified veterinary nurses
- Over 700 full colour illustrations for enhanced understanding
- Written by veterinary nurses for veterinary nurses
- Recommended reading given for each chapter to aid further research
- New chapters on Emergency Critical care, Fluid therapy, Practice and Staff management and Consulting skills.
- Anaesthesia and Analgesia chapter fully revised and updated.
- New chapter on Equine Behaviour and Handling, including recognition of pain in equines.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Aspinall's Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table of content | v | ||
| Foreword | viii | ||
| Contributors | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgements | xii | ||
| 1 Ethics and Animal Welfare | 1 | ||
| Key Points | 1 | ||
| What are ethics and morality? | 1 | ||
| Ethical conflicts | 1 | ||
| Think about the predictable problems in advance (Box 1.1) | 1 | ||
| Describe the question and your choices | 2 | ||
| Identify the choices that you have available physically | 2 | ||
| Identify the choices that you have available legally | 2 | ||
| Identify the stakeholders and predict how each one might be affected by each choice | 2 | ||
| The patient | 3 | ||
| The owner | 3 | ||
| The nurse’s colleagues | 4 | ||
| The practice | 4 | ||
| Profession and public | 4 | ||
| Nurse | 4 | ||
| Choose a school of thought or a framework | 5 | ||
| 1. Schools of thought concerned with the nurse | 5 | ||
| Rules. | 5 | ||
| Virtue ethics. | 5 | ||
| 2. Schools of thought concerned with the stakeholders | 5 | ||
| Animal rights. | 5 | ||
| Consequence-based theories. | 5 | ||
| Naturalness. | 6 | ||
| Justice. | 6 | ||
| Frameworks | 6 | ||
| Religious ethics | 6 | ||
| Identify choices you think are ethically acceptable | 7 | ||
| Discuss your decision with other stakeholders | 7 | ||
| Euthanasia | 7 | ||
| Disagreements between stakeholders | 7 | ||
| 1. Do what other people want. | 8 | ||
| 2. Make joint decisions. | 8 | ||
| 3. Influence the owner or vet. | 8 | ||
| 4. Direct opposition. | 8 | ||
| Conscientious objection. | 8 | ||
| Direct action. | 8 | ||
| Whistle-blowing. | 8 | ||
| Act | 8 | ||
| Reflect on the decision and outcomes and prepare for next time | 9 | ||
| Bibliography | 9 | ||
| Recommended reading | 9 | ||
| 2 Customer Care and Communication | 11 | ||
| Key Points | 11 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| Customer care is everyone’s job | 11 | ||
| It’s no longer good enough to be just good enough | 11 | ||
| It’s not what you have, it’s how you have made the client feel | 11 | ||
| Customer experience is the key to business success | 12 | ||
| Communication first requires understanding | 12 | ||
| Who is the ‘average’ pet owner? | 12 | ||
| Age of UK pet owners | 13 | ||
| ‘Why did you switch practice?’ | 13 | ||
| Understanding the customer journey | 13 | ||
| The veterinary business model – five key steps to continued success | 15 | ||
| Raising awareness locally | 15 | ||
| Telephone customer care – the first moment of truth | 15 | ||
| Your landline is your practice lifeline | 15 | ||
| The ‘five steps’ to success on the telephone | 16 | ||
| Taking telephone customer care to the next level | 16 | ||
| Face-to-face client interaction – the second moment of truth | 16 | ||
| Communicating is not just about speaking | 16 | ||
| Building rapport | 16 | ||
| Processes prevent issues | 17 | ||
| When prevention fails, there is a cure | 17 | ||
| Online communication: websites and social media | 17 | ||
| Ideas for Facebook content | 18 | ||
| Facebook etiquette – do’s and don’ts: | 19 | ||
| Beyond Facebook – Twitter and blogs | 20 | ||
| Common sense and consistency | 20 | ||
| Reference | 20 | ||
| Recommended reading | 20 | ||
| 3 Consulting Skills and Clinics | 21 | ||
| Key Points | 21 | ||
| Introduction | 21 | ||
| The changing role of the RVN | 21 | ||
| Compliance | 21 | ||
| Setting up nurse clinics | 21 | ||
| Consultation training | 22 | ||
| 1. Preparation | 22 | ||
| 2. Initiating the consultation | 22 | ||
| 3. Information gathering | 23 | ||
| 4. Physical examination | 24 | ||
| 5. Explanation and planning | 24 | ||
| 6. Closing the consultation | 24 | ||
| Professional accountability | 24 | ||
| Life-stage clinics | 25 | ||
| Puppy and kitten clinics | 25 | ||
| Socialisation classes | 25 | ||
| Adolescence health check | 25 | ||
| Post-neutering clinics | 26 | ||
| Puppy and kitten parties | 26 | ||
| Deciding on a format for puppy parties | 26 | ||
| Marketing | 27 | ||
| Running the puppy party | 27 | ||
| Advice to give to owners when things go astray | 27 | ||
| What to do if things go wrong during a puppy party | 27 | ||
| Quiet puppies | 27 | ||
| Senior health-care clinics | 27 | ||
| Wellness clinics | 28 | ||
| Medical clinics | 28 | ||
| Arthritis (mobility) clinics | 28 | ||
| Monitoring of arthritic patients | 28 | ||
| Dentistry clinics | 29 | ||
| Tooth brushing | 29 | ||
| Cardiac clinics | 30 | ||
| Cardiac cachexia | 30 | ||
| Obesity clinics | 30 | ||
| Owner education | 30 | ||
| Renal clinics | 31 | ||
| Diagnostic monitoring | 31 | ||
| Pharmaceuticals | 31 | ||
| Feline urinary clinics | 32 | ||
| Water | 32 | ||
| Feeding a cat with FIC | 33 | ||
| Reducing stress in cats | 33 | ||
| Stress and anxiety modification supplements | 33 | ||
| Postsurgical clinics | 33 | ||
| Diagnostic clinics | 34 | ||
| Blood sampling | 34 | ||
| Blood pressure monitoring | 34 | ||
| Urinalysis | 35 | ||
| Sample collection | 35 | ||
| Schirmer tear testing | 35 | ||
| Bibliography | 35 | ||
| 4 Practice and Staff Management | 37 | ||
| Key Points | 37 | ||
| Business health – diagnosis and prognosis | 37 | ||
| Customer | 37 | ||
| Touch points on the customer journey | 38 | ||
| Customer Balanced Scorecard Key Performance Indicators | 39 | ||
| Active clients per full-time- equivalent vet | 39 | ||
| New clients per month: 20 per full-time-equivalent vet per month | 39 | ||
| Index score: Target 85%+ per month | 39 | ||
| Net Promoter Score: Target >80% | 40 | ||
| Staff | 40 | ||
| Leadership | 40 | ||
| The current team | 41 | ||
| Job descriptions | 41 | ||
| Performance management | 41 | ||
| When it goes wrong | 42 | ||
| Positive discipline | 42 | ||
| Staff surveys | 43 | ||
| Wants and offers | 43 | ||
| Personalities | 43 | ||
| Training | 44 | ||
| The future team: recruitment | 44 | ||
| Regular team meetings | 45 | ||
| Operational effectiveness | 45 | ||
| On initial enquiry | 45 | ||
| The consultation diary | 45 | ||
| Utilise space available | 45 | ||
| Who is using the consulting rooms? | 45 | ||
| Consultation effectiveness. | 46 | ||
| Consultation capacity. | 46 | ||
| ‘Through the back’. | 46 | ||
| Inventory control | 46 | ||
| Finance | 47 | ||
| Reception team | 47 | ||
| Nursing team | 47 | ||
| Veterinary team | 48 | ||
| Profit and loss | 48 | ||
| Turnover | 48 | ||
| Positively influencing turnover | 48 | ||
| Cost of sales | 48 | ||
| Staff costs | 49 | ||
| Other overheads | 49 | ||
| In conclusion | 49 | ||
| Bibliography | 49 | ||
| 5 Legislation and the Veterinary Nurse | 51 | ||
| Key Points | 51 | ||
| An introduction to legislation | 51 | ||
| The Royal Charter | 51 | ||
| Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 | 51 | ||
| Occupational health | 52 | ||
| What is health and safety all about? | 52 | ||
| Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 | 52 | ||
| Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 | 52 | ||
| Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 | 52 | ||
| Risk assessments | 53 | ||
| Standard operating procedures (SOPs) | 54 | ||
| Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 | 54 | ||
| Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) Regulations (HWR) 2005 | 54 | ||
| Disposal of waste from the practice | 54 | ||
| Hazardous waste | 55 | ||
| Non-hazardous waste | 55 | ||
| Manual Handling Regulations 1992 | 55 | ||
| The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 | 55 | ||
| What is the difference between an appointed person and a first aider? | 55 | ||
| Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) | 57 | ||
| Health and Safety Display Screen Equipment Regulations 1992 | 58 | ||
| Noise at Work Regulations 1989 | 58 | ||
| The Working Time Regulations 1998 | 58 | ||
| Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 | 58 | ||
| Portable appliance testing | 58 | ||
| Electrical circuits and circuit breakers | 58 | ||
| The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 | 59 | ||
| Fire extinguishers | 59 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation Regulations 1999 | 59 | ||
| Controlled area | 60 | ||
| Staff involved with radiography | 61 | ||
| Maximum permissible dose | 61 | ||
| Personal monitoring | 61 | ||
| Protective clothing | 61 | ||
| X-ray records book | 61 | ||
| Manual restraint | 61 | ||
| Processing chemicals | 61 | ||
| Animal Welfare Act 2006 | 62 | ||
| Bibliography | 64 | ||
| Useful websites | 64 | ||
| Recommended reading | 64 | ||
| 6 Canine and Feline Anatomy and Physiology | 65 | ||
| Key Points | 65 | ||
| Introduction | 65 | ||
| Cells and basic tissues | 65 | ||
| The diversity of cells | 65 | ||
| Cells | 65 | ||
| Cell membrane | 65 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 65 | ||
| Nucleus | 66 | ||
| Basic tissue types | 66 | ||
| Muscular tissue | 66 | ||
| Epithelial tissue | 66 | ||
| a. Simple. | 66 | ||
| b. Compound. | 67 | ||
| Connective tissue | 67 | ||
| Nervous tissue | 68 | ||
| Body fluids | 68 | ||
| Electrolytes | 70 | ||
| Plasma proteins | 70 | ||
| Body cavities | 70 | ||
| Body cavity linings | 70 | ||
| Locomotor system | 71 | ||
| The skeletal system | 71 | ||
| Bone growth or ossification | 71 | ||
| Joints | 71 | ||
| Degree of movement | 71 | ||
| Structure | 71 | ||
| Type of movement | 72 | ||
| The muscular system | 72 | ||
| Skeletal muscle structure | 72 | ||
| Nervous system | 74 | ||
| Nervous tissue | 74 | ||
| Neuron | 74 | ||
| Neuroglial tissue | 75 | ||
| Nerve impulses | 76 | ||
| Reflex action | 76 | ||
| Central nervous system | 76 | ||
| The brain | 77 | ||
| Forebrain – telencephalon and diencephalon. | 77 | ||
| Midbrain – mesencephalon. | 77 | ||
| Hindbrain – metencephalon and myelencephalon. | 77 | ||
| Protection of the central nervous system | 77 | ||
