BOOK
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition
Frederic H. Martini | Edwin F. Bartholomew
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For one-semester courses in anatomy & physiology.
Guiding students through challenging A&P concepts
Celebrated for its precise illustrations, time-saving navigation and study tools, and engaging clinical content, Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology is crafted especially for students with no prior knowledge of anatomy & physiology and little science background. The Seventh Edition eases students through tough A&P topics, answering the need to help A&P students learn and retain challenging content in the fast-paced one-semester A&P course. New book features, all supported by interactive MasteringA&P™ media, include new Build Your Knowledge activities, new Spotlight Figures Coaching activities, new Bone and Organ Dissection Videos, and new Dynamic Study Modules that help students study on the go.
MasteringA&P not included. Students, if MasteringA&P is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MasteringA&P should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
MasteringA&P is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics™.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Copyright Page | 8 | ||
| Text and Illustration Team | 9 | ||
| Dedication | 10 | ||
| Preface | 11 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 17 | ||
| Contents | 19 | ||
| 1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology | 29 | ||
| An Introduction to Studying the Human Body | 30 | ||
| 1-1. All Living Things Display Responsiveness, Growth, Reproduction, Movement, and Metabolism | 30 | ||
| 1-2. Anatomy is Structure, and Physiology is Function | 31 | ||
| 1-3. Levels of Organization Progress from Atoms and Molecules to a Complete Organism | 32 | ||
| 1-4. The Human Body Consists of 11 Organ Systems | 34 | ||
| 1-5. Homeostasis is the State of Internal Balance | 34 | ||
| 1-6. Negative Feedback Opposes Variations from Normal, Whereas Positive Feedback Exaggerates them | 38 | ||
| 1-7. Anatomical Terms Describe Body Regions, Anatomical Positions and Directions, and Body Sections | 41 | ||
| 1-8. Body Cavities of the Trunk Protect Internal Organs and Allow them to Change Shape | 43 | ||
| Levels of Organization | 33 | ||
| Homeostasis and Disease | 34 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 48 | ||
| Chapter Review | 50 | ||
| 2. The Chemical Level of Organization | 53 | ||
| An Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization | 54 | ||
| 2-1. Atoms are the Basic Particles of Matter | 54 | ||
| 2-2. Chemical Bonds are Forces Formed by Interactions Among Atoms | 56 | ||
| 2-3. Decomposition, Synthesis, and Exchange Reactions are Important Chemical Reactions in Physiology | 59 | ||
| 2-4. Enzymes Catalyze Specific Biochemical Reactions by Lowering a Reaction’s Activation Energy | 62 | ||
| 2-5. Inorganic Compounds Usually Lack Carbon, and Organic Compounds Always Contain Carbon | 62 | ||
| 2-6. Physiological Systems Depend on Water | 63 | ||
| 2-7. Body Fluid pH is Vital for Homeostasis | 64 | ||
| 2-8. Acids, Bases, and Salts have Important Physiological Roles | 65 | ||
| 2-9. Carbohydrates Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 Ratio | 66 | ||
| 2-10. Lipids Contain a Carbon-To-Hydrogen Ratio of 1:2 | 68 | ||
| 2-11. Proteins Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen and are Formed from Amino Acids | 71 | ||
| 2-12. DNA and RNA are Nucleic Acids | 74 | ||
| 2-13. ATP is a High-Energy Compound used by Cells | 76 | ||
