BOOK
Essentials of Genetics, Global Edition
William S. Klug | Michael R. Cummings | Charlotte A. Spencer | Michael A. Palladino
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For all introductory genetics courses
A forward-looking exploration of essential genetics topics
Known for its focus on conceptual understanding, problem solving, and practical applications, this bestseller strengthens problem-solving skills and explores the essential genetics topics that today’s students need to understand. The Ninth Edition maintains the text’s brief, less-detailed coverage of core concepts and has been extensively updated with relevant, cutting-edge coverage of emerging topics in genetics.
MasteringGenetics™ is not included. Students, if MasteringGenetics is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN. MasteringGenetics should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
Also Available with MasteringGenetics™
This title is also available with MasteringGenetics – an online homework and assessment program that guides students through complex topics in genetics and strengthens problem-solving skills using in-depth tutorials that coach students to the correct answers with hints and feedback specific to their misconceptions and errors. MasteringGenetics offers additional opportunities for students to master key concepts and practice problem solving, using interactive tutorials with hints and feedback. Instructors may also assign pre-lecture quizzes, end-of-chapter problems, practice problems, and test bank questions that are automatically scored and entered into the Mastering gradebook.
Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MasteringGenetics, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | 1 | ||
| Copyright Page | 2 | ||
| About the Authors | 3 | ||
| Preface | 11 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 15 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Genetics | 17 | ||
| 1.1 Genetics Has a Rich and Interesting History | 18 | ||
| 1.2 Genetics Progressed from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century | 19 | ||
| 1.3 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Era of Molecular Genetics | 21 | ||
| 1.4 Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of DNA Cloning | 23 | ||
| 1.5 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Continually Expanding | 23 | ||
| 1.6 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics Are New and Expanding Fields | 24 | ||
| 1.7 Genetic Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms | 25 | ||
| 1.8 We Live in the Age of Genetics | 26 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 27 | ||
| 2 Mitosis and Meiosis | 28 | ||
| 2.1 Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function | 29 | ||
| 2.2 Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs in Diploid Organisms | 31 | ||
| 2.3 Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells | 33 | ||
| 2.4 Meiosis Creates Haploid Gametes and Spores and Enhances Genetic Variation in Species | 37 | ||
| 2.5 The Development of Gametes Varies in Spermatogenesis Compared to Oogenesis | 40 | ||
| 2.6 Meiosis Is Critical to Sexual Reproduction in All Diploid Organisms | 42 | ||
| 2.7 Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Physical Structure of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes | 42 | ||
| EXPLORING GENOMICS: PubMed: Exploring and Retrieving Biomedical Literature | 43 | ||
| CASE STUDY:Triggering meiotic maturation of oocytes | 44 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 44 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 45 | ||
| 3 Mendelian Genetics | 47 | ||
| 3.1 Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance | 48 | ||
| 3.2 The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How One Trait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation | 48 | ||
| 3.3 Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross Generated a Unique F[Sub(2)] Ratio | 52 | ||
| 3.4 The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel’s Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Traits | 55 | ||
| 3.5 Mendel’s Work Was Rediscovered in the Early Twentieth Century | 57 | ||
| Evolving Concept of the Gene | 58 | ||