| The spinal cord | 78 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 78 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 78 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 78 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 79 | ||
| Sympathetic system. | 79 | ||
| Parasympathetic system. | 79 | ||
| Special senses | 80 | ||
| Olfaction (smell) | 80 | ||
| Gustation (taste) | 80 | ||
| Sight | 80 | ||
| The eye | 80 | ||
| Perception of an image. | 80 | ||
| Structure of the eye. | 81 | ||
| Hearing and balance | 81 | ||
| The ear | 81 | ||
| The external ear. | 81 | ||
| The middle ear. | 81 | ||
| The inner ear. | 81 | ||
| Endocrine system | 82 | ||
| Adrenal gland | 83 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 83 | ||
| Pancreas | 83 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 84 | ||
| Blood | 84 | ||
| Composition of blood | 84 | ||
| Plasma. | 84 | ||
| Plasma proteins. | 84 | ||
| Blood cells. | 84 | ||
| The heart | 85 | ||
| Heart valves | 85 | ||
| Nervous control of the heart | 85 | ||
| Pulse rate – the number of heartbeats per minute | 87 | ||
| Circulatory system | 87 | ||
| Blood vessels | 87 | ||
| Lymphatic system | 87 | ||
| Lymph nodes. | 87 | ||
| Respiratory system | 87 | ||
| Nasal cavity | 88 | ||
| Pharynx | 89 | ||
| Larynx | 89 | ||
| Trachea | 89 | ||
| Bronchi, bronchioles and alveolar ducts | 90 | ||
| Lungs | 91 | ||
| The mechanics of breathing | 91 | ||
| Control of respiration | 91 | ||
| Respiratory terminology | 91 | ||
| Digestive system | 91 | ||
| Oral cavity | 91 | ||
| Salivary glands | 92 | ||
| Pharynx | 92 | ||
| Oesophagus | 92 | ||
| Stomach | 92 | ||
| Small intestine | 93 | ||
| Pancreas | 94 | ||
| Gall bladder | 94 | ||
| Digestion | 94 | ||
| Absorption | 95 | ||
| Metabolism | 96 | ||
| Liver | 96 | ||
| Large intestine | 98 | ||
| The gastrointestinal biome | 98 | ||
| Urinary system | 98 | ||
| The kidney | 98 | ||
| Nephron structure | 99 | ||
| The ureter | 100 | ||
| The bladder | 101 | ||
| The urethra | 101 | ||
| Urine production | 101 | ||
| Reproductive system | 101 | ||
| The male tract | 101 | ||
| Testis | 101 | ||
| Penis | 102 | ||
| Spermatozoon structure | 102 | ||
| The female tract | 103 | ||
| Ovary | 103 | ||
| Uterine tube | 103 | ||
| Uterus | 103 | ||
| Cervix, vagina and vulva | 104 | ||
| Mammary glands | 104 | ||
| The oestrous cycle | 105 | ||
| Fertilisation | 105 | ||
| Pregnancy | 106 | ||
| Embryonic development | 106 | ||
| Formation of the extra-embryonic membranes | 106 | ||
| Development of the placenta | 107 | ||
| Changes during pregnancy | 108 | ||
| Parturition | 108 | ||
| Hormonal changes | 109 | ||
| Signs of imminent parturition | 110 | ||
| First stage | 110 | ||
| Second stage | 110 | ||
| Third stage | 110 | ||
| The integument | 110 | ||
| The skin | 110 | ||
| Structure | 110 | ||
| Function | 111 | ||
| Skin glands | 112 | ||
| Modified epidermal structures | 113 | ||
| Hair | 113 | ||
| Claws | 113 | ||
| Footpads | 113 | ||
| Bibliography | 113 | ||
| Recommended reading | 113 | ||
| 7 Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Exotic Species | 115 | ||
| Key Points | 115 | ||
| Introduction | 115 | ||
| Small mammals | 115 | ||
| The rabbit | 115 | ||
| Morphology | 115 | ||
| Musculoskeletal system | 115 | ||
| Digestive system | 115 | ||
| Digestion | 117 | ||
| Urinary system | 117 | ||
| Reproductive system | 117 | ||
| Male or buck. | 117 | ||
| Female or doe. | 117 | ||
| Small rodents | 117 | ||
| Digestive system | 118 | ||
| Omnivores, e.g. mouse, rat, gerbil, hamster and chipmunk. | 118 | ||
| Herbivores, e.g. guinea pig and chinchilla. | 118 | ||
| The ferret | 119 | ||
| Morphology | 119 | ||
| Musculoskeletal system | 119 | ||
| Digestive system | 119 | ||
| Reproductive system | 119 | ||
| Male or hob. | 119 | ||
| Female or jill. | 120 | ||
| Birds | 120 | ||
| The skeleton | 120 | ||
| Axial skeleton | 121 | ||
| Appendicular skeleton | 122 | ||
| Muscular system | 123 | ||
| Wing muscles | 123 | ||
| Leg muscles | 123 | ||
| Integument | 123 | ||
| Respiratory system | 124 | ||
| Respiratory tract | 124 | ||
| Respiration | 124 | ||
| Digestive system | 125 | ||
| Oral cavity | 125 | ||
| Oesophagus and crop | 125 | ||
| Stomach | 125 | ||
| Small intestine | 125 | ||
| Large intestine | 125 | ||
| Cloaca | 125 | ||
| Urinary system | 125 | ||
| Reproductive system | 125 | ||
| Male | 125 | ||
| Female | 126 | ||
| Reptiles | 126 | ||
| General anatomy | 126 | ||
| Skeletal system | 126 | ||
| Integument | 126 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 126 | ||
| Respiratory system | 126 | ||
| Digestive tract | 126 | ||
| Urinary system | 126 | ||
| Reproductive system | 127 | ||
| Lizards | 127 | ||
| 8 Equine Anatomy and Physiology | 135 | ||
| Key Points | 135 | ||
| Introduction | 135 | ||
| The skeletal system | 135 | ||
| The axial skeleton | 135 | ||
| The skull | 135 | ||
| Teeth. | 135 | ||
| The vertebral column | 135 | ||
| The ribs | 136 | ||
| The sternum | 136 | ||
| The appendicular skeleton | 136 | ||
| The fore limb | 136 | ||
| The hind limb | 139 | ||
| The foot | 139 | ||
| Joints of the fore and hind limbs | 139 | ||
| The muscular system | 139 | ||
| The suspensory apparatus | 140 | ||
| The stay apparatus | 140 | ||
| The digestive tract | 140 | ||
| Oral cavity | 140 | ||
| Pharynx | 140 | ||
| Oesophagus | 140 | ||
| Stomach | 141 | ||
| Small intestine | 141 | ||
| Large intestine | 141 | ||
| Bibliography | 144 | ||
| Recommended reading | 144 | ||
| 9 Canine and Feline Nutrition | 145 | ||
| Key Points | 145 | ||
| Introduction | 145 | ||
| Essential nutrition | 145 | ||
| Water | 145 | ||
| Energy | 145 | ||
| Energy requirements | 147 | ||
| Resting energy requirement (RER). | 147 | ||
| Protein | 148 | ||
| Fat | 148 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 149 | ||
| Dietary fibre | 149 | ||
| Minerals | 149 | ||
| Vitamins | 150 | ||
| Water-soluble vitamins | 151 | ||
| Fat-soluble vitamins | 151 | ||
| Antioxidants | 151 | ||
| Food and feeding | 152 | ||
| Labelling of diets | 152 | ||
| Food comparisons | 152 | ||
| Proximal analysis of food | 152 | ||
| Types of proprietary diets | 152 | ||
| Complete diets | 152 | ||
| Complementary diets | 152 | ||
| Home-made diets | 152 | ||
| Palatability | 154 | ||
| Food aroma and temperature | 154 | ||
| Prehension | 154 | ||
| Taste | 154 | ||
| Texture | 154 | ||
| Moist diets | 154 | ||
| Semi-moist diets | 154 | ||
| Dry diets | 155 | ||
| Post-ingestion effects | 155 | ||
| Commercial diets | 155 | ||
| Premium foods | 155 | ||
| Treats | 155 | ||
| Feeding puppies and kittens | 155 | ||
| Puppies | 155 | ||
| Energy content | 156 | ||
| Protein content | 157 | ||
| Calcium content | 157 | ||
| Other nutrients | 157 | ||
| Feeding techniques for use in growing puppies | 157 | ||
| Kittens | 158 | ||
| Feeding during pregnancy and lactation | 158 | ||
| The pregnant and lactating bitch | 158 | ||
| Energy intake | 158 | ||
| Protein intake | 159 | ||
| Carbohydrate intake | 159 | ||
| Calcium and phosphorus intake | 159 | ||
| Lactation | 159 | ||
| Feeding adult dogs and cats | 159 | ||
| Obesity-prone dogs and cats | 159 | ||
| The causes and risks of excessive weight gain | 160 | ||
| Feeding senior dogs and cats | 160 | ||
| Advising on senior diets | 160 | ||
| Bibliography | 161 | ||
| Recommended reading | 161 | ||
| 10 Clinical Nutrition | 163 | ||
| Key Points | 163 | ||
| Introduction | 163 | ||
| Nutritional assessment | 163 | ||
| Monitoring nutritional interventions | 163 | ||
| Nutrigenomics | 164 | ||
| Prebiotics and probiotics | 164 | ||
| Manno-oligosaccharides (MOSs) | 164 | ||
| Glutamine | 164 | ||
| Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) | 164 | ||
| Gastrointestinal disease | 164 | ||
| Gastritis | 165 | ||
| Gastric dilation (bloat) | 165 | ||
| Enteritis | 165 | ||
| Colitis | 165 | ||
| Constipation | 165 | ||
| Obesity | 165 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 165 | ||
| Skin disease | 166 | ||
| Food-allergic skin disease | 166 | ||
| Essential fatty acid deficiency | 167 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 167 | ||
| Protein | 167 | ||
| Fat | 167 | ||
| Soluble carbohydrate | 167 | ||
| Insoluble carbohydrate | 168 | ||
| Food type | 168 | ||
| Dental disease | 168 | ||
| Cancer | 168 | ||
| Carbohydrate | 168 | ||
| Fat | 169 | ||
| Omega-3 fatty acids | 169 | ||
| Protein | 169 | ||
| Arginine | 169 | ||
| Chronic renal failure | 169 | ||
| Liver disease | 170 | ||
| Protein | 170 | ||
| Energy | 170 | ||
| Carbohydrate | 170 | ||
| Fat | 170 | ||
| l-carnitine | 170 | ||
| Soluble fibre | 170 | ||
| Copper and zinc | 170 | ||
| Critical care of the anorexic patient | 171 | ||
| Canine urolithiasis | 171 | ||
| Feline lower urinary tract disease | 172 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 172 | ||
| Bibliography | 172 | ||
| Recommended reading | 172 | ||
| 11 Equine Nutrition | 173 | ||
| Key Points | 173 | ||
| Introduction | 173 | ||
| The digestive system | 173 | ||
| Precaecal digestion | 173 | ||
| Mouth | 173 | ||
| Teeth. | 173 | ||
| Tongue. | 173 | ||
| Lips. | 173 | ||
| Salivary glands. | 174 | ||
| Oesophagus | 174 | ||
| Stomach | 174 | ||
| Small intestine | 174 | ||
| Large intestine | 174 | ||
| Caecum. | 175 | ||
| Colon. | 175 | ||
| Rectum and anus | 175 | ||
| Microbial activity in the hindgut | 175 | ||
| Dietary management | 176 | ||
| Essential nutrients | 176 | ||
| Water | 176 | ||
| Energy | 176 | ||
| Carbohydrate | 176 | ||
| Fat | 176 | ||
| Protein | 176 | ||
| Vitamins | 176 | ||
| Minerals | 177 | ||
| Common foodstuffs | 177 | ||
| Roughage | 177 | ||
| Grass | 177 | ||
| Conserved grass | 177 | ||
| Hay. | 177 | ||
| Haylage/silage. | 178 | ||
| Legumes | 178 | ||
| Roots | 178 | ||
| Straw | 179 | ||
| Concentrates | 179 | ||
| Straights | 179 | ||
| Oats. | 179 | ||
| Barley. | 179 | ||
| Maize. | 179 | ||
| Compounds | 179 | ||
| Cubes. | 179 | ||
| Coarse mixes. | 179 | ||
| Additives | 180 | ||
| Molasses | 180 | ||
| Herbs | 180 | ||
| Vitamin and mineral supplements | 180 | ||
| Prohibited substances | 180 | ||
| Nutritional requirements | 180 | ||
| Maintenance | 180 | ||
| Production | 180 | ||
| Working | 180 | ||
| Reproduction | 181 | ||
| Stallions | 181 | ||
| Pregnant mares | 181 | ||
| Lactating mares | 181 | ||
| Youngstock | 183 | ||
