BOOK
Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease E-Book
Richard N Mitchell | Vinay Kumar | Nelson Fausto | Abul K. Abbas | Jon C. Aster
(2016)
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Book Details
Abstract
This pocket companion offers rapid, portable access to the most important pathology facts and concepts from Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th Edition. It distills the key concepts and principles of pathology into a condensed, at-a-glance format, making it the perfect reference for quick review anytime!
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Access key concepts and principles of pathology in a condensed, at-a-glance format.
- Locate additional information with abundant page references to the parent text.
- Review for in-course exams and the USMLE Step 1 with content that highlights the most important material in the current edition Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease.
- Easily find information with help from a format that closely follows the Table of Contents from the current edition of the parent text.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | ES1 | ||
| POCKET COMPANION TO ROBBINS AND COTRAN PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE | i | ||
| POCKET COMPANION TO ROBBINS AND COTRAN PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| General Pathology | 1 | ||
| 1 - The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease | 3 | ||
| The Genome (p. 1) | 3 | ||
| Histone Organization (p. 3) | 5 | ||
| MicroRNA and Long Noncoding RNA (p. 4) | 5 | ||
| Cellular Housekeeping (p. 6) | 8 | ||
| Plasma Membrane: Protection and Nutrient Acquisition (p. 7) | 9 | ||
| Passive Membrane Diffusion (p. 9) | 9 | ||
| Carriers and Channels (p. 9) | 11 | ||
| Receptor-Mediated and Fluid-Phase Uptake (Fig. 1-6) (p. 9) | 11 | ||
| Cytoskeleton and Cell-Cell Interactions (p. 10) | 13 | ||
| Biosynthetic Machinery: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi (p. 12) | 15 | ||
| Waste Disposal: Lysosomes and Proteasomes (p. 13) | 16 | ||
| Cellular Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function (p. 14) | 19 | ||
| Energy Generation (p. 14) | 19 | ||
| Intermediate Metabolism (p. 14) | 21 | ||
| Cell Death (p. 15) | 21 | ||
| Cellular Activation (p. 15) | 21 | ||
| Cell Signaling (p. 15) | 21 | ||
| Signal Transduction Pathways (p. 16) | 22 | ||
| Modular Signaling Proteins: Hubs and Nodes (p. 18) | 25 | ||
| Transcription Factors (p. 18) | 25 | ||
| Growth Factors and Receptors (p. 18) | 25 | ||
| Interaction With the Extracellular Matrix (p. 20) | 28 | ||
| Maintaining Cell Populations (p. 25) | 32 | ||
| Stem Cells (p. 26) | 35 | ||
| 2 - Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury, and Death | 37 | ||
| Introduction (p. 31) | 37 | ||
| Overview (p. 32) | 37 | ||
| Causes of Cell Injury (p. 39) | 39 | ||
| Morphologic Alterations in Cell Injury (p. 40) | 40 | ||
| Reversible Injury (p. 40) | 40 | ||
| Necrosis (p. 41) | 40 | ||
| Mechanisms of Cell Injury (p. 44) | 41 | ||
| Depletion of Adenosine Triphosphate (p. 45) | 43 | ||
| Mitochondrial Damage (p. 46) | 43 | ||
| Influx of Intracellular Calcium and Loss of Calcium Homeostasis (p. 46) | 43 | ||
| Accumulation of Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals (Oxidative Stress) (p. 47) | 43 | ||
| Defects in Membrane Permeability (p. 49) | 44 | ||
| Damage to DNA and Proteins (p. 50) | 44 | ||
| Examples of Cell Injury and Necrosis (p. 50) | 45 | ||
| Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury (p. 50) | 45 | ||
| Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (p. 51) | 45 | ||
| Chemical (Toxic) Injury (p. 51) | 47 | ||
| Apoptosis (p. 52) | 47 | ||
| Causes of Apoptosis (p. 52) | 47 | ||
| Physiologic Causes (p. 52) | 47 | ||
| Pathologic Causes (p. 53) | 47 | ||
| Morphologic and Biochemical Changes in Apoptosis (p. 53) | 48 | ||
| Mechanisms of Apoptosis (p. 53) (Fig. 2-5) | 48 | ||
| Intrinsic (Mitochondrial) Pathway (p. 53) (Fig. 2-6) | 48 | ||