| 3.6 Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive Genetic Variation | 58 | ||
| 3.7 Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events | 58 | ||
| 3.8 Chi-Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence of Chance on Genetic Data | 59 | ||
| 3.9 Pedigrees Reveal Patterns of Inheritance of Human Traits | 62 | ||
| 3.10 Tay–Sachs Disease: The Molecular Basis of a Recessive Disorder in Humans | 64 | ||
| EXPLORING GENOMICS: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man | 64 | ||
| CASE STUDY:To test or not to test | 65 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 65 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 67 | ||
| 4 Modification of Mendelian Ratios | 69 | ||
| 4.1 Alleles Alter Phenotypes in Different Ways | 70 | ||
| 4.2 Geneticists Use a Variety of Symbols for Alleles | 70 | ||
| 4.3 Neither Allele Is Dominant in Incomplete, or Partial, Dominance | 71 | ||
| 4.4 In Codominance, the Influence of Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is Clearly Evident | 72 | ||
| 4.5 Multiple Alleles of a Gene May Exist in a Population | 72 | ||
| 4.6 Lethal Alleles Represent Essential Genes | 74 | ||
| Evolving Concept of the Gene | 74 | ||
| 4.7 Combinations of Two Gene Pairs with Two Modes of Inheritance Modify the 9:3:3:1 Ratio | 75 | ||
| 4.8 Phenotypes Are Often Affected by More Than One Gene | 76 | ||
| 4.9 Complementation Analysis Can Determine If Two Mutations Causing a Similar Phenotype Are Alleles of the Same Gene | 80 | ||
| 4.10 Expression of a Single Gene May Have Multiple Effects | 82 | ||
| 4.11 X-Linkage Describes Genes on the X Chromosome | 82 | ||
| 4.12 In Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Inheritance, an Individual’s Sex Influences the Phenotype | 84 | ||
| 4.13 Genetic Background and the Environment Affect Phenotypic Expression | 86 | ||
| 4.14 Genomic (Parental) Imprinting and Gene Silencing | 88 | ||
| 4.15 Extranuclear Inheritance Modifies Mendelian Patterns | 89 | ||
| GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: Improving the Genetic Fate of Purebred Dogs | 92 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Sudden blindness | 93 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 94 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 95 | ||
| 5 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes | 100 | ||
| 5.1 X and Y Chromosomes Were First Linked to Sex Determination Early in the Twentieth Century | 101 | ||
| 5.2 The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness in Humans | 102 | ||
| 5.3 The Ratio of Males to Females in Humans Is Not 1.0 | 105 | ||
| 5.4 Dosage Compensation Prevents Excessive Expression of X-Linked Genes in Humans and Other Mammals | 106 | ||
| 5.5 The Ratio of X Chromosomes to Sets of Autosomes Can Determine Sex | 109 | ||
| 5.6 Temperature Variation Controls Sex Determination in Reptiles | 111 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Not reaching puberty | 112 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 113 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 113 | ||
| 6 Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement | 115 | ||
| 6.1 Variation in Chromosome Number: Terminology and Origin | 116 | ||
| 6.2 Monosomy and Trisomy Result in a Variety of Phenotypic Effects | 117 | ||
| 6.3 Polyploidy, in Which More Than Two Haploid Sets of Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Plants | 120 | ||
| 6.4 Variation Occurs in the Composition and Arrangement of Chromosomes | 123 | ||
| 6.5 A Deletion Is a Missing Region of a Chromosome | 124 | ||
| 6.6 A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of a Chromosome | 126 | ||
| 6.7 Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene Sequence | 128 | ||
| 6.8 Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the Genome | 129 | ||
| 6.9 Fragile Sites in Human Chromosomes Are Susceptible to Breakage | 131 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Changing the face of Down syndrome | 133 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 133 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 134 | ||
| 7 Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes | 136 | ||
| 7.1 Genes Linked on the Same Chromosome Segregate Together | 137 | ||