| Sickness and convalescence | 183 | ||
| Donkeys and exotic equids | 183 | ||
| Practical feeding | 184 | ||
| Water | 184 | ||
| Roughage | 184 | ||
| Concentrates | 184 | ||
| Frequency and timing of feeding | 184 | ||
| Stabled horses | 184 | ||
| Horses at grass | 184 | ||
| Combined system | 184 | ||
| Food storage and preparation | 185 | ||
| Alteration to normal feeding patterns | 185 | ||
| Hospitalised or box rest | 185 | ||
| Overweight or obese | 185 | ||
| Underweight or too thin | 185 | ||
| Bibliography | 186 | ||
| Recommended reading | 186 | ||
| 12 Behaviour and Handling of the Dog and Cat | 187 | ||
| Key Points | 187 | ||
| Introduction | 187 | ||
| Handling dogs and cats | 187 | ||
| Dogs | 187 | ||
| Initial approach and restraint | 187 | ||
| Lifting | 188 | ||
| Restraint for examination – standing | 188 | ||
| Restraint for examination – lateral recumbency | 188 | ||
| Venepuncture | 188 | ||
| Cephalic vein. | 188 | ||
| 13 Behaviour and Handling of the Horse | 207 | ||
| Key Points | 207 | ||
| Introduction | 207 | ||
| Horse-human relationships | 207 | ||
| Instinctive behaviour | 207 | ||
| Equine intelligence and mental abilities | 208 | ||
| How horses learn | 208 | ||
| Imprint training | 209 | ||
| Habituation | 209 | ||
| Habituation methods | 209 | ||
| Classical conditioning | 210 | ||
| Operant conditioning | 210 | ||
| Negative reinforcement | 210 | ||
| Phase 1 – light aid | 210 | ||
| Phase 2 – stronger aid | 210 | ||
| Phase 3 – release | 211 | ||
| Positive reinforcement | 211 | ||
| Secondary positive reinforcement | 211 | ||
| Positive punishment | 211 | ||
| Negative punishment | 211 | ||
| Shaping | 211 | ||
| Conflict behaviours | 211 | ||
| Expressions of the flight response | 211 | ||
| Getting started | 212 | ||
| Equipment and facilities | 212 | ||
| Your position | 212 | ||
| ‘Stop’ response – basic attempt | 212 | ||
| ‘Go’ response – basic attempt | 213 | ||
| Progress to obedience level | 213 | ||
| Step-back from the whip | 213 | ||
| ‘Go’ from the whip | 214 | ||
| Training ‘park’ | 214 | ||
| Making progress | 215 | ||
| Handling problems | 217 | ||
| Aggression | 217 | ||
| Catching | 217 | ||
| Approach and retreat | 217 | ||
| Tying up | 217 | ||
| Leading | 218 | ||
| Picking up the feet | 218 | ||
| Examination of the mouth | 218 | ||
| Use of the twitch | 218 | ||
| Personal protective equipment | 219 | ||
| Assessing pain | 219 | ||
| Stereotypical behaviour | 219 | ||
| Risk factors of oral stereotypies | 219 | ||
| Identification and the use of horse passports | 221 | ||
| Transportation of horses | 221 | ||
| Travel by road | 222 | ||
| Travel by air | 222 | ||
| Clothing for travel | 222 | ||
| Transportation of sick or injured horses | 222 | ||
| Use of equine ambulances | 223 | ||
| Training aids | 223 | ||
| Bits | 223 | ||
| Reins | 224 | ||
| Head collars | 224 | ||
| Lunging and long-reining | 224 | ||
| Recommended reading | 224 | ||
| 14 Restraint, Handling and Administration of Medicines to Exotic Species | 225 | ||
| Key Points | 225 | ||
| Introduction | 225 | ||
| Small mammals | 225 | ||
| Rats and mice | 225 | ||
| Sex determination | 226 | ||
| Hamsters | 226 | ||
| Gerbils | 227 | ||
| Chipmunks | 227 | ||
| Guinea pigs | 228 | ||
| Chinchillas | 228 | ||
| Rabbits | 228 | ||
| Ferrets | 229 | ||
| Birds | 229 | ||
| Small caged birds, e.g. canaries, budgerigars and finches | 229 | ||
| Large caged birds, e.g. cockatiels, cockatoos and parrots | 230 | ||
| Birds of prey | 230 | ||
| Diurnal species, e.g. falcons | 230 | ||
| Nocturnal species – owls | 231 | ||
| Waterfowl | 231 | ||
| Small waterfowl, e.g. various species of duck | 231 | ||
| Large waterfowl, e.g. geese and swans | 231 | ||
| Sex determination | 231 | ||
| Reptiles | 232 | ||
| Lizards | 232 | ||
| Sex determination | 233 | ||
| Snakes | 233 | ||
| Sex determination | 234 | ||
| Tortoises and terrapins | 235 | ||
| Sex determination | 235 | ||
| Administration of medication | 236 | ||
| Small mammals | 236 | ||
| 15 Introduction to Genetics | 241 | ||
| Key Points | 241 | ||
| Introduction | 241 | ||
| Characteristics of mammalian cells | 241 | ||
| Cellular organisation | 241 | ||
| The nucleus | 241 | ||
| Histones | 241 | ||
| Chromosomes | 242 | ||
| Identifying chromosomes | 242 | ||
| Cell division – mitosis and meiosis | 242 | ||
| Replication of DNA | 242 | ||
| Mitosis | 243 | ||
| Meiosis | 243 | ||
| Feline and canine chromosomes | 243 | ||
| Development of modern genetics | 243 | ||
| Mendel’s laws | 245 | ||
| Composition of DNA | 245 | ||
| The double helix | 245 | ||
| Genes | 246 | ||
| From DNA to RNA to protein | 246 | ||
| The genetic code | 246 | ||
| Reading the genetic code | 246 | ||
| Transcription. | 246 | ||
| Translation. | 246 | ||
| Patterns of Mendelian inheritance | 246 | ||
| Dominant genes | 247 | ||
| Recessive genes | 247 | ||
| Dominant X-linked genes | 247 | ||
| Mitochondrial DNA | 247 | ||
| Inactivation of the X chromosome in females | 247 | ||
| The role of the environment in gene regulation – Epigenetics | 248 | ||
| Abnormalities – Congenital defects | 248 | ||
| Mutations | 248 | ||
| Genetic defects | 249 | ||
| Incidence | 249 | ||
| Chromosomal defects | 249 | ||
| Numerical chromosomal defects | 249 | ||
| Structural chromosomal defects | 249 | ||
| Application to practice | 249 | ||
| The genome projects | 249 | ||
| Diagnosis of disorders | 249 | ||
| Clinical screening | 249 | ||
| Pedigree analysis | 249 | ||
| Test matings | 250 | ||
| Biochemical screening | 250 | ||
| DNA technologies | 250 | ||
| Restriction enzymes. | 250 | ||
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). | 250 | ||
| Southern blotting. | 250 | ||
| Examples of screening for specific canine and feline defects | 251 | ||
| Kennel Club and British Veterinary Association | 251 | ||
| Generalised progressive retinal atrophy | 251 | ||
| Canine hip dysplasia – a multifactorial problem | 251 | ||
| Elbow dysplasia | 251 | ||
| International Cat Care (formerly the Feline Advisory Bureau) | 251 | ||
| Feline erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKDef) | 252 | ||
| Feline blood grouping | 252 | ||
| Future trends in biotechnology | 252 | ||
| Cloning of animals | 252 | ||
| Transgenesis | 252 | ||
| Gene therapy | 252 | ||
| Bibliography | 253 | ||
| Recommended reading | 253 | ||
| 16 Practical Animal Breeding | 255 | ||
| Key Points | 255 | ||
| Introduction | 255 | ||
| Breeding pedigree cats | 255 | ||
| Selective breeding | 255 | ||
| Breeding strategies | 255 | ||
| Coat colour | 256 | ||
| Behaviour | 256 | ||
| Breeding practices | 256 | ||
| Deafness in white cats | 256 | ||
| Brachycephaly in Persian Cats | 256 | ||
| Buying a breeding queen | 257 | ||
| The stud cat | 257 | ||
| The mating process | 257 | ||
| The queen | 257 | ||
| The stud cat | 258 | ||
| Boy meets girl | 258 | ||
| Aftercare of the queen | 258 | ||
| Pregnancy | 258 | ||
| Care of the pregnant queen | 258 | ||
| Nutrition. | 258 | ||
| Nesting behaviour. | 258 | ||
| Parturition | 258 | ||
| Signs of parturition. | 259 | ||
| Assisted delivery. | 259 | ||
| Resuscitating a kitten. | 259 | ||
| Completion of parturition. | 259 | ||
| Caring for the family | 259 | ||
| Neonatal examination | 260 | ||
| Ongoing development | 260 | ||
| Hand-rearing kittens | 260 | ||
| Aftercare of the litter | 260 | ||
| Vaccination. | 260 | ||
| Worming. | 260 | ||
| Registering and selling kittens | 260 | ||
| Showing cats | 261 | ||
| Breeding pedigree dogs | 261 | ||
| Selective breeding | 261 | ||
| Breeding strategies | 261 | ||
| The brood bitch | 261 | ||
| The stud dog | 261 | ||
| The mating game | 261 | ||
| Pregnancy | 262 | ||
| Antenatal care | 262 | ||
| Parturition or whelping | 263 | ||
| Preparation. | 263 | ||
| Early signs. | 263 | ||
| Stage 1. | 263 | ||
| Stage 2. | 263 | ||
| Stage 3. | 263 | ||
| Timing. | 263 | ||
| Dystocia. | 263 | ||
| Assisted delivery. | 263 | ||
| Resuscitating a puppy. | 264 | ||
| Completion of parturition. | 264 | ||
| Care of the newborn | 265 | ||
| Examination of the puppies | 265 | ||
| Puppy development | 265 | ||
| Hand-rearing puppies | 265 | ||
| Registering and selling puppies | 265 | ||
| Showing dogs | 265 | ||
| Bibliography | 266 | ||
| Recommended reading | 266 | ||
| 17 The Essentials of Patient Care | 267 | ||
| Key Points | 267 | ||
| Introduction | 267 | ||
| Admission | 267 | ||
| Observation | 267 | ||
| Client questionnaire | 267 | ||
| Admission into the practice | 267 | ||
| Species-specific considerations – the environment | 267 | ||
| Feline environmental considerations. | 268 | ||
| Canine environmental considerations. | 268 | ||
| Smaller species. | 270 | ||
| The effects of stress upon hospitalised patients | 270 | ||
| The body’s response to stress | 270 | ||
| Noise | 271 | ||
| Physiological responses | 271 | ||
| Sleep | 271 | ||
| The effects of sleep deprivation on the body | 271 | ||
| Veterinary nursing techniques to enhance patients’ sleep patterns | 272 | ||
| Reducing sensory deprivation | 272 | ||
| Bring the outside in | 272 | ||
| Tender loving care – the power of petting | 272 | ||
| Understanding what is normal and what is abnormal | 273 | ||
| The important parameters – the physical examination (nursing assessment) | 273 | ||
| Nursing physical assessment of the hospitalised patient – evaluation parameters | 273 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 273 | ||
| Pulmonary | 273 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 273 | ||
| Renal/urinary | 273 | ||
| Musculoskeletal | 273 | ||
| Reproductive tract | 273 | ||
| Integumentary/lymphatic | 274 | ||
| Neurological/sensory | 274 | ||
| Incisions/wounds | 274 | ||
| Pain | 274 | ||
| Self-care | 274 | ||
| Peripheral/invasive lines (catheters and drains) | 274 | ||
| Never underestimate the value of basic nursing skills | 274 | ||
| Record-keeping | 274 | ||
| Patient monitoring and observation | 274 | ||
| Temperature | 274 | ||
| Pulse | 275 | ||
| Sinus arrhythmia | 275 | ||
| Pulse deficit | 275 | ||
| Pulse volume | 275 | ||
| Respiratory rate | 276 | ||
| Mucous membranes | 276 | ||
| Colour | 276 | ||
| Cyanosis. | 276 | ||
| Hyperaemic (injected). | 276 | ||
| Icteric (jaundiced). | 276 | ||
| Pale. | 276 | ||
| Texture. | 276 | ||
| Capillary refill time | 276 | ||
| Monitoring equipment | 276 | ||