| 2-14. Chemicals Form Functional Units Called Cells | 78 | ||
| Chemical Notation | 60 | ||
| Fatty Acids and Health | 69 | ||
| Chapter Review | 79 | ||
| 3. Cell Structure and Function | 83 | ||
| An Introduction to Cell Structure and Function | 84 | ||
| 3-1. The Study of Cells Provides the Foundation for Understanding Human Physiology | 84 | ||
| 3-2. The Plasma Membrane Separates the Cell from its Surrounding Environment and Performs Various Functions | 85 | ||
| 3-3. Diffusion is a Passive Transport Process that Assists Membrane Passage | 89 | ||
| 3-4. Carrier-Mediated and Vesicular Transport Processes Assist Membrane Passage | 93 | ||
| 3-5. Organelles Within the Cytoplasm Perform Specific Functions | 97 | ||
| 3-6. The Nucleus Contains DNA and Enzymes Essential for Controlling Cellular Activities | 104 | ||
| 3-7. DNA Controls Protein Synthesis, Cell Structure, and Cell Function | 106 | ||
| 3-8. Stages of a Cell’s Life Cycle Include Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis | 109 | ||
| 3-9. Tumors and Cancers are Characterized by Abnormal Cell Growth and Division | 112 | ||
| 3-10. Differentiation is Cellular Specialization as a Result of Gene Activation or Repression | 113 | ||
| Anatomy of a Model Cell | 86 | ||
| Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Packaging | 102 | ||
| Inheritable Mitochondrial Disorders | 101 | ||
| DNA Fingerprinting | 106 | ||
| Mutations and Mosaicism | 110 | ||
| Chapter Review | 114 | ||
| 4. The Tissue Level of Organization | 118 | ||
| An Introduction to the Tissue Level of Organization | 119 | ||
| 4-1. The Four Tissue Types are Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Neural | 119 | ||
| 4-2. Epithelial Tissue Covers Body Surfaces, Lines Cavities and Tubular Structures, and Serves Essential Functions | 119 | ||
| 4-3. Cell Shape and Number of Layers Determine the Classification of Epithelia | 123 | ||
| 4-4. Connective Tissue Provides a Protective Structural Framework for Other Tissue Types | 129 | ||
| 4-5. Tissue Membranes are Physical Barriers of Four Types: Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, and Synovial | 138 | ||
| 4-6. The Three Types of Muscle Tissue are Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth | 139 | ||
| 4-7. Neural Tissue Responds to Stimuli and Propagates Electrical Impulses Throughout the Body | 141 | ||
| 4-8. The Response to Tissue Injury Involves Inflammation and Regeneration | 142 | ||
| 4-9. With Advancing Age, Tissue Repair Declines and Cancer Rates Increase | 143 | ||
| Inflammation and Regeneration | 144 | ||
| Exfoliative Cytology | 129 | ||
| Marfan’s Syndrome | 132 | ||
| Adipose Tissue and Weight Control | 134 | ||
| Cartilages and Joint Injuries | 135 | ||
| Chapter Review | 145 | ||
| 5. The Integumentary System | 149 | ||
| An Introduction to the Integumentary System | 150 | ||
| 5-1. The Epidermis is Composed of Strata (Layers) with Various Functions | 151 | ||
| 5-2. Factors Influencing Skin Color are Epidermal Pigmentation and Dermal Circulation | 154 | ||
| 5-3. Sunlight has Beneficial and Detrimental Effects on the Skin | 155 | ||
| 5-4. The Dermis is the Tissue Layer that Supports the Epidermis | 156 | ||
| 5-5. The Hypodermis Connects the Dermis to Underlying Tissues | 157 | ||
| 5-6. Hair is Composed of Dead, Keratinized Cells that have been Pushed to the Skin Surface | 157 | ||
| 5-7. Sebaceous Glands and Sweat Glands are Exocrine Glands Found in the Skin | 160 | ||
| 5-8. Nails are Keratinized Epidermal Cells that Protect the Tips of Fingers and Toes | 161 | ||
| 5-9. Several Steps are Involved in Repairing the Integument Following an Injury | 162 | ||