| 7.2 Crossing Over Serves as the Basis of Determining the Distance between Genes during Mapping | 140 | ||
| 7.3 Determining the Gene Sequence during Mapping Requires the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers | 143 | ||
| 7.4 As the Distance between Two Genes Increases, Mapping Estimates Become More Inaccurate | 149 | ||
| Evolving Concept of the Gene | 152 | ||
| 7.5 Chromosome Mapping Is Now Possible Using DNA Markers and Annotated Computer Databases | 152 | ||
| 7.6 Other Aspects of Genetic Exchange | 153 | ||
| EXPLORING GENOMICS: Human Chromosome Maps on the Internet | 155 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Links to autism | 155 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 155 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 156 | ||
| 8 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages | 159 | ||
| 8.1 Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Are Easily Cultured | 160 | ||
| 8.2 Genetic Recombination Occurs in Bacteria | 160 | ||
| 8.3 Rec Proteins Are Essential to Bacterial Recombination | 166 | ||
| 8.4 The F Factor Is an Example of a Plasmid | 167 | ||
| 8.5 Transformation Is Another Process Leading to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria | 168 | ||
| 8.6 Bacteriophages Are Bacterial Viruses | 169 | ||
| 8.7 Transduction Is Virus-Mediated Bacterial DNA Transfer | 172 | ||
| CASE STUDY: To treat or not to treat | 174 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 174 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 174 | ||
| 9 DNA Structure and Analysis | 176 | ||
| 9.1 The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics | 177 | ||
| 9.2 Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material | 177 | ||
| 9.3 Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria and Bacteriophages | 178 | ||
| 9.4 Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept that DNA Is the Genetic Material in Eukaryotes | 183 | ||
| 9.5 RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some Viruses | 184 | ||
| 9.6 The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its Function | 184 | ||
| Evolving Concept of the Gene | 190 | ||
| 9.7 Alternative Forms of DNA Exist | 190 | ||
| 9.8 The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single-Stranded | 190 | ||
| 9.9 Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNA | 191 | ||
| EXPLORING GENOMICS: Introduction to Bioinformatics: BLAST | 193 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Zigs and zags of the smallpox virus | 194 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 194 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 194 | ||
| 10 DNA Replication and Recombination | 196 | ||
| 10.1 DNA Is Reproduced by Semiconservative Replication | 197 | ||
| 10.2 DNA Synthesis in Bacteria Involves Five Polymerases, as Well as Other Enzymes | 201 | ||
| 10.3 Many Complex Issues Must Be Resolved during DNA Replication | 204 | ||
| 10.4 A Coherent Model Summarizes DNA Replication | 207 | ||
| 10.5 Replication Is Controlled by a Variety of Genes | 208 | ||
| 10.6 Eukaryotic DNA Replication Is Similar to Replication in Prokaryotes, but Is More Complex | 208 | ||
| 10.7 The Ends of Linear Chromosomes Are Problematic during Replication | 210 | ||
| GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: Telomeres: The Key to Immortality? | 212 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Premature aging and DNA helicases | 213 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 213 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 214 | ||
| 11 Chromosome Structure and DNA Sequence Organization | 215 | ||
| 11.1 Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes Are Relatively Simple DNA Molecules | 216 | ||
| 11.2 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Contain DNA Similar to Bacteria and Viruses | 217 | ||
| 11.3 Specialized Chromosomes Reveal Variations in the Organization of DNA | 219 | ||
| 11.4 DNA Is Organized into Chromatin in Eukaryotes | 221 | ||
| 11.5 Eukaryotic Genomes Demonstrate Complex Sequence Organization Characterized by Repetitive DNA | 225 | ||
| 11.6 The Vast Majority of a Eukaryotic Genome Does Not Encode Functional Genes | 228 | ||