| Central venous pressure | 276 | ||
| Method. | 276 | ||
| Blood pressure monitoring | 277 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 277 | ||
| Capnography | 277 | ||
| Oxygen therapy | 277 | ||
| Oxygen delivery | 278 | ||
| 1. Flow-by oxygen | 278 | ||
| 2. Facemask | 278 | ||
| 3. Nasal catheter | 278 | ||
| 4. Oxygen cage | 279 | ||
| 5. Oxygen collar | 279 | ||
| 6. Intratracheal catheter | 279 | ||
| Monitoring oxygen therapy | 279 | ||
| Blood gas analysis | 279 | ||
| Pulse oximetry | 279 | ||
| Humidification | 279 | ||
| Case one | 280 | ||
| The power of the pen – recording information | 280 | ||
| Nursing care plans | 280 | ||
| Medical model or veterinary nursing model? | 280 | ||
| The conceptual framework | 281 | ||
| Activities of living (AOL) | 281 | ||
| Life span | 281 | ||
| Dependence/independence continuum | 281 | ||
| Factors influencing the activities of living | 285 | ||
| Example | 286 | ||
| Prioritisation | 286 | ||
| Planning | 286 | ||
| Implementation | 287 | ||
| Evaluation/reflection | 287 | ||
| Revision | 287 | ||
| Summary | 287 | ||
| Putting nursing care plans into practice | 287 | ||
| Meet Tyke (Fig. 17.14) | 287 | ||
| Summary of his treatment/surgical and medical intervention | 288 | ||
| Assessing the patient | 288 | ||
| Vital signs | 288 | ||
| 1. Temperature. | 288 | ||
| 2. Pulse. | 289 | ||
| 3. Capillary refill time and mucous membrane colour. | 289 | ||
| 4. Respiration. | 289 | ||
| Kennelling hospitalised patients | 289 | ||
| Essential activities | 289 | ||
| Elimination | 290 | ||
| Urination | 290 | ||
| Assessing urine production. | 291 | ||
| Methods of urine collection | 291 | ||
| Cystocentesis (cysto- = bladder; -centesis = puncture and aspiration). | 291 | ||
| Natural urination – litter tray/midstream sample. | 291 | ||
| Manual palpation. | 291 | ||
| Urinary catheterisation. | 291 | ||
| Maintenance of indwelling catheters | 292 | ||
| Assessment of urine. | 292 | ||
| Defecation | 293 | ||
| Diarrhoea. | 293 | ||
| Nursing considerations. | 293 | ||
| Constipation. | 293 | ||
| Enemas. | 293 | ||
| Vomiting | 294 | ||
| 18 Physiotherapy Techniques | 301 | ||
| Key Points | 301 | ||
| Introduction | 301 | ||
| Indications for physiotherapy | 301 | ||
| Aim of physiotherapy | 301 | ||
| Physiotherapy in small animal practice | 301 | ||
| The team approach | 301 | ||
| Role of the veterinary surgeon | 302 | ||
| Role of the veterinary physiotherapist | 302 | ||
| Role of the veterinary nurse | 302 | ||
| Role of the owner | 302 | ||
| The effects of immobilisation and disuse on musculoskeletal tissues | 303 | ||
| Cartilage | 303 | ||
| Muscle | 303 | ||
| Ligaments and tendons | 304 | ||
| Nerves | 304 | ||
| Bone | 304 | ||
| Physiotherapy treatments | 304 | ||
| Thermotherapy | 304 | ||
| Cold | 304 | ||
| Indications | 304 | ||
| Effects | 304 | ||
| Cautions and contraindications | 304 | ||
| Therapy options | 304 | ||
| Treatment duration and frequency | 305 | ||
| Heat | 306 | ||
| 19 Fundamental Pharmacology | 317 | ||
| Key Points | 317 | ||
| Introduction | 317 | ||
| What is pharmacology? | 317 | ||
| The origins of drugs | 317 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 317 | ||
| Drug absorption | 317 | ||
| Route of administration and its effect on absorption | 317 | ||
| Tissue perfusion. | 318 | ||
| Drug formulation. | 318 | ||
| Drug distribution | 318 | ||
| Factors affecting drug distribution | 318 | ||
| Drug metabolism | 319 | ||
| The metabolic process | 319 | ||
| Factors affecting drug metabolism | 319 | ||
| Metabolic systems. | 319 | ||
| Drug interaction. | 319 | ||
| Species variation. | 320 | ||
| Drug elimination | 320 | ||
| Elimination half-life and the therapeutic range | 320 | ||
| Factors affecting drug elimination | 321 | ||
| Renal elimination. | 321 | ||
| Hepatic elimination. | 321 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 321 | ||
| Receptor-mediated pharmacodynamics | 321 | ||
| Agonist and antagonist effects | 321 | ||
| Affinity and competitiveness | 321 | ||
| Down-regulation and up-regulation | 322 | ||
| Specificity, potency and efficacy | 322 | ||
| Non-receptor-mediated pharmacodynamics | 322 | ||
| Drug interactions and adverse reactions | 322 | ||
| Drug interactions | 322 | ||
| The use of interactions to treat patients | 322 | ||
| Unwanted drug interactions | 323 | ||
| Adverse reactions | 323 | ||
| Patients prone to adverse reactions | 323 | ||
| Toxicology | 323 | ||
| The effect of toxins on the body | 324 | ||
| Treatment protocols | 324 | ||
| Drug formulations, names and commonly used drugs for specific conditions | 324 | ||
| Drug formulations | 324 | ||
| What else is in a medicine apart from the drug? | 324 | ||
| Drug names | 324 | ||
| Drug types | 326 | ||
| Anaesthetics | 326 | ||
| Analgesics | 327 | ||
| Antacids | 327 | ||
| Antiarrhythmics | 327 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 327 | ||
| Antidepressants | 328 | ||
| Antidiarrhoeals | 328 | ||
| Antiemetics | 328 | ||
| Antihistamines | 328 | ||
| Antimicrobials | 328 | ||
| Antineoplastics | 328 | ||
| Antiparasitics | 330 | ||
| Antitussives, mucolytics, expectorants, decongestants | 330 | ||
| Astringents and keratolytics | 330 | ||
| Bronchodilators | 330 | ||
| Central nervous system stimulants | 331 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 331 | ||
| Diuretics | 331 | ||
| Hormones | 331 | ||
| Laxatives | 332 | ||
| ‘Natural’ supplements | 332 | ||
| Parasympathomimetics and parasympatholytics | 332 | ||
| Sympathomimetics and sympatholytics | 332 | ||
| Tranquillisers and sedatives | 332 | ||
| Urinary pH modifiers and antiseptics | 333 | ||
| Vaccines, toxoids, antitoxins and antisera | 333 | ||
| Vasodilators | 333 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 333 | ||
| Dosage calculations | 333 | ||
| Licensing, prescribing and dispensing medication | 333 | ||
| Introduction to veterinary pharmaceutical legislation | 333 | ||
| Changes in veterinary pharmaceutical legislation | 333 | ||
| Licensing of veterinary drugs in the UK | 334 | ||
| Prescribing veterinary drugs | 334 | ||
| Controlled drugs | 335 | ||
| The prescribing ‘cascade’ | 335 | ||
| Writing prescriptions | 336 | ||
| Dispensing veterinary drugs | 337 | ||
| Dispensing procedure | 337 | ||
| Dispensing containers | 338 | ||
| Labelling medication | 338 | ||
| Safe disposal of medicines | 338 | ||
| Pharmacy management | 339 | ||
| Key considerations for effective pharmacy management | 340 | ||
| Client compliance | 340 | ||
| What is client compliance? | 340 | ||
| The importance of client compliance | 340 | ||
| The nurse’s role in improving compliance | 340 | ||
| References | 342 | ||
| Bibliography | 342 | ||
| Recommended reading | 342 | ||
| Useful resources | 343 | ||
| 20 Emergency and Intensive Critical Care | 345 | ||
| Key Points | 345 | ||
| Introduction | 345 | ||
| Telephone triage | 345 | ||
| Prep/treatment area | 345 | ||
| Patient assessment and management | 345 | ||
| Initial observation | 345 | ||
| A – Airway | 346 | ||
| 21 Prevention of the Spread of Infectious Diseases | 385 | ||
| Key Points | 385 | ||
| Introduction | 385 | ||
| Spread of infectious diseases | 385 | ||
| Causal agents | 385 | ||
| Bacteria | 385 | ||
| Viruses | 385 | ||
| Chlamydias and rickettsias | 386 | ||
| Parasites | 386 | ||
| Protozoa | 386 | ||
| Fungi | 386 | ||
| Routes of transmission | 386 | ||
| Carriers | 387 | ||
| Disease control | 388 | ||
| Treatment | 388 | ||
| Infection control | 388 | ||
| Disinfectants | 388 | ||
| Isolation and quarantine | 388 | ||
| Barrier nursing | 388 | ||
| Parasiticides | 388 | ||
| Vaccination | 388 | ||
| Balanced diet | 388 | ||
| Client education | 388 | ||
| Zoonoses | 389 | ||
| Infectious diseases | 390 | ||
| The dog | 390 | ||
| Canine parvovirus | 390 | ||
| Canine distemper | 391 | ||
| Canine leptospirosis | 391 | ||
| Infectious canine hepatitis | 391 | ||
| Kennel cough | 392 | ||
| Lyme disease | 392 | ||
| The dog and cat | 392 | ||
| Rabies | 392 | ||
| Salmonellosis | 392 | ||
| The cat | 393 | ||
| Feline upper respiratory tract disease (FURTD) | 393 | ||
| Chlamydiosis | 393 | ||
| Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) | 393 | ||
| Feline infectious anaemia (FIA) | 393 | ||
| Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) | 393 | ||
| Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) | 394 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 394 | ||
| The rabbit | 394 | ||
| Respiratory disease | 394 | ||
| Myxomatosis | 394 | ||
| Viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD) | 395 | ||
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi | 395 | ||
| The horse | 395 | ||
| Equine herpesvirus | 395 | ||
| Equine influenza | 396 | ||
| Equine viral arteritis | 396 | ||
| Tetanus | 396 | ||
| African horse sickness (AHS) | 396 | ||
| Immunity | 396 | ||
| Types of immunity | 397 | ||
| Innate immunity | 397 | ||
| Genetic factors. | 397 | ||
| The physical barrier. | 397 | ||
| The inflammatory response. | 397 | ||
| Acquired immunity | 398 | ||
| Immune response time | 398 | ||
| Vaccination | 399 | ||
| Types of vaccine | 399 | ||
| Vaccine management | 399 | ||
| Failures in vaccination | 400 | ||
| Adverse reactions | 400 | ||
| Diagnostic use of antibodies – ELISA tests | 400 | ||
| Bibliography | 401 | ||
| Recommended reading | 401 | ||
| 22 Common Medical Conditions of the Body Systems | 403 | ||
| Key Points | 403 | ||
| Introduction | 403 | ||
| Respiratory system | 403 | ||
| Acute respiratory distress | 403 | ||
| Treatment | 403 | ||
| Coughing | 403 | ||
| Nursing care | 405 | ||
| Dyspnoea | 405 | ||
| 23 Principles of Surgical Nursing | 427 | ||
| Key Points | 427 | ||
| Wounds and wound management | 427 | ||
| Classification | 427 | ||
| Wound healing | 427 | ||
| Haemorrhage, inflammation and primary wound contraction | 427 | ||
| Proliferation | 427 | ||
| Maturation | 427 | ||
| Inflammation | 427 | ||
| Factors affecting wound healing | 427 | ||
| Management of wounds | 428 | ||
| Cleaning and debridement | 429 | ||
| Wound closure | 429 | ||
| Dressings and bandages | 430 | ||
| Drains | 430 | ||
| Reconstructive surgical techniques | 431 | ||
| Wound complications | 431 | ||
| Wound dehiscence | 431 | ||
| Wound infection | 432 | ||
| Seroma formation | 432 | ||
| Surgical conditions | 432 | ||