| 5-10. Effects of Aging Include Dermal Thinning, Wrinkling, and Reduced Melanocyte Activity | 165 | ||
| The Epidermis | 152 | ||
| Drug Administration through the Skin | 153 | ||
| Disorders of Keratin Production | 154 | ||
| Dermatitis | 156 | ||
| Hair Loss | 159 | ||
| Burns | 164 | ||
| Chapter Review | 167 | ||
| 6. The Skeletal System | 170 | ||
| An Introduction to the Skeletal System | 171 | ||
| 6-1. The Skeletal System has Five Primary Functions | 171 | ||
| 6-2. Bones are Classified According to Shape and Structure | 171 | ||
| 6-3. Ossification and Appositional Growth are Processes of Bone Formation and Enlargement | 174 | ||
| 6-4. Bone Growth and Development Depend on a Balance Between Bone Formation and Resorption, and on Calcium Availability | 177 | ||
| 6-5. Osteopenia has a Widespread Effect on Aging Skeletal Tissue | 180 | ||
| 6-6. The Bones of the Skeleton are Distinguished by Bone Markings and Grouped into Two Skeletal Divisions | 180 | ||
| 6-7. The Bones of the Skull, Vertebral Column, and Thoracic Cage Make up the Axial Skeleton | 184 | ||
| 6-8. The Pectoral Girdles and Upper Limb Bones, and the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Bones, Make up the Appendicular Skeleton | 194 | ||
| 6-9. Joints are Categorized According to their Range of Motion or Anatomical Organization | 202 | ||
| 6-10. The Structure and Functions of Synovial Joints Enable Various Skeletal Movements | 204 | ||
| 6-11. Intervertebral Articulations and Appendicular Articulations Demonstrate Functional Differences in Support and Mobility | 207 | ||
| 6-12. The Skeletal System Supports and Stores Energy and Minerals for Other Body Systems | 212 | ||
| Synovial Joints | 208 | ||
| Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair | 178 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 180 | ||
| Rheumatism and Arthritis | 204 | ||
| Hip Fractures | 212 | ||
| Chapter Review | 214 | ||
| 7. The Muscular System | 219 | ||
| An Introduction to Muscle Tissue | 220 | ||
| 7-1. Skeletal Muscle Performs Five Primary Functions | 220 | ||
| 7-2. A Skeletal Muscle Contains Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissues, Blood Vessels, and Nerves | 220 | ||
| 7-3. Skeletal Muscle Fibers have Distinctive Features | 222 | ||
| 7-4. The Nervous System and Skeletal Muscles Communicate at Neuromuscular Junctions | 225 | ||
| 7-5. Sarcomere Shortening and Muscle Fiber Stimulation Produce Tension | 228 | ||
| 7-6. ATP is the Energy Source for Muscle Contraction | 235 | ||
| 7-7. Muscle Performance Depends on Muscle Fiber Type and Physical Conditioning | 238 | ||
| 7-8. Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Tissues Differ in Structure and Function from Skeletal Muscle Tissue | 239 | ||
| 7-9. Descriptive Terms are used to Name Skeletal Muscles | 241 | ||
| 7-10. Axial Muscles are Muscles of the Head and Neck, Vertebral Column, Trunk, and Pelvic Floor | 245 | ||
| 7-11. Appendicular Muscles are Muscles of the Shoulders, Upper Limbs, Pelvic Girdle, and Lower Limbs | 253 | ||
| 7-12. The Size and Power of Muscle Tissue Decrease with Advancing Age | 264 | ||
| 7-13. Exercise Produces Responses in Multiple Body Systems | 265 | ||
| Events at the Neuromuscular Junction | 226 | ||
| The Contraction Cycle | 230 | ||
| Interference at the NMJ and Muscular Paralysis | 228 | ||
| Rigor Mortis | 228 | ||
| Tetanus | 229 | ||
| Hernias | 248 | ||
| Intramuscular Injections | 251 | ||
| Chapter Review | 267 | ||
| 8. The Nervous System | 271 | ||
| An Introduction to the Nervous System | 272 | ||
| 8-1. The Nervous System has Anatomical and Functional Divisions | 272 | ||