| EXPLORING GENOMICS: Database of Genomic Variants: Structural Variations in the Human Genome | 228 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Art inspires learning | 229 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 229 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 230 | ||
| 12 The Genetic Code and Transcription | 231 | ||
| 12.1 The Genetic Code Exhibits a Number of Characteristics | 232 | ||
| 12.2 Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code | 232 | ||
| 12.3 Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei, and Others Deciphered the Code | 233 | ||
| 12.4 The Coding Dictionary Reveals the Function of the 64 Triplets | 238 | ||
| 12.5 The Genetic Code Has Been Confirmed in Studies of Bacteriophage MS2 | 239 | ||
| 12.6 The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal | 239 | ||
| 12.7 Different Initiation Points Create Overlapping Genes | 240 | ||
| 12.8 Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template | 241 | ||
| 12.9 RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis | 241 | ||
| 12.10 Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Prokaryotic Transcription in Several Ways | 243 | ||
| 12.11 The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences Called Introns | 246 | ||
| Evolving Concept of the Gene | 249 | ||
| 12.12 RNA Editing May Modify the Final Transcript | 249 | ||
| GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: Fighting Disease with Antisense Therapeutics | 250 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Cystic fibrosis | 251 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 251 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 252 | ||
| 13 Translation and Proteins | 254 | ||
| 13.1 Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs | 255 | ||
| 13.2 Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps | 258 | ||
| 13.3 High-Resolution Studies Have Revealed Many Details about the Functional Prokaryotic Ribosome | 262 | ||
| 13.4 Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes | 263 | ||
| 13.5 The Initial Insight That Proteins Are Important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism | 263 | ||
| 13.6 Studies of Neurospora Led to the One-Gene:One-Enzyme Hypothesis | 264 | ||
| 13.7 Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established That One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide | 266 | ||
| Evolving Concept of the Gene | 267 | ||
| 13.8 Variation in Protein Structure Is the Basis of Biological Diversity | 267 | ||
| 13.9 Proteins Function in Many Diverse Roles | 270 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Crippled ribosomes | 271 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 271 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 271 | ||
| 14 Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition | 273 | ||
| 14.1 Gene Mutations Are Classified in Various Ways | 274 | ||
| 14.2 Spontaneous Mutations Arise from Replication Errors and Base Modifications | 277 | ||
| 14.3 Induced Mutations Arise from DNA Damage Caused by Chemicals and Radiation | 279 | ||
| 14.4 Single-Gene Mutations Cause a Wide Range of Human Diseases | 281 | ||
| 14.5 Organisms Use DNA Repair Systems to Detect and Correct Mutations | 282 | ||
| 14.6 The Ames Test Is Used to Assess the Mutagenicity of Compounds | 288 | ||
| 14.7 Transposable Elements Move within the Genome and May Create Mutations | 288 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Genetic dwarfism | 292 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 293 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 293 | ||
| 15 Regulation of Gene Expression | 296 | ||
| 15.1 Prokaryotes Regulate Gene Expression in Response to Both External and Internal Conditions | 297 | ||
| 15.2 Lactose Metabolism in E. coli Is Regulated by an Inducible System | 297 | ||
| 15.3 The Catabolite-Activating Protein (CAP) Exerts Positive Control over the lac Operon | 302 | ||
| 15.4 The Tryptophan (trp) Operon in E. coli Is a Repressible Gene System | 304 | ||
| Evolving Concept of the Gene | 304 | ||
| 15.5 Alterations to RNA Secondary Structure Also Contribute to Prokaryotic Gene Regulation | 304 | ||
| 15.6 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Differs from That in Prokaryotes | 307 | ||