| General cutaneous conditions | 432 | ||
| Abscess | 432 | ||
| Ulcers | 432 | ||
| Fistula | 432 | ||
| Sinus | 433 | ||
| Hernias and ruptures | 433 | ||
| Diaphragmatic rupture | 433 | ||
| Tumours | 434 | ||
| Benign growths | 434 | ||
| Malignant growths | 434 | ||
| Common sites for tumours | 434 | ||
| Complications of tumours | 434 | ||
| Metastases. | 434 | ||
| Hormone production. | 434 | ||
| Haematological complications. | 434 | ||
| Causes of tumours | 434 | ||
| Tumour diagnosis | 435 | ||
| Wedge biopsy. | 435 | ||
| Tru-Cut needle biopsy. | 435 | ||
| Grab or pinch biopsy. | 435 | ||
| Needle aspirate. | 435 | ||
| Method | 435 | ||
| Exfoliative cytology. | 435 | ||
| Tumour imaging. | 435 | ||
| Treatment | 435 | ||
| Surgery. | 435 | ||
| Chemotherapy. | 436 | ||
| Radiation therapy. | 436 | ||
| Surgical procedures by region of the body | 436 | ||
| The ear | 437 | ||
| Aural haematoma | 437 | ||
| Cause. | 437 | ||
| Clinical signs. | 437 | ||
| Treatment. | 437 | ||
| 24 Theatre Practice | 455 | ||
| Key Points | 455 | ||
| Introduction | 455 | ||
| The surgical unit | 455 | ||
| Operating theatre | 455 | ||
| Anaesthetic preparation area | 456 | ||
| Area for washing and sterilising equipment | 456 | ||
| Sterile store area | 456 | ||
| Scrub area | 456 | ||
| Changing rooms | 456 | ||
| Recovery room | 456 | ||
| Theatre maintenance | 456 | ||
| Preparation for surgery | 456 | ||
| The operating list | 456 | ||
| Preparation of diathermy equipment | 456 | ||
| Preparation of other equipment | 457 | ||
| Surgical attire | 457 | ||
| Scrubbing-up procedure | 457 | ||
| Gowning procedure | 457 | ||
| Gloving procedure | 457 | ||
| Closed method | 457 | ||
| Open method (Fig. 24.2) | 458 | ||
| Plunge method | 458 | ||
| Role of the theatre nurse | 458 | ||
| Scrubbed nurse | 458 | ||
| Circulating nurse | 458 | ||
| Health and safety within the theatre | 459 | ||
| Instrumentation | 460 | ||
| Maintenance of instruments | 460 | ||
| Cleaning instruments after use | 460 | ||
| Ultrasonic cleaners | 460 | ||
| Lubrication | 460 | ||
| Specialised-instrument care | 460 | ||
| Compressed-air machines | 460 | ||
| Motorised equipment | 460 | ||
| Dental instruments | 460 | ||
| Laparoscopic Equipment | 460 | ||
| Surgical instruments | 460 | ||
| Orthopaedic instruments | 460 | ||
| Packing surgical kits | 462 | ||
| Instrument sets | 464 | ||
| Sutures | 464 | ||
| Suture materials | 464 | ||
| Alternatives to sutures | 464 | ||
| Suture needles | 465 | ||
| Common suture patterns | 467 | ||
| Surgical knots | 467 | ||
| Interrupted sutures | 467 | ||
| Continuous sutures | 467 | ||
| Patient care | 467 | ||
| Preoperative care | 467 | ||
| Preparation of the patient for a surgical procedure | 468 | ||
| Clipping | 468 | ||
| Skin preparation | 468 | ||
| Preparation of eyes and mucous membranes | 469 | ||
| Preparation of the foot | 469 | ||
| Draping the surgical site | 469 | ||
| Plain drapes. | 469 | ||
| Fenestrated drapes. | 470 | ||
| Incise drapes. | 470 | ||
| Draping limbs | 470 | ||
| Intraoperative care | 470 | ||
| Controlling haemorrhage | 470 | ||
| Postoperative care | 470 | ||
| Intubation | 470 | ||
| Method of intubation | 470 | ||
| Dogs | 470 | ||
| Cats | 470 | ||
| Removing the endotracheal tube (extubation) | 471 | ||
| Immediate/short-term postoperative complications | 471 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 471 | ||
| Laryngospasm | 471 | ||
| Shock | 471 | ||
| Hypothermia | 471 | ||
| Vomiting | 471 | ||
| Asepsis and sterilisation | 471 | ||
| Principles of sterilisation | 471 | ||
| Spread of infection | 471 | ||
| Sterilisation | 472 | ||
| Cold sterilisation | 472 | ||
| Ethylene oxide. | 472 | ||
| Formaldehyde. | 472 | ||
| Chemical solutions. | 472 | ||
| Chlorhexidine-based solutions. | 472 | ||
| Irradiation. | 472 | ||
| Heat sterilisation | 472 | ||
| Dry heat – hot air oven. | 472 | ||
| Steam under pressure – autoclave. | 472 | ||
| Use of the autoclave | 473 | ||
| Monitoring sterilisation | 473 | ||
| Packing supplies for sterilisation | 473 | ||
| Equipment care and sterilisation | 473 | ||
| Gowns and drapes | 473 | ||
| Swabs | 473 | ||
| Liquids | 475 | ||
| Power tools | 475 | ||
| Storage after sterilisation | 475 | ||
| Bibliography | 475 | ||
| Recommended reading | 475 | ||
| 25 Fluid Therapy and Nutritional Support | 477 | ||
| Key Points | 477 | ||
| Introduction | 477 | ||
| Shock | 477 | ||
| Classification of shock | 477 | ||
| Clinical signs | 477 | ||
| Fluid therapy | 478 | ||
| Body water distribution | 478 | ||
| Fluid balance | 478 | ||
| Antidiuretic hormone | 478 | ||
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | 478 | ||
| Maintenance of blood pressure | 478 | ||
| Fluid movement across capillary beds | 479 | ||
| Hydrostatic and colloid oncotic pressure | 479 | ||
| Decreased colloid oncotic pressure in capillaries | 479 | ||
| Decreased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries | 479 | ||
| Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries | 479 | ||
| Body water losses | 479 | ||
| Hypovolaemia | 480 | ||
| Dehydration | 480 | ||
| Pure water and hypotonic fluid loss | 481 | ||
| Isotonic fluid loss | 481 | ||
| Hypertonic fluid loss | 481 | ||
| Hypervolaemia/fluid overload | 481 | ||
| Electrolyte and acid/base abnormalities | 481 | ||
| Acid/base | 481 | ||
| Sodium abnormalities | 482 | ||
| Potassium abnormalities | 482 | ||
| Chloride abnormalities | 483 | ||
| Calcium abnormalities | 483 | ||
| Fluid types – crystalloids | 483 | ||
| Isotonic | 484 | ||
| Hypertonic saline | 484 | ||
| Hypotonic | 484 | ||
| Fluid types – colloids | 484 | ||
| Gelatines | 485 | ||
| Dextrans | 485 | ||
| Hydroxyethyl starch | 485 | ||
| Polymerised haemoglobin | 485 | ||
| Natural colloids – albumin | 486 | ||
| Adverse effects of colloids | 486 | ||
| Volume overload. | 486 | ||
| Renal failure. | 486 | ||
| Coagulopathy. | 486 | ||
| Anaphylaxis. | 486 | ||
| Fluid types – blood products | 486 | ||
| Blood types | 486 | ||
| Canine blood types. | 486 | ||
| Feline blood types. | 486 | ||
| Crossmatching | 486 | ||
| Blood products | 487 | ||
| Fresh frozen plasma. | 487 | ||
| Stored frozen plasma. | 487 | ||
| Fresh whole blood. | 487 | ||
| Packed red blood cells. | 487 | ||
| Cryoprecipitate. | 487 | ||
| Cryo-poor plasma/cryo supernatant. | 488 | ||
| Administration of blood products | 488 | ||
| Transfusion reactions | 489 | ||
| Acute haemolytic immunological transfusion reaction. | 489 | ||
| Acute non-haemolytic immunological transfusion reactions. | 489 | ||
| Delayed immunological transfusion reactions. | 489 | ||
| Non-immunological transfusion reactions. | 489 | ||
| Monitoring fluid therapy | 489 | ||
| Body weight | 489 | ||
| Urine output | 490 | ||
| Central venous pressure | 490 | ||
| Routes of fluid administration | 490 | ||
| Oral | 490 | ||
| Intravenous | 490 | ||
| Intra-osseous | 490 | ||
| Intraperitoneal | 490 | ||
| Subcutaneous | 491 | ||
| Vascular access | 491 | ||
| Peripheral catheters | 491 | ||
| Central venous catheters | 491 | ||
| Through-the-needle catheters | 492 | ||
| Over-the-wire catheter – Seldinger technique | 492 | ||
| Peripherally inserted central catheters | 492 | ||
| Complications | 493 | ||
| Catheter displacement. | 493 | ||
| Phlebitis. | 493 | ||
| Thrombosis/thromboembolism. | 493 | ||
| Catheter embolism. | 494 | ||
| Infection. | 494 | ||
| Air embolism. | 494 | ||
| Exsanguination. | 494 | ||
| Intra-osseous catheter placement | 494 | ||
| Calculation of fluid administration rates. | 494 | ||
| Assessing hydration status | 495 | ||
| Arterial catheterisation | 495 | ||
| Arterial catheter placement | 495 | ||
| Fluid therapy for exotic species | 496 | ||
| Fluid therapy for rabbits | 496 | ||
| Fluid therapy in birds | 496 | ||
| Fluid therapy in tortoises | 496 | ||
| Fluid therapy for reptiles | 496 | ||
| Nutritional support | 496 | ||
| Starvation and anorexia | 497 | ||
| Re-feeding syndrome | 497 | ||
| Clinical nutrition | 498 | ||
| Water (hydration levels) | 498 | ||
| Protein | 498 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 498 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 498 | ||
| Fats | 498 | ||
| Rabbit critical care nutrition | 498 | ||
| Supportive feeding methods | 498 | ||
| Enteral feeding | 499 | ||
| Encouraging animals to eat | 499 | ||
| Syringe feeding | 500 | ||
| Naso-oesophageal tubes | 500 | ||
| Oesophagostomy tubes | 500 | ||
| Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes | 501 | ||
| Maintenance of the feeding tube | 502 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 503 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition administration | 504 | ||
| References | 504 | ||
| Further reading | 504 | ||
| 26 Dentistry | 505 | ||
| Key Points | 505 | ||
| Introduction | 505 | ||
| General Considerations | 506 | ||
| Instrumentation and equipment for primary care dentistry | 506 | ||
| Instrumentation for oral examination | 506 | ||
| Equipment and instrumentation for professional periodontal therapy | 507 | ||
| Hand scaling instruments | 507 | ||
| Calculus forceps | 508 | ||
| Mechanical scaling instruments | 508 | ||
| Polishing units | 509 | ||
| Instrumentation and equipment for extraction | 509 | ||
| Hand instruments | 509 | ||
| Luxators, elevators and extraktors. | 509 | ||
| Periosteal elevator. | 509 | ||
| Extraction forceps. | 510 | ||
| Scalpel blade. | 510 | ||
| Suture kit and suture material. | 510 | ||
| Suction | 510 | ||
| Power equipment | 510 | ||
| Micromotor unit. | 510 | ||
| Compressed-air-driven unit. | 510 | ||
| Burs. | 510 | ||
| Care and maintenance of instrumentation and equipment | 511 | ||
| Sharpening of hand instruments | 511 | ||
| Scalers and curettes. | 511 | ||
| Luxators, elevators and extraktors. | 512 | ||
| Care and maintenance of power equipment | 513 | ||
| Cleaning and sterilising the ultrasonic scaler. | 513 | ||
| Cleaning and sterilising handpieces. | 513 | ||
| General maintenance. | 513 | ||
| Anaesthesia for dental procedures | 514 | ||
| General considerations | 514 | ||
| Airway security | 514 | ||
| Endotracheal tubes | 514 | ||
| Pharyngeal packing | 514 | ||
| Eye protection | 514 | ||
| Mouth gags | 514 | ||
| Suction | 514 | ||
| Hypothermia | 514 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 514 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 514 | ||