| 8-2. Neurons are Specialized for Intercellular Communication and are Supported by Cells Called Neuroglia | 273 | ||
| 8-3. In Neurons, a Change in the Plasma Membrane’s Electrical Potential May Result in an Action Potential (Nerve Impulse) | 279 | ||
| 8-4. At Synapses, Communication Takes Place Among Neurons or Between Neurons and Other Cells | 286 | ||
| 8-5. The Brain and Spinal Cord are Surrounded by Three Layers of Membranes Called the Meninges | 289 | ||
| 8-6. The Spinal Cord Contains Gray Matter Surrounded by White Matter and Connects to 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves | 290 | ||
| 8-7. The Brain has Several Principal Structures, Each with Specific Functions | 294 | ||
| 8-8. The PNS Connects the CNS with the Body’s External and Internal Environments | 306 | ||
| 8-9. Reflexes are Rapid, Automatic Responses to Stimuli | 311 | ||
| 8-10. Separate Pathways Carry Sensory Information and Motor Commands | 314 | ||
| 8-11. The Autonomic Nervous System, Composed of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions, is Involved in the Unconscious Regulation of Body Functions | 317 | ||
| 8-12. Aging Produces Various Structural and Functional Changes in the Nervous System | 322 | ||
| 8-13. The Nervous System is Closely Integrated with Other Body Systems | 324 | ||
| The Generation of an Action Potential | 282 | ||
| Propagation of an Action Potential | 284 | ||
| Demyelination Disorders | 279 | ||
| Epidural and Subdural Hemorrhages | 290 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injuries | 292 | ||
| Aphasia and Dyslexia | 302 | ||
| Seizures | 303 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 317 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 324 | ||
| Chapter Review | 326 | ||
| 9. The General and Special Senses | 333 | ||
| An Introduction to General and Special Senses | 334 | ||
| 9-1. Sensory Receptors Connect Our Internal and External Environments with the Nervous System | 334 | ||
| 9-2. General Sensory Receptors are Classified by the Type of Stimulus that Excites them | 335 | ||
| 9-3. Olfaction, the Sense of Smell, Involves Olfactory Receptors Responding to Chemical Stimuli | 339 | ||
| 9-4. Gustation, the Sense of Taste, Involves Taste Receptors Responding to Chemical Stimuli | 341 | ||
| 9-5. Internal Eye Structures Contribute to Vision, While Accessory Eye Structures Provide Protection | 342 | ||
| 9-6. Photoreceptors Respond to Light and Change it into Electrical Signals Essential to Visual Physiology | 351 | ||
| 9-7. Equilibrium Sensations Originate Within the Internal Ear, While Hearing Involves the Detection and Interpretation of Sound Waves | 356 | ||
| 9-8. Aging is Accompanied by a Noticeable Decline in the Special Senses | 366 | ||
| Refractive Problems | 352 | ||
| Cataracts | 349 | ||
| Visual Acuity | 354 | ||
| Night Blindness | 355 | ||
| Hearing Deficits | 364 | ||
| Chapter Review | 367 | ||
| 10. The Endocrine System | 372 | ||
| An Introduction to the Endocrine System | 373 | ||
| 10-1. Homeostasis is Preserved Through Intercellular Communication | 373 | ||
| 10-2. The Endocrine System Regulates Physiological Processes Through the Binding of Hormones to Receptors | 374 | ||
| 10-3. The Bilobed Pituitary Gland is an Endocrine Organ that Releases Nine Peptide Hormones | 379 | ||
| 10-4. The Thyroid Gland Lies Inferior to the Larynx and Requires Iodine for Hormone Synthesis | 384 | ||
| 10-5. The Four Parathyroid Glands, Embedded in the Posterior Surfaces of the Thyroid Gland, Secrete Parathyroid Hormone to Elevate Blood Calcium Levels | 388 | ||