| Extrinsic (Death Receptor-Initiated) Pathway (p. 56) | 50 | ||
| Execution Phase (p. 56) | 51 | ||
| Apoptosis in Health and Disease (p. 57) | 51 | ||
| Growth Factor Deprivation (p. 57) | 51 | ||
| DNA Damage (p. 57) | 51 | ||
| Protein Misfolding (p. 57) | 51 | ||
| TNF Family Receptors (p. 58) | 51 | ||
| Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (p. 58) | 51 | ||
| Disorders Associated With Dysregulated Apoptosis (p. 58) | 53 | ||
| Necroptosis (p. 58) | 53 | ||
| Autophagy (p. 60) | 53 | ||
| Intracellular Accumulations (p. 61) | 56 | ||
| Lipids (p. 62) | 56 | ||
| Steatosis (Fatty Change) (p. 62) | 56 | ||
| Cholesterol and Cholesterol Esters (p. 62) | 56 | ||
| Proteins (p. 63) | 56 | ||
| Hyaline Change (p. 63) | 57 | ||
| Glycogen (p. 63) | 57 | ||
| Pigments (p. 63) | 57 | ||
| Pathologic Calcification (p. 65) | 58 | ||
| Dystrophic Calcification (p. 65) | 58 | ||
| Metastatic Calcification (p. 65) | 58 | ||
| Cellular Aging (p. 66) | 58 | ||
| 3 - Inflammation and Repair | 62 | ||
| Overview of Inflammation (p. 69) | 62 | ||
| Historical Highlights (p. 71) | 62 | ||
| Causes of Inflammation (p. 71) | 62 | ||
| Recognition of Microbes and Damaged Cells (p. 72) | 63 | ||
| Acute Inflammation (p. 73) | 63 | ||
| Reactions of Blood Vessels in Acute Inflammation (p. 73) | 65 | ||
| Changes in Vascular Flow and Caliber (p. 73) | 65 | ||
| Increased Vascular Permeability (Vascular Leakage, p.74) | 65 | ||
| Responses of Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Nodes (p. 74) | 66 | ||
| Leukocyte Recruitment to Sites of Inflammation (p. 75) | 67 | ||
| Leukocyte Adhesion to Endothelium (p. 75) | 67 | ||
| Leukocyte Migration Through Endothelium (p. 76) | 69 | ||
| Chemotaxis of Leukocytes (p. 77) | 69 | ||
| Phagocytosis and Clearance of the Offending Agents (p. 78) | 70 | ||
| Phagocytosis (p. 78) | 70 | ||
| Phagocytic Receptors (p. 78) | 70 | ||
| Engulfment (p. 78) | 70 | ||
| Intracellular Destruction of Microbes and Debris (p. 79) | 70 | ||
| Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs; p. 81) | 72 | ||
| Leukocyte-Mediated Tissue Injury (p. 81) | 72 | ||
| Other Functional Responses of Activated Leukocytes (p. 82) | 73 | ||
| Termination of the Acute Inflammatory Response (p. 82) | 73 | ||
| Mediators of Inflammation (p. 82) | 73 | ||
| Vasoactive Amines: Histamine and Serotonin (p. 83) | 74 | ||
| Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (p. 83) | 75 | ||
| Prostaglandins (p. 84) | 75 | ||
| Pharmacologic Inhibitors of Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes (p. 85) | 77 | ||
| Cytokines and Chemokines (p. 86 and see Chapter 6) | 77 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1 (p. 86) | 77 | ||
| Chemokines (p. 87) | 78 | ||
| Other Cytokines in Acute Inflammation (p. 88) | 80 | ||
| Complement System (p. 88; Fig. 3-7) | 80 | ||
| Other Mediators of Inflammation (p. 89) | 82 | ||
| Platelet-Activating Factor (p. 89) | 82 | ||
| Products of Coagulation (p. 89) | 82 | ||
| Kinins (p. 89) | 82 | ||
| Neuropeptides (p. 89) | 82 | ||
| Morphologic Patterns of Acute Inflammation (p. 90) | 82 | ||
| Serous Inflammation (p. 90) | 83 | ||
| Fibrinous Inflammation (p. 90) | 83 | ||
| Purulent (Suppurative) Inflammation and Abscess (p. 91) | 83 | ||
| Ulcers (p. 91) | 83 | ||
| Outcomes of Acute Inflammation (p. 92) | 83 | ||
| Summary of Acute Inflammation (p. 93) | 83 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation (p. 93) | 84 | ||
| Causes of Chronic Inflammation (p. 93) | 84 | ||
| Morphologic Features (p. 93) | 84 | ||
| Cells and Mediators in Chronic Inflammation (p. 94) | 84 | ||
| Role of Macrophages (p. 94) | 84 | ||
| Role of Lymphocytes (p. 96) | 86 | ||
| Other Cells in Chronic Inflammation (p. 96) | 86 | ||
| Granulomatous Inflammation (p. 97) | 86 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Inflammation (p. 99) | 88 | ||
| Tissue Repair (p. 100) | 89 | ||
| Overview of Tissue Repair (p. 100) | 89 | ||
| Cell and Tissue Regeneration (p. 101) | 89 | ||