| Patient monitoring | 515 | ||
| Anaesthetic recovery | 515 | ||
| Immediate postoperative care | 515 | ||
| Oral examination and recording | 515 | ||
| Conscious examination | 515 | ||
| Examination under general anaesthesia | 516 | ||
| 1. Gingivitis and gingival index | 516 | ||
| 2. Periodontal probing depth | 516 | ||
| 3. Gingival recession | 517 | ||
| 4. Furcation involvement | 517 | ||
| 5. Tooth mobility | 517 | ||
| 6. Periodontal/clinical attachment level | 517 | ||
| Recording findings | 517 | ||
| Radiography | 518 | ||
| Periodontal therapy | 518 | ||
| Gingivitis | 518 | ||
| Periodontitis | 518 | ||
| Professional periodontal therapy | 518 | ||
| Supragingival scaling | 518 | ||
| Subgingival scaling and root planing | 524 | ||
| Polishing | 524 | ||
| Sulcular lavage | 525 | ||
| Maintenance of oral hygiene (home care) | 525 | ||
| References | 525 | ||
| Recommended reading | 526 | ||
| 27 Principles of Anaesthesia and Analgesia | 527 | ||
| Key Points | 527 | ||
| Introduction | 527 | ||
| Anaesthesia | 527 | ||
| What is anaesthesia? | 527 | ||
| Responsibility for the patient under anaesthesia and the role of the registered veterinary nurse | 527 | ||
| Fatalities and risk in veterinary anaesthesia | 528 | ||
| Medical error | 529 | ||
| Safety in anaesthesia | 529 | ||
| Checklists | 529 | ||
| Preparation for anaesthesia | 530 | ||
| Clinical examination and history | 531 | ||
| Breed considerations | 532 | ||
| American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status category, the ‘ASA scale’ | 532 | ||
| Fasting | 532 | ||
| Other considerations | 533 | ||
| Preparation of the team | 533 | ||
| Equipment considerations | 534 | ||
| The anaesthetic machine | 534 | ||
| Cylinders and pipelines | 534 | ||
| Pressure regulating valves | 535 | ||
| Pressure gauges | 535 | ||
| Pressure relief valves | 535 | ||
| Flowmeters | 536 | ||
| Back bar | 536 | ||
| Fresh gas outlet | 536 | ||
| Oxygen flush | 536 | ||
| Vaporisers | 536 | ||
| Safety features of anaesthetic machines | 536 | ||
| Pre-anaesthetic equipment checks | 537 | ||
| Checking the anaesthetic machine | 537 | ||
| Primary oxygen source checked. | 537 | ||
| Oxygen alarm working | 537 | ||
| Flowmeters working | 537 | ||
| Vaporiser checked | 538 | ||
| Anaesthetic machine leak tested | 538 | ||
| Scavenging system checked | 538 | ||
| Anaesthetic breathing system checked | 538 | ||
| Monitoring equipment check | 538 | ||
| Emergency drugs and equipment checked | 538 | ||
| Anaesthetic breathing systems | 538 | ||
| Definitions | 538 | ||
| Fresh gas flow rate calculations for non-rebreathing systems | 539 | ||
| Non-rebreathing systems | 539 | ||
| Ayres T-piece | 539 | ||
| Bain | 540 | ||
| Lack | 541 | ||
| Mini-Lack | 541 | ||
| Calculating the patient’s fresh gas flow for a non-rebreathing system | 541 | ||
| Humphrey ADE and circle system | 541 | ||
| Rebreathing systems | 541 | ||
| Circle system | 541 | ||
| Low-flow anaesthesia. | 542 | ||
| Metabolic oxygen demand. | 542 | ||
| Advantages of low-flow anaesthesia | 543 | ||
| Points to consider with circle systems and low flow rates: | 543 | ||
| Guidelines for low-flow anaesthesia using the circle system in practice | 543 | ||
| Calculating fresh gas flow for patients on a circle system | 543 | ||
| Heat and moisture exchangers. | 543 | ||
| Scavenging. | 543 | ||
| Charcoal canisters. | 544 | ||
| Passive scavenging. | 544 | ||
| Active scavenging. | 544 | ||
| Intermittent positive pressure ventilation | 544 | ||
| Hand ventilation | 545 | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 545 | ||
| Pre-medication (and sedation) | 546 | ||
| Definitions | 546 | ||
| Phenothiazines | 547 | ||
| Acepromazine | 547 | ||
| Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists | 547 | ||
| Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine | 548 | ||
| Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists | 548 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 548 | ||
| Opiates and opioids | 548 | ||
| Desired effects | 548 | ||
| Possible adverse effects | 548 | ||
| Morphine | 549 | ||
| Methadone | 549 | ||
| Pethidine (meperidine) | 549 | ||
| Fentanyl | 549 | ||
| Buprenorphine | 549 | ||
| Butorphanol | 549 | ||
| Description | 549 | ||
| Antagonism of opioid agents | 549 | ||
| Naloxone | 549 | ||
| Intravenous catheter placement | 549 | ||
| Fluid therapy under anaesthesia | 550 | ||
| Preparing for induction | 550 | ||
| Supraglottic airway devices | 552 | ||
| Induction agents | 553 | ||
| Propofol | 553 | ||
| Propofol with benzyl alcohol preservative | 553 | ||
| Alfaxalone | 554 | ||
| Dissociative anaesthetics | 554 | ||
| Ketamine | 554 | ||
| Transition | 554 | ||
| Mask and chamber induction for anaesthesia | 555 | ||
| Maintenance of anaesthesia | 555 | ||
| Inhalational or volatile agents | 555 | ||
| Halogenated hydrocarbons | 555 | ||
| Fluorinated ethers | 555 | ||
| Mode of action | 555 | ||
| Differences between the volatile agents | 555 | ||
| Blood/gas solubility | 555 | ||
| Other factors influencing the onset of volatile anaesthesia | 555 | ||
| Minimum alveolar concentration | 556 | ||
| Volatile agents | 556 | ||
| Nitrous oxide | 556 | ||
| Pharmacology | 556 | ||
| Diffusion hypoxia. | 557 | ||
| Health and safety concerns of volatile agents and nitrous oxide. | 557 | ||
| Environmental effects | 557 | ||
| Monitoring the anaesthetised patient | 557 | ||
| Anaesthetic depth | 558 | ||
| Monitoring anaesthetic depth. | 558 | ||
| Cardiovascular parameters | 560 | ||
| Pulse. | 560 | ||
| Heart rate and rhythm. | 560 | ||
| Mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time | 561 | ||
| Arterial blood pressure | 561 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 562 | ||
| Central venous pressure | 562 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 562 | ||
| Urine output | 563 | ||
| Parameters of oxygenation, ventilation and respiration | 563 | ||
| Respiratory rate, effort and pattern. | 563 | ||
| Auscultation of the lungs. | 563 | ||
| Airway gas analysers. | 563 | ||
| Pulse oximetry. | 563 | ||
| Capnography. | 564 | ||
| Arterial blood gas analysis | 564 | ||
| Temperature | 565 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 565 | ||
| Recovery from anaesthesia | 565 | ||
| Pain assessment, patient comfort and analgesia | 566 | ||
| What is pain? | 566 | ||
| The pain pathway | 567 | ||
| Pain perception in the unconscious patient | 567 | ||
| Considerations in pain | 567 | ||
| Pain assessment | 567 | ||
| Signs of pain | 568 | ||
| Assessing acute clinical pain | 569 | ||
| Assessment of chronic pain | 569 | ||
| Pharmacological agents | 569 | ||
| Opioids | 570 | ||
| Morphine | 570 | ||
| Fentanyl | 570 | ||
| Description | 570 | ||
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 570 | ||
| Cyclooxygenase (COX) | 570 | ||
| Selectivity | 571 | ||
| Side effects and consideration of using NSAIDs | 571 | ||
| NMDA receptor antagonists | 571 | ||
| Alpha-2 agonists (see pre-medication) | 571 | ||
| Other agents | 571 | ||
| Paracetamol (acetaminophen) | 571 | ||
| Gabapentin. | 571 | ||
| Tramadol. | 571 | ||
| Local anaesthesia/analgesia. | 572 | ||
| Lidocaine. | 572 | ||
| Bupivacaine. | 572 | ||
| Local analgesic techniques. | 572 | ||
| Muscle relaxants | 573 | ||
| Neuromuscular blocking agents | 573 | ||
| Depolarising NMBA | 573 | ||
| Non-depolarising NMBA | 573 | ||
| Monitoring neuromuscular blockade | 573 | ||
| Anaesthetic adverse events | 573 | ||
| References | 575 | ||
| Further reading | 575 | ||
| 28 Equine Anaesthesia | 577 | ||
| Key Points | 577 | ||
| Introduction | 577 | ||
| Preoperative care | 577 | ||
| Client instructions for presentation of animal for anaesthesia | 577 | ||
| Patient preparation | 577 | ||
| Patient assessment and recording of animal details | 578 | ||
| Classes of risk according to physical status | 579 | ||
| Factors determining choice of anaesthetic agent | 579 | ||
| Premedication | 579 | ||
| Preparation of drugs | 579 | ||
| Analgesia | 579 | ||
| The importance and benefits of analgesia | 579 | ||
| General anaesthesia | 581 | ||
| Induction | 581 | ||
| 1. ‘Free-fall’ induction | 581 | ||
| 2. ‘Gate’ technique | 581 | ||
| 3. Tilting operating table | 581 | ||
| Facilities required for anaesthesia | 581 | ||
| Field anaesthesia | 581 | ||
| Theatre anaesthesia | 581 | ||
| Intravenous induction agents | 582 | ||
| Ketamine and diazepam | 582 | ||
| Ketamine/diazepam or thiopentone (thiopental) with glyceryl guaiacolate ether (GGE) | 582 | ||
| Propofol | 582 | ||
| Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) | 582 | ||
| Health and safety issues | 582 | ||
| Storage | 583 | ||
| Withdrawal periods | 583 | ||
| Maintenance of anaesthesia | 583 | ||
| Inhalation of anaesthetic agents | 583 | ||
| Anaesthetic equipment | 583 | ||
| Endotracheal intubation | 583 | ||
| Facemasks | 584 | ||
| Anaesthetic circuits | 584 | ||
| Foal anaesthesia. | 585 | ||
| Use of artificial ventilators | 585 | ||
| Monitoring anaesthesia | 586 | ||
| Monitoring depth of anaesthesia | 587 | ||
| The eye | 587 | ||
| Muscle tone | 587 | ||
| Monitoring equipment – uses and limitations | 587 | ||
| Stethoscope | 587 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 587 | ||
| Blood pressure | 587 | ||
| Respiration monitors | 588 | ||
| Pulse oximeters | 588 | ||
| Capnograph | 588 | ||
| Blood gas machines | 588 | ||
| Recovery from anaesthesia | 588 | ||
| Complications and emergencies | 589 | ||
| Equipment and drugs required for emergency resuscitation | 589 | ||
| Respiratory obstruction | 589 | ||
| Emergency treatment | 589 | ||
| Respiratory arrest | 589 | ||
| Cardiac arrest | 590 | ||
| Emergency treatment | 590 | ||
| Other anaesthetic complications | 590 | ||
| Local anaesthesia | 590 | ||
| Types of local anaesthesia | 591 | ||
| 29 Parasitology | 595 | ||
| Key Points | 595 | ||
| Definitions | 595 | ||
| Nomenclature of parasites | 595 | ||
| Ectoparasites | 596 | ||
| Insects | 596 | ||
| Lice | 596 | ||
| Fleas | 597 | ||
| Flies | 598 | ||
| Acari | 599 | ||
| Mites | 599 | ||
| Surface mites | 599 | ||
| Subsurface mites | 601 | ||
| Ticks | 602 | ||
| Fungi | 602 | ||
| Ringworm | 603 | ||
| Candida albicans | 603 | ||
| Malassezia | 603 | ||
| Nematode-related dermatitis | 603 | ||