| 10-6. The Adrenal Glands, Consisting of a Cortex and a Medulla, Cap Each Kidney and Secrete Several Hormones | 388 | ||
| 10-7. The Pineal Gland, Attached to the Third Ventricle, Secretes Melatonin | 391 | ||
| 10-8. The Endocrine Pancreas Produces Insulin and Glucagon, Hormones that Regulate Blood Glucose Levels | 391 | ||
| 10-9. Many Organs have Secondary Endocrine Functions | 393 | ||
| 10-10. Hormones Interact to Produce Coordinated Physiological Responses | 396 | ||
| 10-11. Extensive Integration Occurs Between the Endocrine System and Other Body Systems | 401 | ||
| The General Adaptation Syndrome | 399 | ||
| Diabetes Insipidus | 383 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 394 | ||
| Hormones and Athletic Performance | 397 | ||
| Endocrine Disorders | 400 | ||
| Chapter Review | 403 | ||
| 11. The Cardiovascular System: Blood | 407 | ||
| An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System | 408 | ||
| 11-1. Blood has Several Important Functions and Unique Physical Characteristics | 408 | ||
| 11-2. Plasma, the Fluid Portion of Blood, Contains Significant Quantities of Plasma Proteins | 409 | ||
| 11-3. Red Blood Cells, Formed by Erythropoiesis, Contain Hemoglobin that Can Be Recycled | 412 | ||
| 11-4. The ABO Blood Types and Rh System are Based on Antigen–Antibody Responses | 418 | ||
| 11-5. The Various Types of White Blood Cells Contribute to the Body’s Defenses | 421 | ||
| 11-6. Platelets, Disc-Shaped Structures Formed from Megakaryocytes, Function in the Clotting Process | 425 | ||
| 11-7. Hemostasis Involves Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plug Formation, and Blood Coagulation | 425 | ||
| The Composition of Whole Blood | 410 | ||
| Abnormal Hemoglobin | 414 | ||
| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | 420 | ||
| Abnormal Hemostasis | 427 | ||
| Chapter Review | 429 | ||
| 12. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart | 432 | ||
| The Heart’s Role in the Cardiovascular System | 433 | ||
| 12-1. The Heart is a Four-Chambered Organ, Supplied by Coronary Circulation, that Pumps Oxygen-Poor Blood to the Lungs and Oxygen-Rich Blood to the Rest of the Body | 433 | ||
| 12-2. Contractile Cells and the Conducting System Produce Each Heartbeat, and an Electrocardiogram Records the Associated Electrical Events | 443 | ||
| 12-3. Events During a Complete Heartbeat Make up a Cardiac Cycle | 448 | ||
| 12-4. Heart Dynamics Examines the Factors that Affect Cardiac Output | 450 | ||
| The Heart: Internal Anatomy and Blood Flow | 439 | ||
| Heart Valve Disorders | 440 | ||
| Abnormal Conditions Affecting Cardiac Output | 451 | ||
| Chapter Review | 453 | ||
| 13. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation | 457 | ||
| An Introduction to Blood Vessels and Circulation | 458 | ||
| 13-1. Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, and Veins Differ in Size, Structure, and Function | 458 | ||
| 13-2. Pressure and Resistance Determine Blood Flow and Affect Rates of Capillary Exchange | 463 | ||
| 13-3. Cardiovascular Regulation Involves Autoregulation, Neural Processes, and Endocrine Responses | 469 | ||
| 13-4. The Cardiovascular System Adapts to Physiological Stress | 475 | ||
| 13-5. The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits of the Cardiovascular System Exhibit Three General Functional Patterns | 477 | ||
| 13-6. In the Pulmonary Circuit, Deoxygenated Blood Enters the Lungs in Arteries, and Oxygenated Blood Leaves the Lungs in Veins | 478 | ||
| 13-7. The Systemic Circuit Carries Oxygenated Blood from the Left Ventricle to Tissues Other Than the Lungs’ Exchange Surfaces, and Returns Deoxygenated Blood to the Right Atrium | 479 | ||