| Cell Proliferation: Signals and Control Mechanisms (p. 101) | 89 | ||
| Mechanisms of Tissue Regeneration (p. 101) | 90 | ||
| Liver Regeneration (p. 102) | 90 | ||
| Repair by Connective Tissue Deposition (p. 102) | 91 | ||
| Steps in Scar Formation (p. 103; Fig. 3-11) | 91 | ||
| Angiogenesis (p. 104) | 92 | ||
| Signaling in Angiogenesis | 92 | ||
| Deposition of Connective Tissue (p. 105) | 92 | ||
| Remodeling of Connective Tissue (p. 105) | 93 | ||
| Factors That Influence Tissue Repair (p. 105) | 94 | ||
| Selected Clinical Examples of Tissue Repair and Fibrosis (p. 106) | 94 | ||
| Healing by First Intention (or Primary Union; p. 106) | 94 | ||
| Healing by Second Intention (or Secondary Union; p. 107) | 95 | ||
| Wound Strength (p. 108) | 95 | ||
| Fibrosis in Parenchymal Organs (p. 109) | 95 | ||
| Abnormalities in Tissue Repair (p. 109) | 95 | ||
| 4 - Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock | 96 | ||
| Edema and Effusions (p. 113) | 96 | ||
| Morphology (p. 115) | 97 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 115) | 98 | ||
| Hyperemia and Congestion (p. 115) | 98 | ||
| Morphology (p. 116) | 98 | ||
| Hemostasis, Hemorrhagic Disorders, and Thrombosis (p. 116) | 98 | ||
| Hemostasis (p. 116) | 99 | ||
| Platelets (p. 117) | 99 | ||
| Coagulation Cascade (p. 1118) | 101 | ||
| Factors That Limit Coagulation (p. 120) | 101 | ||
| Endothelium (p. 121) | 104 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Disorders (p. 121) | 105 | ||
| Thrombosis (p. 122) | 105 | ||
| Morphology (p. 125) | 107 | ||
| Fate of the Thrombus (p. 125) | 107 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 126) | 108 | ||
| Venous Thrombosis (Phlebothrombosis) | 108 | ||
| Arterial and Cardiac Thrombosis | 108 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (p. 127) | 108 | ||
| Embolism (p. 127) | 108 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism (p. 127) | 109 | ||
| Systemic Thromboembolism (p. 127) | 109 | ||
| Fat and Marrow Embolism (p. 128) | 109 | ||
| Air Embolism (p. 128) | 110 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid Embolism (p. 129) | 110 | ||
| Infarction (p. 129) | 110 | ||
| Morphology (p. 129) | 111 | ||
| Shock (p. 131) | 111 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Septic Shock (p. 131) | 112 | ||
| Stages of Shock (p. 133) | 114 | ||
| Morphology (p. 134) | 114 | ||
| Clinical Consequences (p. 134) | 114 | ||
| 5 - Genetic Disorders | 115 | ||
| Genes and Human Diseases (p. 137) | 115 | ||
| Mutations (p. 138) | 115 | ||
| Point Mutations in Coding Sequences | 115 | ||
| Mutations Within Noncoding Regions | 116 | ||
| Frameshift Mutations | 116 | ||
| Trinucleotide Repeat Mutations | 116 | ||
| Mendelian Disorders (p. 140) | 116 | ||
| Transmission Patterns of Single-Gene Disorders (p. 140) | 116 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Disorders (p. 140) (Table 5-1) | 116 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Disorders (p. 141) (Table 5-2) | 117 | ||
| X-Linked Disorders (p. 142) (Table 5-3) | 117 | ||
| Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Single-Gene (Mendelian) Disorders (p. 142) | 118 | ||
| Enzyme Defects and Their Consequences (p. 142) | 121 | ||
| Defects in Receptors and Transport Systems (p. 143) | 121 | ||
| Alterations in Structure, Function, or Quantity of Nonenzyme Proteins (p. 144) | 121 | ||
| Genetically Determined Adverse Reactions to Drugs (p. 144) | 121 | ||
| Disorders Associated With Defects in Structural Proteins (p. 144) | 121 | ||
| Marfan Syndrome (p. 144) | 121 | ||
| Morphology (p. 145) | 121 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 145) | 122 | ||
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (p. 145) | 122 | ||
| Disorders Associated With Defects in Receptor Proteins (p. 147) | 123 | ||
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia (p. 147) | 123 | ||
| Normal Cholesterol Transport and Metabolism (Fig. 5-1) | 123 | ||