| Diagnosis of ectoparasite infection | 604 | ||
| Specimen collection and examination | 604 | ||
| Endoparasites | 604 | ||
| Nematodes | 604 | ||
| Ascarids | 604 | ||
| Toxocara canis. | 604 | ||
| Toxocara cati. | 607 | ||
| Toxascaris leonina. | 607 | ||
| Parascaris equorum. | 608 | ||
| Hookworms | 608 | ||
| Uncinaria stenocephala. | 609 | ||
| Ancylostoma caninum. | 609 | ||
| Ancylostoma tubaeforme. | 609 | ||
| Whipworms | 609 | ||
| Trichuris vulpis. | 609 | ||
| Strongyloides species. | 609 | ||
| Strongyles | 609 | ||
| Cyathostomins. | 609 | ||
| Large strongyles. | 611 | ||
| Triodontophorus species. | 611 | ||
| Pinworms | 611 | ||
| Oxyuris equi. | 611 | ||
| Lungworms | 612 | ||
| Heartworms | 613 | ||
| Oesophageal worms | 614 | ||
| Cestodes | 614 | ||
| Anoplocephala perfoliata | 614 | ||
| Dipylidium caninum | 614 | ||
| Taenia species | 614 | ||
| Echinococcus granulosus | 616 | ||
| Echinococcus multilocularis | 616 | ||
| Trematodes | 616 | ||
| Protozoa | 616 | ||
| The coccidian protozoa | 617 | ||
| Isospora species. | 617 | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii. | 617 | ||
| Neospora caninum. | 618 | ||
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 618 | ||
| Giardia spp. | 619 | ||
| Babesia spp. | 619 | ||
| Leishmania spp. | 619 | ||
| Arthropods | 619 | ||
| Bots | 619 | ||
| Diagnosis of endoparasite infection | 619 | ||
| Collection of samples | 619 | ||
| Faeces. | 619 | ||
| Laboratory analysis – examination of faeces for parasite eggs. | 619 | ||
| Modified McMaster (quantitative method) | 620 | ||
| Faecal flotation (semi-quantitative method) | 620 | ||
| Baermann technique for detection of larvae in faeces. | 622 | ||
| Blood. | 622 | ||
| Laboratory analysis – examination of blood. | 622 | ||
| Bibliography | 623 | ||
| Useful websites | 623 | ||
| Recommended reading | 623 | ||
| 30 Microbiology | 625 | ||
| Key Points | 625 | ||
| Introduction | 625 | ||
| Microscopes | 625 | ||
| Microorganisms | 625 | ||
| Definitions | 627 | ||
| Bacteria | 627 | ||
| Classification and naming of bacteria | 627 | ||
| Bacterial cell structure | 628 | ||
| The cell wall and its significance in drug therapy | 628 | ||
| Bacterial diseases | 629 | ||
| Pathogenicity | 629 | ||
| Invasiveness | 630 | ||
| Toxigenicity | 630 | ||
| Spore formation | 630 | ||
| Bacterial replication | 630 | ||
| Conjugation | 631 | ||
| Bacterial cultivation in the laboratory | 632 | ||
| Virus | 633 | ||
| Viral replication | 633 | ||
| Viral transmission | 634 | ||
| Common disease terminology | 634 | ||
| Bibliography | 635 | ||
| Recommended reading | 635 | ||
| 31 Laboratory Diagnostic Aids | 637 | ||
| Key Points | 637 | ||
| Introduction | 637 | ||
| Health and safety in the laboratory | 637 | ||
| Common hazards in the laboratory | 637 | ||
| Disposal of laboratory waste | 638 | ||
| Infectious waste | 638 | ||
| Contaminated ‘sharps’ | 638 | ||
| Chemical waste | 639 | ||
| Domestic waste | 639 | ||
| Routine laboratory equipment | 639 | ||
| Glassware | 639 | ||
| Cleaning glassware | 639 | ||
| Microscope | 639 | ||
| Tips | 640 | ||
| Centrifuge | 640 | ||
| Care and cleaning of the centrifuge | 641 | ||
| Electronic analysers | 642 | ||
| Care and maintenance | 642 | ||
| Biochemistry analysers | 642 | ||
| Haematology analysers | 642 | ||
| Electrolyte analysers | 642 | ||
| Commercial test kits | 642 | ||
| Recording sample details and test reports | 643 | ||
| Protocol | 643 | ||
| Dispatch of pathological material | 643 | ||
| Blood | 644 | ||
| Collection of blood | 644 | ||
| Technique | 645 | ||
| Tips to avoid haemolysis | 645 | ||
| Preservation of blood | 646 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 646 | ||
| Serum samples | 646 | ||
| Blood smears | 647 | ||
| Preparation of a blood smear | 647 | ||
| Staining blood smears. | 647 | ||
| Technique for Leishman’s stain. | 648 | ||
| Technique for Diff-Quik stain. | 648 | ||
| Microscopic examination of a blood smear | 648 | ||
| Abnormalities seen in blood smears | 649 | ||
| Erythrocyte abnormalities. | 649 | ||
| Leucocyte abnormalities. | 650 | ||
| Abnormal cell counts. | 650 | ||
| Packed cell volume or haematocrit | 650 | ||
| Measurement of packed cell volume | 650 | ||
| Haemoglobin estimation | 651 | ||
| Further information calculable from these tests | 651 | ||
| Saline Agglutination Test | 651 | ||
| Blood biochemistry | 651 | ||
| Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | 651 | ||
| Creatinine | 652 | ||
| Glucose | 652 | ||
| Plasma enzymes | 653 | ||
| Hormones | 653 | ||
| Thyroid. | 653 | ||
| Adrenal cortex. | 653 | ||
| Blood Gas Analysis | 654 | ||
| Urine | 654 | ||
| Collection and preservation of urine samples | 654 | ||
| Preservation | 654 | ||
| Physical properties of urine | 655 | ||
| Colour | 655 | ||
| Odour | 655 | ||
| Turbidity (cloudiness) | 655 | ||
| pH | 655 | ||
| Specific gravity | 655 | ||
| Measurement of specific gravity. | 655 | ||
| Chemical tests | 656 | ||
| Blood and blood pigments | 656 | ||
| Microscopic examination of urine | 656 | ||
| Preparation of a wet preparation | 656 | ||
| Epithelial cells. | 657 | ||
| Transitional cells. | 657 | ||
| Tubular epithelial cells. | 657 | ||
| Leucocytes. | 657 | ||
| Red blood cells. | 657 | ||
| Casts. | 657 | ||
| Spermatozoa. | 657 | ||
| Bacteria, fungi and yeasts. | 657 | ||
| Crystals. | 657 | ||
| Skin and hair | 658 | ||
| Sampling techniques | 659 | ||
| Skin scrapings | 659 | ||
| Technique | 659 | ||
| Swabs | 660 | ||
| Tape impression | 660 | ||
| Hair brushings | 660 | ||
| Hair plucks | 660 | ||
| Ringworm (dermatophytosis) | 660 | ||
| Presenting signs | 660 | ||
| Diagnosis | 660 | ||
| Wood’s lamp. | 660 | ||
| Microscopic examination. | 661 | ||
| Yeasts | 661 | ||
| Body tissues and fluids | 661 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid | 661 | ||
| Technique | 661 | ||
| Synovial fluid | 661 | ||
| Thoracic fluid | 662 | ||
| Abdominal fluid | 662 | ||
| Tissue samples, tumour and abdominal organ biopsy | 662 | ||
| Preservation | 662 | ||
| Toxicological examination | 662 | ||
| Protocol | 663 | ||
| Virological samples | 663 | ||
| Faecal samples | 663 | ||
| Collection of faeces | 663 | ||
| Examination of faeces | 663 | ||
| Normal equine physiological values | 663 | ||
| Haematological normal values | 663 | ||
| Total red blood cell count | 663 | ||
| Total white blood cell count | 663 | ||
| PCV | 663 | ||
| Haemoglobin | 663 | ||
| Biochemical adult normal values | 663 | ||
| Normal urine parameters | 664 | ||
| Normal urine production | 664 | ||
| Normal pH | 664 | ||
| Normal specific gravity | 664 | ||
| Urinary crystals | 664 | ||
| Bibliography | 664 | ||
| Recommended reading | 664 | ||
| 32 Principles of Diagnostic Imaging | 665 | ||
| Key Points | 665 | ||
| Introduction | 665 | ||
| Principles of radiography | 665 | ||
| Physics for radiography | 665 | ||
| The electromagnetic spectrum | 666 | ||
| Electrical energy | 666 | ||
| X-ray tube construction | 667 | ||
| Tube structure | 667 | ||
| The cathode | 667 | ||
| The anode | 667 | ||
| X-ray production | 668 | ||
| Exposure factors | 668 | ||
| Amperage. | 668 | ||
| Time. | 668 | ||
| Voltage. | 668 | ||
| Distance. | 668 | ||
| Exposure charts | 668 | ||
| Effects of radiation | 669 | ||
| Properties of X-rays | 669 | ||
| Scattered radiation | 669 | ||
| Sources of scattered radiation. | 669 | ||
| Control of scattered radiation. | 669 | ||
| Radiation safety | 670 | ||
| The effects of radiation | 670 | ||
| Safety legislation | 670 | ||
| Radiation protection in practice | 671 | ||
| Dosimetry | 671 | ||
| Recording the image | 671 | ||
| Radiographic film | 671 | ||
| Care and storage of X-ray film | 671 | ||
| Forming the radiographic image | 671 | ||
| Film speed | 672 | ||
| Intensifying screens | 672 | ||
| Construction of an intensifying screen | 673 | ||
| 1. Base (support layer): | 673 | ||
| 2. Reflecting layer: | 673 | ||
| 3. Fluorescent phosphor layer: | 673 | ||
| 4. Protective coating: | 673 | ||
| Luminescence | 673 | ||
| Film–screen combinations | 673 | ||
| Intensifying screen speed | 673 | ||
| Single screens | 673 | ||
| Film–screen contact | 673 | ||
| Care of intensifying screens | 673 | ||
| Radiographic cassettes | 674 | ||
| 1. Front: | 674 | ||
| 2. Back: | 674 | ||
| 3. Closure: | 674 | ||
| Care of cassettes | 674 | ||
| Digital imaging | 674 | ||
| Film processing | 674 | ||
| Processing cycle | 674 | ||
| 1. Developer | 674 | ||
| 2. Wash | 675 | ||
| 3. Fixer | 675 | ||
| 4. Wash | 675 | ||
| 5. Drying | 675 | ||
| Automatic processors | 675 | ||
| Care of an automatic processor | 675 | ||
| Daily care | 676 | ||
| Weekly care | 676 | ||
| Monthly care | 676 | ||
| Replenishment | 676 | ||
| Silver recovery | 676 | ||
| The darkroom | 676 | ||
| Safelights | 676 | ||
| Radiographic quality and image interpretation | 676 | ||
| Describing and viewing an image | 676 | ||
| Assessing the radiograph | 677 | ||
| Most common film faults | 677 | ||
| Positioning | 677 | ||
| General principles | 677 | ||
| Restraint | 678 | ||
| Chemical restraint | 678 | ||
| Positioning aids | 679 | ||
| Markers and legends | 679 | ||
| Terminology | 679 | ||
| BVA/KC hip dysplasia and elbow scoring schemes | 679 | ||
| Small animal positioning | 680 | ||
| Thorax | 680 | ||
| Right lateral. | 680 | ||
| Dorsoventral. | 680 | ||
| Abdomen | 680 | ||
| Right lateral recumbency. | 680 | ||
| Ventrodorsal abdomen. | 680 | ||
| Head and neck | 681 | ||
| Ventrodorsal skull. | 681 | ||
| Dorsoventral intraoral view. | 681 | ||
| Nasopharynx. | 681 | ||
| Distal extremities | 681 | ||
| Mediolateral. | 681 | ||
| Dorsopalmar/plantar and caudocranial, i.e. below the level of the carpus or tarsus. | 681 | ||
| Shoulder | 682 | ||
| 33 Management and Care of Exotic Species | 693 | ||
| Key Points | 693 | ||
| Introduction | 693 | ||
| Animal husbandry | 693 | ||
| Small mammals | 693 | ||
| Housing | 693 | ||
| Environmental and behavioural enrichment. | 694 | ||
| Rabbits | 700 | ||
| Outdoor housing. | 700 | ||
| House rabbits. | 700 | ||
| Housing rabbits within the veterinary practice. | 701 | ||
| Guinea pigs | 701 | ||
| Ferrets. | 701 | ||
| Mice, hamsters and gerbils | 701 | ||
| Rats | 703 | ||
| Nutrition and Feeding | 704 | ||
| Breeding | 704 | ||
| Rabbits | 704 | ||