| 15.7 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Is Influenced by Chromatin Modifications | 308 | ||
| 15.8 Eukaryotic Transcription Regulation Requires Specific Cis-Acting Sites | 310 | ||
| 15.9 Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation is Regulated by Transcription Factors That Bind to Cis-Acting Sites | 312 | ||
| 15.10 Activators and Repressors Interact with General Transcription Factors and Affect Chromatin Structure | 313 | ||
| 15.11 Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation Occurs at Many Steps from RNA Processing to Protein Modification | 315 | ||
| 15.12 RNA-Induced Gene Silencing Controls Gene Expression in Several Ways | 317 | ||
| GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: Quorum Sensing: Social Networking in the Bacterial World | 318 | ||
| CASE STUDY: A mysterious muscular dystrophy | 319 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 319 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 320 | ||
| 16 The Genetics of Cancer | 323 | ||
| 16.1 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease at the Level of Somatic Cells | 324 | ||
| 16.2 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Genomic Stability, DNA Repair, and Chromatin Modifications | 327 | ||
| 16.3 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Cell-Cycle Regulation | 328 | ||
| 16.4 Proto-oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes Are Altered in Cancer Cells | 330 | ||
| 16.5 Cancer Cells Metastasize and Invade Other Tissues | 332 | ||
| 16.6 Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited | 332 | ||
| 16.7 Viruses and Environmental Agents Contribute to Human Cancers | 333 | ||
| GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: Breast Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic Testing | 334 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Screening for cancer can save lives | 335 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 335 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 336 | ||
| 17 Recombinant DNA Technology | 338 | ||
| 17.1 Recombinant DNA Technology Began with Two Key Tools: Restriction Enzymes and DNA Cloning Vectors | 339 | ||
| 17.2 DNA Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Sequences | 344 | ||
| 17.3 The Polymerase Chain Reaction Is a Powerful Technique for Copying DNA | 347 | ||
| 17.4 Molecular Techniques for Analyzing DNA | 349 | ||
| 17.5 DNA Sequencing Is the Ultimate Way to Characterize DNA at the Molecular Level | 352 | ||
| 17.6 Creating Knockout and Transgenic Organisms for Studying Gene Function | 354 | ||
| EXPLORING GENOMICS: Manipulating Recombinant DNA: Restriction Mapping and Designing PCR Primers | 358 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Should we worry about recombinant DNA technology? | 359 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 359 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 360 | ||
| 18 Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics | 361 | ||
| 18.1 Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing Is a Widely Used Method for Sequencing and Assembling Entire Genomes | 362 | ||
| 18.2 DNA Sequence Analysis Relies on Bioinformatics Applications and Genome Databases | 364 | ||
| 18.3 Genomics Attempts to Identify Potential Functions of Genes and Other Elements in a Genome | 366 | ||
| 18.4 The Human Genome Project Revealed Many Important Aspects of Genome Organization in Humans | 367 | ||
| 18.5 After the Human Genome Project: What Is Next? | 370 | ||
| Evolving Concept of the Gene | 374 | ||
| 18.6 Comparative Genomics Analyzes and Compares Genomes from Different Organisms | 376 | ||
| 18.7 Comparative Genomics Is Useful for Studying the Evolution and Function of Multigene Families | 381 | ||
| 18.8 Metagenomics Applies Genomics Techniques to Environmental Samples | 381 | ||
| 18.9 Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Profiles of Expressed Genes in Cells and Tissues | 383 | ||
| 18.10 Proteomics Identifies and Analyzes the Protein Composition of Cells | 384 | ||
| 18.11 Systems Biology Is an Integrated Approach to Studying Interactions of All Components of an Organism’s Cells | 388 | ||