| Disorders Associated With Defects in Enzymes (p. 149) | 124 | ||
| Lysosomal Storage Diseases (p. 149) | 124 | ||
| Tay-Sachs Disease (p. 151) | 125 | ||
| Morphology (p. 151) | 125 | ||
| Niemann-Pick Disease, Types A and B (p. 152) | 125 | ||
| Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C (p. 153) | 125 | ||
| Gaucher Disease (p. 153) | 127 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses (p. 154) | 127 | ||
| Glycogen Storage Diseases (Glycogenoses) (p. 155) | 128 | ||
| Disorders Associated With Defects in Proteins That Regulate Cell Growth (p. 157) | 128 | ||
| Complex Multigenic Disorders (p. 158) | 128 | ||
| Chromosomal Disorders (p. 158) | 129 | ||
| Numerical Disorders | 130 | ||
| Structural Abnormalities of Chromosomes (p. 159) (Fig. 5-3) | 130 | ||
| Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Autosomes (p. 161) | 131 | ||
| Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) (p. 161) | 131 | ||
| Other Trisomies (p. 163) | 132 | ||
| Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (p. 163) | 132 | ||
| Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes (p. 164) | 133 | ||
| Klinefelter Syndrome (p. 165) | 134 | ||
| Turner Syndrome (p. 166) | 135 | ||
| Hermaphroditism and Pseudohermaphroditism (p. 167) | 135 | ||
| Single-Gene Disorders With Nonclassic Inheritance (p. 168) | 136 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Trinucleotide Repeat Mutations (p. 168) (Table 5-7) | 136 | ||
| Fragile X Syndrome and Fragile X Tremor/Ataxia (p. 169) | 136 | ||
| Fragile X Tremor/Ataxia (p. 171) | 139 | ||
| Mutations in Mitochondrial Genes—Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (p. 171) | 139 | ||
| Genomic Imprinting (p. 172) | 140 | ||
| Prader-Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome (p. 172) | 140 | ||
| Gonadal Mosaicism (p. 174) | 140 | ||
| Molecular Genetic Diagnosis (p. 174) | 140 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods and Indications for Testing (p. 174) | 141 | ||
| Indications for Analysis of Inherited Genetic Alterations (p. 174) | 141 | ||
| Indications for Analysis of Acquired Genetic Alterations (p. 175) | 141 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction and Detection of DNA Sequence Alterations (p. 175) | 141 | ||
| Molecular Analysis of Genomic Alterations (p. 176) | 142 | ||
| Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (p. 177) | 142 | ||
| Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (p. 177) | 142 | ||
| Southern Blotting (p. 177) | 142 | ||
| Cytogenomic Array Technology (p. 177) | 143 | ||
| Polymorphic Markers and Molecular Diagnosis (p. 178) | 143 | ||
| Polymorphisms and Genome-Wide Analyses (p. 179) | 143 | ||
| Epigenetic Alterations (p. 180) | 143 | ||
| RNA Analysis (p. 180) | 144 | ||
| Next-Generation Sequencing (p. 180) | 144 | ||
| Bioinformatics | 144 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Next-Generation Sequencing DNA Sequencing | 144 | ||
| 6 - Diseases of the Immune System | 145 | ||
| Hypersensitivity: Immunologically Mediated Tissue Injury (p. 200) | 146 | ||
| Classification of Hypersensitivity Diseases (p. 200) | 146 | ||
| Immediate (Type I) Hypersensitivity (p. 201) | 146 | ||
| Sensitization and Activation of Mast Cells (p. 202) | 147 | ||
| Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity (p. 203) | 148 | ||
| Systemic Anaphylaxis (p. 204) | 149 | ||
| Local Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions (p. 205) | 149 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated (Type II) Hypersensitivity (p. 205) | 149 | ||
| Immune Complex-Mediated (Type III) Hypersensitivity (p. 207) | 150 | ||
| Morphology (p. 208) | 152 | ||
| Local Immune Complex Disease (Arthus Reaction) (p. 208) | 153 | ||
| T Cell–Mediated (Type IV) Hypersensitivity (p. 208) | 153 | ||
| CD4+ T Cell–Mediated Inflammation (p. 208) | 153 | ||
| Activation of CD4+ T Cells | 153 | ||
| Responses of Differentiated Effector T Cells | 153 | ||
| Clinical Examples of CD4+ T Cell–Mediated Inflammatory Reactions | 153 | ||