| 13-8. Modifications of Fetal and Maternal Cardiovascular Systems Promote the Exchange of Materials Until Birth | 490 | ||
| 13-9. Aging Affects the Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels | 491 | ||
| 13-10. The Cardiovascular System is Both Structurally and Functionally Linked to all Other Systems | 492 | ||
| Major Vessels of the Systemic Circuit | 480 | ||
| Arteriosclerosis | 461 | ||
| Capillary Dynamics and Blood Volume and Pressure | 467 | ||
| Checking the Pulse and Blood Pressure | 468 | ||
| Exercise, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Health | 475 | ||
| Shock | 476 | ||
| Chapter Review | 494 | ||
| 14. The Lymphatic System and Immunity | 499 | ||
| An Introduction to the Lymphatic System and Immunity | 500 | ||
| 14-1. Anatomical Barriers and Defense Processes Make up Nonspecific Defense, and Lymphocytes Provide Specific Defense | 500 | ||
| 14-2. Lymphatic Vessels, Lymphocytes, Lymphoid Tissues, and Lymphoid Organs Function in Body Defenses | 501 | ||
| 14-3. Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses Respond in a Characteristic Way Regardless of the Potential Threat | 509 | ||
| 14-4. Adaptive (Specific) Defenses Respond to Specific Threats and are Either Cell Mediated or Antibody Mediated | 513 | ||
| 14-5. T Cells Play a Role in Starting and Controlling the Immune Response | 515 | ||
| 14-6. B Cells Respond to Antigens by Producing Specific Antibodies | 517 | ||
| 14-7. Abnormal Immune Responses Result in Immune Disorders | 524 | ||
| 14-8. The Immune Response Diminishes as we Age | 525 | ||
| 14-9. For all Body Systems, the Lymphatic System Provides Defenses Against Infection and Returns Tissue Fluid to the Circulation | 526 | ||
| Origin and Distribution of Lymphocytes | 505 | ||
| “Swollen Glands” | 507 | ||
| Injury to the Spleen | 509 | ||
| AIDS | 521 | ||
| Stress and the Immune Response | 525 | ||
| Manipulating the Immune Response | 526 | ||
| Chapter Review | 528 | ||
| 15. The Respiratory System | 533 | ||
| An Introduction to the Respiratory System | 534 | ||
| 15-1. The Respiratory System, Composed of Air-Conducting and Respiratory Portions, has Several Basic Functions | 534 | ||
| 15-2. The Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Larger Bronchioles Conduct Air into the Lungs | 536 | ||
| 15-3. The Smallest Bronchioles and the Alveoli Within the Lungs Make up the Respiratory Portion of the Respiratory Tract | 542 | ||
| 15-4. External Respiration and Internal Respiration Allow Gas Exchange Within the Body | 546 | ||
| 15-5. Pulmonary Ventilation—The Exchange of Air Between the Atmosphere and the Lungs—Involves Pressure Changes and Muscle Movement | 547 | ||
| 15-6. Gas Exchange Depends on the Partial Pressures of Gases and the Diffusion of Molecules | 550 | ||
| 15-7. Most O2 is Transported Bound to Hemoglobin (Hb), and CO2 is Dissolved in Plasma, Bound to Hb, or Transported as Bicarbonate Ion | 552 | ||
| 15-8. Neurons in the Medulla Oblongata and Pons, Along with Respiratory Reflexes, Control Respiration | 555 | ||
| 15-9. Respiratory Performance Declines with Age | 560 | ||
| 15-10. The Respiratory System Provides Oxygen to, and Removes Carbon Dioxide From, Other Organ Systems | 560 | ||
| Pulmonary Ventilation | 548 | ||
| The Control of Respiration | 558 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 537 | ||
| Tracheal Blockage | 540 | ||
| Pneumonia | 544 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 545 | ||
| Decompression Sickness | 551 | ||
| Carbon Monoxide Poisoning | 553 | ||
| Emphysema and Lung Cancer | 559 | ||