| EXPLORING GENOMICS: Contigs, Shotgun Sequencing, and Comparative Genomics | 390 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Your microbiome may be a risk factor for disease | 391 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 391 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 392 | ||
| 19 Applications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology | 394 | ||
| 19.1 Genetically Engineered Organisms Synthesize a Wide Range of Biological and Pharmaceutical Products | 395 | ||
| 19.2 Genetic Engineering of Plants Has Revolutionized Agriculture | 398 | ||
| 19.3 Transgenic Animals Serve Important Roles in Biotechnology | 399 | ||
| 19.4 Synthetic Genomes and the Emergence of Synthetic Biology | 401 | ||
| 19.5 Genetic Engineering and Genomics Are Transforming Medical Diagnosis | 402 | ||
| 19.6 Genetic Analysis by Individual Genome Sequencing | 408 | ||
| 19.7 Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify Genome Variations That Contribute to Disease | 409 | ||
| 19.8 Genomics Leads to New, More Targeted Medical Treatment Including Personalized Medicine | 411 | ||
| 19.9 Genetic Engineering, Genomics, and Biotechnology Create Ethical, Social, and Legal Questions | 412 | ||
| GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: Privacy and Anonymity in the Era of Genomic Big Data | 415 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Three-parent babies—the ethical debate | 416 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 417 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 417 | ||
| 20 Developmental Genetics | 419 | ||
| 20.1 Differentiated States Develop from Coordinated Programs of Gene Expression | 420 | ||
| 20.2 Evolutionary Conservation of Developmental Mechanisms Can Be Studied Using Model Organisms | 420 | ||
| 20.3 Genetic Analysis of Embryonic Development in Drosophila Reveals How the Body Axis of Animals Is Specified | 421 | ||
| 20.4 Zygotic Genes Program Segment Formation in Drosophila | 424 | ||
| 20.5 Homeotic Selector Genes Specify Body Parts of the Adult | 426 | ||
| 20.6 Binary Switch Genes and Regulatory Pathways Program Organ Formation | 429 | ||
| 20.7 Plants Have Evolved Developmental Regulatory Systems That Parallel Those of Animals | 430 | ||
| 20.7 C. elegans Serves as a Model for Cell–Cell Interactions in Development | 432 | ||
| GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: Stem Cell Wars | 435 | ||
| CASE STUDY: A case of short thumbs and toes | 436 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 436 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 437 | ||
| 21 Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits | 438 | ||
| 21.1 Quantitative Traits Can Be Explained in Mendelian Terms | 439 | ||
| 21.2 The Study of Polygenic Traits Relies on Statistical Analysis | 441 | ||
| 21.3 Heritability Values Estimate the Genetic Contribution to Phenotypic Variability | 444 | ||
| 21.4 Twin Studies Allow an Estimation of Heritability in Humans | 448 | ||
| 21.5 Quantitative Trait Loci Are Useful in Studying Multifactorial Phenotypes | 450 | ||
| GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: The Green Revolution Revisited: Genetic Research with Rice | 453 | ||
| CASE STUDY: Tissue-specific eQTLs | 454 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 454 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 455 | ||
| 22 Population and Evolutionary Genetics | 457 | ||
| 22.1 Genetic Variation Is Present in Most Populations and Species | 458 | ||
| 22.2 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Describes Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies in Population Gene Pools | 459 | ||
| 22.3 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Can Be Applied to Human Populations | 461 | ||
| 22.4 Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change | 464 | ||
| 22.5 Mutation Creates New Alleles in a Gene Pool | 467 | ||
| 22.6 Migration and Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies | 468 | ||
| 22.7 Genetic Drift Causes Random Changes in Allele Frequency in Small Populations | 469 | ||
| 22.8 Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequency but Not Allele Frequency | 470 | ||
| 22.9 Speciation Occurs Via Reproductive Isolation | 471 | ||
| 22.10 Phylogeny Can Be Used to Analyze Evolutionary History | 473 | ||
| GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa | 476 | ||
| CASE STUDY: An unexpected outcome | 477 | ||
| Insights and Solutions | 477 | ||
| Problems and Discussion Questions | 478 | ||
| SPECIAL TOPICS IN MODERN GENETICS 1 Epigenetics | 480 | ||
| Epigenetic Alterations to the Genome | 480 | ||
| BOX 1 The Beginning of Epigenetics | 481 | ||
| Epigenetics and Development: Imprinting | 483 | ||
| Epigenetics and Cancer | 485 | ||
| Epigenetics and the Environment | 486 | ||
| BOX 2 What More We Need to Know about Epigenetics and Cancer | 487 | ||
| Epigenetics and Behavior | 488 | ||
| SPECIAL TOPICS IN MODERN GENETICS 2 Emerging Roles of RNA | 490 | ||
| Catalytic Activity of RNAs: Ribozymes and the Origin of Life | 490 | ||
| Small Noncoding RNAs Play Regulatory Roles in Prokaryotes | 492 | ||
| Prokaryotes Have an RNA-Guided Viral Defense Mechanism | 492 | ||
| Small Noncoding RNAs Mediate the Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression | 494 | ||
| BOX 1 RNA-Guided Gene Therapy with CRISPR/Cas Technology | 495 | ||
| Long Noncoding RNAs Are Abundant and Have Diverse Functions | 498 | ||
| mRNA Localization and Translational Regulation in Eukaryotes | 499 | ||
| BOX 2 Do Extracellular RNAs Play Important Roles in Cellular Communication? | 500 | ||
| SPECIAL TOPICS IN MODERN GENETICS 3 DNA Forensics | 503 | ||
| DNA Profiling Methods | 503 | ||
| BOX 1 The Pitchfork Case: The First Criminal Conviction Using DNA Profiling | 504 | ||
| BOX 2 The Pascal Della Zuana Case: DNA Barcodes and Wildlife Forensics | 508 | ||
| Interpreting DNA Profiles | 508 | ||
| BOX 3 The Kennedy Brewer Case: Two Bite-Mark Errors and One Hit | 510 | ||
| BOX 4 Case of Transference: The Lukis Anderson Story | 511 | ||
| Technical and Ethical Issues Surrounding DNA Profiling | 511 | ||
| SPECIAL TOPICS IN MODERN GENETICS 4 Genomics and Personalized Medicine | 513 | ||
| Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics | 513 | ||
| BOX 1 The Story of Pfizer’s Crizotinib | 514 | ||
| BOX 2 The Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB): Genes, Drugs, and Diseases on the Web | 517 | ||
| Personalized Medicine and Disease Diagnosis | 517 | ||
| BOX 3 Personalized Cancer Diagnostics and Treatments: The Lukas Wartman Story | 519 | ||
| Technical, Social, and Ethical Challenges | 520 | ||
| BOX 4 Beyond Genomics: Personal Omics Profiling | 521 | ||
| SPECIAL TOPICS IN MODERN GENETICS 5 Genetically Modified Foods | 523 | ||
| What Are GM Foods? | 523 | ||
| BOX 1 The Tale of GM Salmon—Downstream Effects? | 525 | ||
| BOX 2 The Success of Hawaiian GM Papaya | 526 | ||
| Methods Used to Create GM Plants | 528 | ||
| GM Foods Controversies | 531 | ||
| The Future of GM Foods | 533 | ||
| SPECIAL TOPICS IN MODERN GENETICS 6 Gene Therapy | 535 | ||
| What Genetic Conditions Are Candidates for Treatment by Gene Therapy? | 535 | ||
| How Are Therapeutic Genes Delivered? | 535 | ||
| BOX 1 ClinicalTrials.gov | 537 | ||
| The First Successful Gene Therapy Trial | 538 | ||
| Gene Therapy Setbacks | 539 | ||
| Recent Successful Trials | 540 | ||
| BOX 2 Glybera Is the First Commercial Gene Therapy to Be Approved in the West | 542 | ||
| Targeted Approaches to Gene Therapy | 542 | ||
| Future Challenges and Ethical Issues | 545 | ||
| BOX 3 Gene Doping for Athletic Performance? | 546 | ||
| APPENDIX: Solutions to Selected Problems and Discussion Questions | A-1 | ||
| GLOSSARY | G-1 | ||
| A | G-1 | ||
| B | G-1 | ||
| C | G-2 | ||
| D | G-3 | ||
| R | G-4 | ||
| F | G-4 | ||
| G | G-4 | ||
| H | G-5 | ||
| I | G-6 | ||
| K | G-6 | ||
| L | G-6 | ||
| M | G-7 | ||
| N | G-7 | ||
| O | G-8 | ||
| P | G-8 | ||
| Q | G-9 | ||
| R | G-9 | ||
| S | G-10 | ||
| T | G-11 | ||
| U | G-12 | ||
| V | G-12 | ||
| W | G-12 | ||
| X | G-12 | ||
| Y | G-12 | ||
| Z | G-12 | ||
| CREDITS | C-1 | ||
| INDEX | I-1 | ||
| A | I-1 | ||
| B | I-1 | ||
| C | I-2 | ||
| D | I-4 | ||
| E | I-6 | ||
| F | I-7 | ||
| G | I-7 | ||
| H | I-10 | ||
| I | I-10 | ||
| J | I-11 | ||
| K | I-11 | ||
| L | I-11 | ||
| M | I-11 | ||
| N | I-13 | ||
| O | I-14 | ||
| P | I-14 | ||
| Q | I-15 | ||
| R | I-15 | ||
| S | I-17 | ||
| T | I-18 | ||
| U | I-19 | ||
| V | I-19 | ||
| W | I-19 | ||
| X | I-20 | ||
| Y | I-20 | ||
| Z | I-20 |