| Reactions of CD8+ T Cells: Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (p. 211) | 156 | ||
| Autoimmune Diseases (p. 211) | 156 | ||
| Immunologic Tolerance (p. 212) | 157 | ||
| Central Tolerance (p. 212) | 157 | ||
| Peripheral Tolerance (p. 213) | 157 | ||
| Mechanisms of Autoimmunity: General Principles (p. 214) | 158 | ||
| Role of Susceptibility Genes (p. 215) | 158 | ||
| Role of Infections | 159 | ||
| General Features of Autoimmune Disease (p. 217) | 159 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (p. 218) | 159 | ||
| Spectrum of Autoantibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (p. 218) | 159 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (p. 219) | 161 | ||
| A Model for the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (p. 221) | 161 | ||
| Mechanisms of Tissue Injury (p. 221) | 161 | ||
| Morphology (p. 222). Although any organ can be involved, the most characteristic tissues affected are skin, blood vessels, kidne... | 161 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 225). The clinical manifestations of SLE are protean. It can present insidiously as a systemic, chronic, r... | 162 | ||
| Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (p. 225) | 162 | ||
| Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus (p. 226) | 163 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (see Chapter 26) | 163 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome (p. 226) | 163 | ||
| Morphology (p. 227) | 163 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 227) | 163 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) (p. 228) | 164 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis (p. 228) | 164 | ||
| Inflammatory Myopathies (see Chapter 27) | 165 | ||
| Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (p. 231) | 165 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa and Other Vasculitides (see Chapter 11) | 165 | ||
| IgG4-Related Disease (p. 231) | 165 | ||
| Rejection of Transplant Tissues (p. 231) | 166 | ||
| Mechanisms of Recognition and Rejection of Allografts (p. 231) | 166 | ||
| Hyperacute Rejection (p. 233) | 167 | ||
| Acute Rejection (p. 233) | 168 | ||
| Chronic Rejection (p. 234) | 168 | ||
| Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (p. 236) | 168 | ||
| Graft-Versus-Host Disease | 168 | ||
| Immunodeficiency | 169 | ||
| Immunodeficiency Syndromes (p. 237) | 169 | ||
| Defects in Innate Immunity (p. 237) (Table 6-7) | 169 | ||
| Defects in Leukocyte Function (p. 237) | 169 | ||
| Defects Affecting the Complement System (p. 238) | 169 | ||
| Defects in Lymphocyte Maturation (p. 238) (Fig. 6-5) | 170 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (p. 239) | 170 | ||
| X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton Agammaglobulinemia) (p. 240) | 172 | ||
| DiGeorge Syndrome (Thymic Hypoplasia) (p. 241) | 173 | ||
| Defects in Lymphocyte Activation and Function (p. 241) | 173 | ||
| Hyper-IgM Syndrome (p. 241) | 173 | ||
| Common Variable Immunodeficiency (p. 241) | 173 | ||
| Isolated Immunoglobulin A Deficiency (p. 242) | 174 | ||
| X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (p. 242) | 174 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies Associated With Systemic Diseases (p. 242) | 174 | ||
| Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (p. 242) | 174 | ||
| Ataxia Telangiectasia (p. 242) | 174 | ||
| Secondary Immunodeficiencies (p. 243) | 175 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (p. 243) | 175 | ||
| Epidemiology (p. 236) | 175 | ||
| Etiology: The Properties of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (p. 245) | 176 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (p. 245) | 176 | ||
| Life Cycle of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (p. 246) | 176 | ||
| Mechanisms of T-Cell Depletion in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (p. 248) | 177 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Non-T Cells (p. 249) | 177 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Central Nervous System Involvement (p. 250) | 178 | ||