| Chapter Review | 562 | ||
| 16. The Digestive System | 566 | ||
| An Introduction to the Digestive System | 567 | ||
| 16-1. The Digestive System—The Digestive Tract and Accessory Organs—Performs Various Food-Processing Functions | 567 | ||
| 16-2. The Oral Cavity Contains the Tongue, Salivary Glands, and Teeth, Each with Specific Functions | 571 | ||
| 16-3. The Pharynx is a Passageway Between the Oral Cavity and the Esophagus | 574 | ||
| 16-4. The J-Shaped Stomach Receives Food from the Esophagus and Aids in Chemical and Mechanical Digestion | 575 | ||
| 16-5. The Small Intestine Digests and Absorbs Nutrients | 580 | ||
| 16-6. The Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder are Accessory Organs that Assist with the Digestive Process in the Small Intestine | 584 | ||
| 16-7. The Large Intestine is Divided into Three Parts with Regional Specialization | 590 | ||
| 16-8. Digestion is the Chemical Alteration of Food that Allows the Absorption and use of Nutrients | 594 | ||
| 16-9. Many Age-Related Changes Affect Digestion and Absorption | 597 | ||
| 16-10. The Digestive System is Extensively Integrated with Other Body Systems | 598 | ||
| Regulation of Gastric Activity | 578 | ||
| Chemical Events in Digestion | 595 | ||
| Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers | 579 | ||
| Stomach Cancer | 579 | ||
| Vomiting | 583 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 586 | ||
| Liver Disease | 589 | ||
| Colorectal Cancer | 592 | ||
| Diverticulosis | 593 | ||
| Diarrhea and Constipation | 593 | ||
| Lactose Intolerance | 596 | ||
| Chapter Review | 600 | ||
| 17. Metabolism and Energetics | 605 | ||
| An Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism | 606 | ||
| 17-1. Metabolism Refers to all the Chemical Reactions in the Body, and Energetics Refers to the Flow and Transformation of Energy | 606 | ||
| 17-2. Carbohydrate Metabolism Involves Glycolysis, ATP Production, and Gluconeogenesis | 608 | ||
| 17-3. Lipid Metabolism Involves Lipolysis, Beta-Oxidation, and the Transport and Distribution of Lipids as Lipoproteins and Free Fatty Acids | 615 | ||
| 17-4. Protein Catabolism Involves Transamination and Deamination, and Protein Synthesis Involves Amination and Transamination | 617 | ||
| 17-5. Nucleic Acid Catabolism Involves RNA, but not DNA | 619 | ||
| 17-6. Adequate Nutrition is Necessary to Prevent Deficiency Disorders and Maintain Homeostasis | 620 | ||
| 17-7. Metabolic Rate is the Average Caloric Expenditure, and Thermoregulation Involves Balancing Heat-Producing and Heat-Losing Processes | 624 | ||
| 17-8. Caloric Needs Decline with Advancing Age | 627 | ||
| Electron Transport System and ATP Formation | 611 | ||
| Carbohydrate Loading | 613 | ||
| Dietary Fats and Cholesterol | 615 | ||
| Ketoacidosis | 618 | ||
| Chapter Review | 628 | ||
| 18. The Urinary System | 632 | ||
| An Introduction to the Urinary System | 633 | ||
| 18-1. The Urinary System—Made up of the Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra—Has Three Major Functions | 633 | ||
| 18-2. The Kidneys are Highly Vascular Organs Containing Functional Units Called Nephrons, which Perform Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion | 634 | ||
| 18-3. Different Portions of the Nephron Form Urine by Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion | 641 | ||
| 18-4. Normal Kidney Function Depends on a Stable GFR | 648 | ||
| 18-5. Urine is Transported by the Ureters, Stored in the Bladder, and Eliminated Through the Urethra, Aided by the Micturition Reflex | 651 | ||