| Guinea pigs | 704 | ||
| Ferrets | 704 | ||
| Hamsters, mice and gerbils | 704 | ||
| Common diseases and clinical conditions | 706 | ||
| Reptiles | 706 | ||
| Housing | 706 | ||
| Durability. | 706 | ||
| Security. | 706 | ||
| Ease of cleaning. | 706 | ||
| Ease of access. | 709 | ||
| Shape and size. | 709 | ||
| Substrate. | 709 | ||
| Cage furnishings. | 709 | ||
| Hides. | 709 | ||
| Branches. | 709 | ||
| Stones. | 719 | ||
| Feeding equipment. | 719 | ||
| Basking and swimming areas. | 719 | ||
| Plants. | 719 | ||
| Vivarium conditions. | 719 | ||
| 1. Ventilation. | 721 | ||
| 2. Heating. | 721 | ||
| 3. Lighting. | 723 | ||
| 4. Humidity. | 723 | ||
| Nutrition and feeding | 723 | ||
| Snakes. | 723 | ||
| Lizards. | 725 | ||
| Feeding summary | 727 | ||
| Water. | 727 | ||
| Tortoises | 728 | ||
| Mediterranean tortoises. | 728 | ||
| Subadult or adult tortoises. | 728 | ||
| Hatchlings. | 729 | ||
| Turtles and terrapins. | 729 | ||
| Breeding | 729 | ||
| Breeding regimens. | 730 | ||
| Brumation or hibernation. | 730 | ||
| Gestation. | 730 | ||
| Incubation. | 730 | ||
| Common diseases and clinical conditions | 730 | ||
| Post-hibernation anorexia. | 730 | ||
| Birds | 730 | ||
| Housing | 740 | ||
| Aviaries. | 740 | ||
| Furnishings. | 742 | ||
| Cages. | 743 | ||
| Cage and aviary hygiene. | 744 | ||
| Nutrition and feeding | 744 | ||
| Guidelines. | 744 | ||
| General feeding tips | 745 | ||
| Practical feeding. | 746 | ||
| Breeding | 746 | ||
| Accommodation and environment. | 746 | ||
| Diet. | 746 | ||
| Egg laying and incubation. | 747 | ||
| Rearing chicks. | 748 | ||
| Avian disease | 748 | ||
| Welfare of captive exotic animals | 748 | ||
| Pain and distress | 748 | ||
| Small mammals | 754 | ||
| Reptiles | 754 | ||
| Hospitalised reptiles | 755 | ||
| Factors that can cause distress in reptiles | 755 | ||
| Birds | 755 | ||
| Hospitalised birds | 755 | ||
| Factors that can cause distress in birds | 756 | ||
| Bibliography | 756 | ||
| Websites used | 756 | ||
| Useful websites | 757 | ||
| Recommended reading | 757 | ||
| 34 Management and Care of Injured Wildlife | 759 | ||
| Key Points | 759 | ||
| Introduction | 759 | ||
| Wild mammals | 759 | ||
| General guidelines | 759 | ||
| Rescue and transportation | 759 | ||
| Admitting a wildlife casualty | 759 | ||
| Housing | 760 | ||
| Feeding | 760 | ||
| Orphaned mammals | 760 | ||
| Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) | 764 | ||
| Hibernation | 764 | ||
| Capture and transportation | 765 | ||
| Examination and handling | 765 | ||
| Housing | 767 | ||
| Feeding | 767 | ||
| Pacers | 767 | ||
| Orphaned hoglets | 767 | ||
| Feeding. | 768 | ||
| Weaning. | 769 | ||
| Mother hedgehogs and their babies | 769 | ||
| Badgers (Meles meles) | 769 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 770 | ||
| Capture and transportation | 770 | ||
| Examination and handling | 771 | ||
| Housing | 771 | ||
| Feeding | 771 | ||
| Cleaning | 771 | ||
| Orphaned badger cubs | 771 | ||
| Handling and transportation. | 773 | ||
| Examination. | 773 | ||
| Housing. | 773 | ||
| Feeding. | 773 | ||
| Tuberculosis and badger cubs. | 773 | ||
| Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) | 773 | ||
| Sarcoptic mange | 773 | ||
| Other parasites | 773 | ||
| Capture and transportation | 773 | ||
| Examination | 774 | ||
| Housing | 774 | ||
| Feeding | 774 | ||
| Cleaning | 774 | ||
| Orphaned fox cubs | 774 | ||
| Capture and transportation. | 775 | ||
| Examination. | 775 | ||
| Housing. | 775 | ||
| Feeding. | 775 | ||
| Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and hares (Lepus capensis) | 775 | ||
| Myxomatosis | 777 | ||
| Capture and transportation | 777 | ||
| Examination | 777 | ||
| Housing | 778 | ||
| Feeding | 778 | ||
| Cleaning | 778 | ||
| Orphans | 778 | ||
| Rabbits. | 778 | ||
| Hares. | 778 | ||
| Capture and transportation. | 778 | ||
| Housing. | 778 | ||
| Feeding. | 778 | ||
| Bats | 780 | ||
| Capture and transportation | 780 | ||
| Examination | 780 | ||
| Housing | 780 | ||
| Feeding | 780 | ||
| Orphaned bats | 781 | ||
| Examination. | 781 | ||
| Housing. | 781 | ||
| Feeding. | 781 | ||
| Deer | 781 | ||
| Capture myopathy | 782 | ||
| Capture and transportation | 783 | ||
| Examination | 783 | ||
| Housing | 783 | ||
| Feeding | 783 | ||
| Cleaning | 784 | ||
| Orphaned deer | 784 | ||
| Examination. | 784 | ||
| Feeding. | 784 | ||
| Grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) | 784 | ||
| Capture and transportation | 784 | ||
| Examination | 785 | ||
| Housing | 785 | ||
| Feeding | 785 | ||
| Cleaning | 785 | ||
| Orphaned squirrels | 785 | ||
| Examination. | 785 | ||
| Feeding. | 785 | ||
| Other species | 786 | ||
| Shrews, voles, rats and mice | 786 | ||
| Orphaned. | 786 | ||
| Poisoning. | 787 | ||
| Cat attacks. | 787 | ||
| Trapped in bird feeders. | 787 | ||
| Otters | 787 | ||
| Reptiles and amphibians | 787 | ||
| Birds | 788 | ||
| Capture and transportation | 788 | ||
| Examination | 789 | ||
| Common illnesses, injuries and diseases in birds | 790 | ||
| Trichomoniasis (frounce, trick or canker) | 790 | ||
| Paramyxovirus | 790 | ||
| Avian botulism | 790 | ||
| Fractures | 791 | ||
| Fishing line and hook injuries | 791 | ||
| Calcium deficiency | 791 | ||
| Housing | 791 | ||
| Feeding | 792 | ||
| Cleaning | 792 | ||
| Orphaned birds | 792 | ||
| Housing | 793 | ||
| Garden birds. | 793 | ||
| Feeding | 793 | ||
| Other species | 794 | ||
| Baby pigeons and doves | 794 | ||
| Crop tube feeding. | 794 | ||
| Owls and birds of prey | 794 | ||
| Housing. | 794 | ||
| Feeding. | 794 | ||
| Swallows, swifts and house martins | 795 | ||
| Precocial fledglings, e.g. swans, ducks, geese, game birds, coots and moorhens | 795 | ||
| Housing. | 795 | ||
| Feeding. | 795 | ||
| Euthanasia | 795 | ||
| The positive aspect of wildlife care | 795 | ||
| Relevant legislation | 795 | ||
| Bibliography | 796 | ||
| Recommended reading | 796 | ||
| 35 Animal Housing | e1 | ||
| Key Points | e1 | ||
| Introduction | e1 | ||
| Construction of animal housing | e2 | ||
| Siting | e2 | ||
| Security | e3 | ||
| Care facilities | e3 | ||
| Construction materials | e3 | ||
| Kennel services | e4 | ||
| Ventilation | e4 | ||
| Lighting and electrical equipment | e4 | ||
| Heating | e5 | ||
| Types of heating | e5 | ||
| Bedding | e5 | ||
| Specific kennel requirements | e6 | ||
| Specific cattery requirements | e6 | ||
| Methods of infection control | e7 | ||
| Infection control procedures of accommodation and the environment | e8 | ||
| The importance of cleaning | e8 | ||
| The principles of cleaning | e9 | ||
| Cleaning equipment | e9 | ||
| Cleaning a kennel unit | e9 | ||
| Susceptibility of microbes to disinfectants and sterilisation | e10 | ||
| Factors affecting the efficacy of disinfectants | e10 | ||
| Disinfectant groups | e10 | ||
| Alcohols | e10 | ||
| Aldehydes | e10 | ||
| Formaldehydes | e11 | ||
| Gluteraldehydes | e11 | ||
| Biguanides | e11 | ||
| Halogens | e11 | ||
| Iodines | e11 | ||
| Iodophors | e11 | ||
| Chlorine. | e11 | ||
| Bromine and fluorine. | e11 | ||
| Peroxides | e11 | ||
| Phenols | e11 | ||
| Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) | e12 | ||
| Disposal of waste | e12 | ||
| Hazardous waste | e12 | ||
| Cytotoxic and cytostatic pharmaceuticals (EWC 18 02 07) | e12 | ||
| Contaminated sharps (EWC 18 02 02 and 18 02 08) | e12 | ||
| Infectious waste (EWC 18 02 02) | e12 | ||
| Photographic chemicals (Fixer EWC 09 01 01 and developer EWC 09 01 04) | e12 | ||
| Non-hazardous waste | e12 | ||
| Pharmaceuticals (EWC 18.02.08) | e12 | ||
| Offensive waste (EWC 18 02 03) | e12 | ||
| Non-infectious cadaver (EWC 18 02 03) | e13 | ||
| Domestic waste (EWC 20 03 01) | e13 | ||
| Bibliography | e13 | ||
| Recommended reading | e13 | ||
| 36 Stable Design and Management | e14 | ||
| Key Points | e14 | ||
| Introduction | e14 | ||
| Stable design | e14 | ||
| Site considerations | e14 | ||
| Yard layout | e14 | ||
| Stable size | e15 | ||
| Walls | e15 | ||
| Floors and drainage | e15 | ||
| Roofing | e16 | ||
| Ventilation | e16 | ||
| Bedding | e16 | ||
| Bedding requirements for special cases | e16 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | e16 | ||
| Clinical signs. | e16 | ||
| Stabling requirements. | e16 | ||
| Lame horses | e17 | ||
| Laminitis. | e17 | ||
| 37 Animal Grooming | e23 | ||
| Key Points | e23 | ||
| Introduction | e23 | ||
| Dogs and cats | e23 | ||
| Reasons for grooming | e23 | ||
| Grooming equipment | e23 | ||
| The slicker brush | e23 | ||
| Combs | e23 | ||
| Scissors | e23 | ||
| Curries | e23 | ||
| Nail clippers | e23 | ||
| Clippers | e25 | ||
| Coat types | e25 | ||
| Factors influencing hair growth | e26 | ||
| Basic grooming | e26 | ||
| Bathing a dog | e26 | ||
| The horse | e27 | ||
| Reasons for grooming | e27 | ||
| The grooming process | e27 | ||
| Grooming kit | e27 | ||
| Dandy brush. | e27 | ||
| Body brush. | e27 | ||
| Curry comb. | e27 | ||
| Sponges. | e27 | ||
| Mane comb. | e28 | ||
| Wash brush. | e28 | ||
| Hoof pick. | e28 | ||
| Stable rubber. | e28 | ||
| Grooming procedure | e28 | ||
| Grooming machines | e28 | ||
| Bathing the horse | e28 | ||
| Clipping | e28 | ||
| Reasons for clipping | e30 | ||
| Clipping for surgical requirements | e30 | ||
| Foot care | e30 | ||
| Cleaning the hooves and feet | e30 | ||
| Preparation of the foot for radiography | e31 | ||
| Elementary farriery | e31 | ||
| Types of shoe | e31 | ||
| Farrier tools. | e32 | ||
| Bibliography | e33 | ||
| Recommended reading | e33 | ||
| Appendix 1 Normal Values (from various sources) | 797 | ||
| Dog, cat and horse | 797 | ||
| Small mammals | 798 | ||
| Appendix 2 Essential Calculations | 801 | ||
| Useful measurements | 801 | ||
| Anaesthetic flow rates | 801 | ||
| Questions | 801 | ||
| Fluid therapy flow rates | 802 | ||
| Giving sets | 802 | ||
| Estimating fluid loss | 802 | ||
| Intravenous fluid therapy | 802 | ||
| Index | 809 | ||
| A | 809 | ||
| B | 811 | ||
| C | 812 | ||
| D | 815 | ||
| E | 816 | ||
| F | 818 | ||
| G | 819 | ||
| H | 820 | ||
| I | 821 | ||
| J | 822 | ||
| K | 822 | ||
| L | 823 | ||
| M | 823 | ||
| N | 824 | ||
| O | 825 | ||
| P | 826 | ||
| Q | 828 | ||
| R | 828 | ||
| S | 829 | ||
| T | 831 | ||
| U | 832 | ||
| V | 833 | ||
| W | 833 | ||
| X | 834 | ||
| Y | 834 | ||
| Z | 834 |