| Natural History of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (p. 250) | 178 | ||
| Clinical Features of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (p. 252) | 179 | ||
| Opportunistic Infections (p. 252) | 179 | ||
| Tumors (p. 253) | 180 | ||
| Central Nervous System Disease (p. 255) | 180 | ||
| Amyloidosis (p. 256) | 181 | ||
| Properties of Amyloid Proteins (p. 257) | 181 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Classification of Amyloidosis (p. 258) | 183 | ||
| Morphology (p. 260) | 183 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 262) | 184 | ||
| 7 - Neoplasia | 185 | ||
| Nomenclature (p. 266) | 185 | ||
| Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms (p. 267) | 187 | ||
| Differentiation and Anaplasia (p. 268) | 187 | ||
| Metaplasia and Dysplasia (p. 270) | 188 | ||
| Local Invasion (p. 271) | 190 | ||
| Metastasis (p. 272) | 190 | ||
| Pathways of Spread (p. 273) | 190 | ||
| Epidemiology (p. 275) | 190 | ||
| The Global Impact of Cancer (p. 275) | 190 | ||
| Environmental Factors (p. 276) | 192 | ||
| Age (p. 278) | 192 | ||
| Acquired Predisposing Conditions (p.278) | 192 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation (p. 279) | 192 | ||
| Precursor Lesions (p. 279) | 192 | ||
| Immunodeficiency States (p. 279) | 193 | ||
| Genetic Predisposition and Interactions Between Environmental and Inherited Factors (p. 279) | 194 | ||
| Molecular Basis of Cancer: Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations (p. 280) | 194 | ||
| Cellular and Molecular Hallmarks of Cancer (p. 282) | 196 | ||
| Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals: Oncogenes (p. 283) | 196 | ||
| Proto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, and Oncoproteins (p. 284) | 197 | ||
| Growth Factors (p. 285) | 198 | ||
| Growth Factor Receptors (p. 285) | 198 | ||
| Downstream Components of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathway (p. 286) | 199 | ||
| RAS Mutations (p. 286) | 200 | ||
| Oncogenic B-RAF and PI3K Mutations (p. 286) | 200 | ||
| Alterations in Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases (p. 287) | 200 | ||
| Transcription Factors (p. 288) | 200 | ||
| MYC Oncogene (p.288). The MYC oncogene is most commonly involved in human tumors; the proto-oncogene is rapidly induced when qui... | 200 | ||
| Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (p. 288) | 200 | ||
| Insensitivity to Growth Inhibition: Tumor Suppressor Genes (p. 290) | 201 | ||
| Rb: Governor of Proliferation (p. 292) | 202 | ||
| TP53: Guardian of the Genome (p. 293) | 202 | ||
| Adenomatous Polyposis Coli: Gatekeeper of Colonic Neoplasia (p. 296) | 202 | ||
| CDKN2A (p. 297) | 203 | ||
| TGF-β Pathway (p. 298) | 203 | ||
| PTEN (p. 298) | 203 | ||
| NF1 (p. 298) | 203 | ||
| NF2 (p. 298) | 203 | ||
| WT1 (p. 298) | 204 | ||
| PATCHED (p. 298) | 204 | ||
| von Hippel-Lindau (p. 299) | 204 | ||
| Serine-Threonine Kinase 11 (p. 299) | 204 | ||
| Growth-Promoting Metabolic Alterations: The Warburg Effect (p. 300) | 204 | ||
| Autophagy (p.301) | 206 | ||
| Evasion of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) (p. 301) | 206 | ||
| Limitless Replicative Potential: The Stem Cell-Like Properties of Cancer Cells (p. 303) | 206 | ||
| Angiogenesis (p. 305) | 208 | ||
| Invasion and Metastasis (p. 306) | 208 | ||
| Invasion of Extracellular Matrix (p. 306) | 208 | ||
| Vascular Dissemination and Homing of Tumor Cells (p. 308) | 210 | ||
| Molecular Genetics of Metastasis Development (p. 309) | 210 | ||
| Role of Stromal Elements in Metastasis (p. 309) | 210 | ||
| Evasion of Host Defense (p. 310) | 210 | ||
| Tumor Antigens (p. 310) | 211 | ||
| Antitumor Effector Mechanisms (p. 312) | 211 | ||
| Immune Surveillance and Escape (p. 312) | 211 | ||
| Genomic Instability (p. 314) | 212 | ||
| Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome (p. 314) | 212 | ||