| 18-6. Fluid Balance, Electrolyte Balance, and Acid-Base Balance are Interrelated and Essential to Homeostasis | 654 | ||
| 18-7. Blood Pressure and Osmosis are Involved in Maintaining Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 656 | ||
| 18-8. In Acid-Base Balance, Regulation of Hydrogen Ions in Body Fluids Involves Buffer Systems and Compensation by Respiratory and Renal Processes | 658 | ||
| 18-9. Age-Related Changes Affect Kidney Function and the Micturition Reflex | 662 | ||
| 18-10. The Urinary System is One of Several Body Systems Involved in Waste Excretion | 663 | ||
| A Summary of Kidney Function | 646 | ||
| Kidney Failure | 650 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections | 652 | ||
| Incontinence | 653 | ||
| Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance | 661 | ||
| Chapter Review | 665 | ||
| 19. The Reproductive System | 670 | ||
| An Introduction to the Reproductive System | 671 | ||
| 19-1. Basic Reproductive System Structures are Gonads, Ducts, Accessory Glands and Organs, and External Genitalia | 671 | ||
| 19-2. Sperm Formation (Spermatogenesis) Occurs in the Testes, and Hormones from the Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Testes Control Male Reproductive Functions | 672 | ||
| 19-3. Ovum Production (Oogenesis) Occurs in the Ovaries, and Hormones from the Pituitary Gland and Ovaries Control Female Reproductive Functions | 681 | ||
| 19-4. The Autonomic Nervous System Influences Male and Female Sexual Function | 693 | ||
| 19-5. With Age, Decreasing Levels of Reproductive Hormones Cause Functional Changes | 694 | ||
| 19-6. The Reproductive System Secretes Hormones Affecting Growth and Metabolism of all Body Systems | 695 | ||
| Regulation of Male Reproduction | 680 | ||
| Regulation of Female Reproduction | 690 | ||
| Cryptorchidism | 674 | ||
| Prostatitis | 678 | ||
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | 686 | ||
| Amenorrhea | 687 | ||
| Breast Cancer | 689 | ||
| Infertility | 692 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 693 | ||
| Birth Control Strategies | 696 | ||
| Chapter Review | 699 | ||
| 20. Development and Inheritance | 703 | ||
| An Introduction to Development and Inheritance | 704 | ||
| 20-1. Development is a Continuous Process that Occurs from Fertilization to Maturity | 704 | ||
| 20-2. Fertilization—The Fusion of a Secondary Oocyte and a Spermatozoon—Forms a Zygote | 705 | ||
| 20-3. Gestation Consists of Three Stages of Prenatal Development: The First, Second, and Third Trimesters | 707 | ||
| 20-4. Critical Events of the First Trimester are Cleavage, Implantation, Placentation, and Embryogenesis | 707 | ||
| 20-5. During the Second and Third Trimesters, Maternal Organ Systems Support the Developing Fetus, and the Uterus Undergoes Structural and Functional Changes | 715 | ||
| 20-6. Labor Consists of the Dilation, Expulsion, and Placental Stages | 722 | ||
| 20-7. Postnatal Stages are the Neonatal Period, Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity, Followed by Senescence | 724 | ||
| 20-8. Genes and Chromosomes Determine Patterns of Inheritance | 726 | ||
| Extraembryonic Membranes and Placenta Formation | 712 | ||
| Abortion | 726 | ||
| Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Analysis | 732 | ||
| Chapter Review | 733 | ||
| Answers Answers to Checkpoint and Chapter Review Questions | 737 | ||
| Appendix Normal Physiological Values | 766 | ||
| Glossary/Index | 769 | ||
| Photo and Illustration Credits | 805 | ||
| Common Abbreviations Used in Health Science | BES1 | ||
| Foreign Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms | BES2 | ||
| Back Cover | Back Cover |