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum (p. 314) | 212 | ||
| Diseases With Defects in DNA Repair by Homologous Recombination (p. 314) | 212 | ||
| Cancers Resulting From Mutations Induced by Regulated Genomic Instability: Lymphoid Neoplasms (p. 315) | 213 | ||
| Cancer-Enabling Inflammation (p. 315) | 213 | ||
| Dysregulation of Cancer-Associated Genes (p. 316) | 213 | ||
| Chromosomal Changes (p. 316) | 213 | ||
| Deletions (p. 317) | 214 | ||
| Gene Amplification (p. 318) | 214 | ||
| Chromothrypsis (p. 318) | 214 | ||
| Epigenetic Changes (p. 319) | 214 | ||
| Noncoding RNAs and Cancer (p. 320) | 214 | ||
| Molecular Basis of Multistep Carcinogenesis (p. 320) | 214 | ||
| Carcinogenic Agents and Their Cellular Interactions (p. 321) | 216 | ||
| Steps Involved in Chemical Carcinogenesis (p. 322) | 216 | ||
| Molecular Targets of Chemical Carcinogens (p. 323) | 216 | ||
| Promotion of Chemical Carcinogenesis (p. 324) | 217 | ||
| Radiation Carcinogenesis (p. 324) | 217 | ||
| Ultraviolet Rays (p. 324) | 217 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation (p. 325) | 217 | ||
| Microbial Carcinogenesis (p. 325) | 217 | ||
| Oncogenic RNA Viruses (p. 325) | 217 | ||
| Oncogenic DNA Viruses (p. 326) | 218 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus (p. 326) | 218 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus (p. 327) | 218 | ||
| Hepatitis B and C Viruses (p. 328) | 219 | ||
| Helicobacter Pylori (p. 329) | 219 | ||
| Clinical Aspects of Neoplasia (p. 329) | 219 | ||
| Local and Hormonal Effects (p. 330) | 219 | ||
| Cancer Cachexia (p. 330) | 220 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Syndromes (p. 330) | 220 | ||
| Grading and Staging of Tumors (p. 332) | 220 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis of Cancer (p. 332) | 222 | ||
| Histologic and Cytologic Methods (p. 332) | 222 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry (p. 334) | 222 | ||
| Flow Cytometry (p. 334) | 222 | ||
| Circulating Tumor Cells (p. 334) | 222 | ||
| Molecular and Cytogenetic Diagnostics (p. 334) | 222 | ||
| Molecular Profiles of Tumors: The Future of Cancer Diagnostics (p. 335) | 223 | ||
| Tumor Markers (p. 337) | 223 | ||
| 8 - Infectious Diseases | 225 | ||
| General Principles of Microbial Pathogenesis (p. 341) | 225 | ||
| How Microorganisms Cause Disease (p. 342) | 225 | ||
| Routes of Entry of Microbes (p. 342) | 225 | ||
| Spread and Dissemination of Microbes Within the Body (p. 344) | 226 | ||
| Release From the Body and Transmission of Microbes (p. 345) | 226 | ||
| Host-Pathogen Interactions (p. 345) | 226 | ||
| Host Defenses Against Infection (p. 345) | 226 | ||
| Immune Evasion by Microbes (p. 345) | 227 | ||
| Injurious Effects of Host Immunity (p. 347) | 228 | ||
| Infections in People With Immunodeficiencies (p. 347) | 228 | ||
| Host Damage (p. 348) | 229 | ||
| Mechanisms of Viral Injury (p. 348) (Fig. 8-2) | 229 | ||
| Mechanisms of Bacterial Injury (p. 349) | 229 | ||
| Bacterial Virulence (p. 349) | 229 | ||
| Bacterial Adherence to Host Cells (p. 349) | 230 | ||
| Virulence of Intracellular Bacteria (p. 350) | 230 | ||
| Bacterial Toxins (p. 350) | 231 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Infections (p. 351, and see Chapters 21 and 22) (Table 8-2) | 231 | ||
| Spectrum of Inflammatory Responses to Infection (p. 351) | 231 | ||
| Suppurative (Purulent) Inflammation (p. 352) | 231 | ||
| Mononuclear and Granulomatous Inflammation (p. 352) | 232 | ||
| Cytopathic-Cytoproliferative Reaction (p. 353) | 233 | ||
| Tissue Necrosis (p. 353) | 233 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation and Scarring (p. 353) | 233 | ||
| Special Techniques for Diagnosing Infectious Agents (p. 353) | 233 | ||
| Viral Infections (p. 354; Table 8-4) | 234 | ||
| Acute (Transient) Infections (p. 354) | 235 | ||
| Measles (p. 355) | 235 | ||
| Mumps (p. 355) | 235 | ||
| Poliovirus Infection (p. 356) | 235 | ||
| West Nile Virus (p. 356) | 236 | ||
| Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (p. 357) | 236 | ||
| Latent Infections (Herpesvirus Infections) (p. 357) | 236 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Viruses (p. 357) | 236 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus (p. 358) | 237 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus (p. 359) | 237 | ||
| Chronic Productive Infections (p. 360) | 237 | ||
| Transforming Viral Infections (p. 360) | 238 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus (p. 360) | 238 | ||
| Bacterial Infections (p. 362; Table 8-5) | 238 | ||
| Staphylococcal Infections (p. 362) | 238 | ||
| Streptococcal and Enterococcal Infections (p. 364) | 239 | ||
| Diphtheria (p. 365) | 240 | ||
| Listeriosis (p. 366) | 240 | ||
| Anthrax (p. 366) | 241 | ||
| Nocardia (p. 367) | 241 | ||
| Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections (p. 367) | 241 | ||
| Neisserial Infections (p. 368) | 241 | ||
| Pertussis (p. 368) | 242 | ||
| Pseudomonas Infection (p. 369) | 242 | ||
| Plague (p. 370) | 242 | ||
| Chancroid (Soft Chancre) (p. 370) | 243 | ||
| Granuloma Inguinale (p. 370) | 243 | ||
| Mycobacteria (p. 371) | 243 | ||
| Tuberculosis (p. 371) | 243 | ||
| Mycobacterium Avium Complex (p. 376) | 246 | ||
| Leprosy (p. 377) | 246 | ||
| Spirochetes (p. 378) | 247 | ||
| Syphilis (p. 378) | 247 | ||
| Lyme Disease (p. 381) | 248 | ||
| Anaerobic Bacteria (p. 382) | 248 | ||
| Abscesses Caused by Anaerobes (p. 382) | 248 | ||
| Clostridial Infections (p. 382) | 249 | ||
| Obligate Intracellular Bacteria (p. 383) | 249 | ||
| Chlamydial Infections (p. 383) | 249 | ||
| Rickettsial Infections (p. 384) | 250 | ||
| Fungal Infections (p. 385) | 250 | ||
| Yeast (p. 386) | 251 | ||
| Candidiasis (p. 386) | 251 | ||
| Cryptococcosis (p. 387) | 251 | ||
| Molds (p. 388) | 252 | ||
| Aspergillosis (p. 388) | 252 | ||
| Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) (p. 389) | 252 | ||
| Dimorphic Fungi (p. 390) | 253 | ||
| Parasitic Infections (p. 390; Table 8-6) | 253 | ||
| Protozoa (p. 390) | 253 | ||
| Malaria (p. 390) | 253 | ||
| Babesiosis (p. 392) | 255 | ||
| Leishmaniasis (p. 392) | 255 | ||
| African Trypanosomiasis (p. 394) | 256 | ||
| Chagas Disease (p. 394) | 256 | ||
| Metazoa (p. 395) | 257 | ||
| Strongyloidiasis (p. 395) | 257 | ||
| Tapeworms (Cestodes): Cysticercosis and Hydatid Disease (p. 395) | 257 | ||
| Trichinosis (p. 396) | 257 | ||
| Schistosomiasis (p. 397) | 258 | ||
| Lymphatic Filariasis (p. 398) | 258 | ||
| Onchocerciasis (p. 399) | 259 | ||
| Emerging Infectious Diseases (p. 400) | 259 | ||
| Agents of Bioterrorism (p. 401) | 260 | ||
| 9 - Environmental and | 261 | ||
| Environmental Effects on Global Disease Burden (p. 404) | 261 | ||
| Health Effects of Climate Change (p. 405) | 262 | ||
| Toxicity of Chemical and Physical Agents (p. 406) | 262 | ||
| Environmental Pollution (p. 407) | 263 | ||
| Air Pollution (p. 407) | 263 | ||
| Outdoor Air Pollution (p. 407) | 263 | ||
| Indoor Air Pollution (p. 409) | 264 | ||
| Metals as Environmental Pollutants (p. 410) | 264 | ||
| Lead (p. 410) | 264 | ||
| Mercury (p. 412) | 264 | ||
| Arsenic (p. 412) | 265 | ||
| Cadmium (p. 413) | 265 | ||
| Occupational Health Risks: Industrial and Agricultural Exposures (p. 413) | 265 | ||
| Effects of Tobacco (p. 414) | 266 | ||
| Smoking and Lung Cancer (p. 415) | 267 | ||
| Smoking and Other Diseases (p. 416) | 267 | ||
| Effects of Alcohol (p. 417) | 267 | ||
| Injury by Therapeutic Drugs and Drugs of Abuse (p. 419) | 270 | ||
| Injury by Therapeutic Drugs (Adverse Drug Reactions) (p. 419) | 270 | ||
| Anticoagulants (p. 420) | 270 | ||
| Menopausal Hormone Therapy (p. 421) | 270 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives (p. 421) | 270 | ||
| Anabolic Steroids (p. 422) | 271 | ||
| Acetaminophen (p. 422) | 272 | ||
| Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) (p. 422) | 272 | ||
| Injury by Nontherapeutic Agents (Drug Abuse) (p. 423) | 272 | ||
| Cocaine (p. 423) | 272 | ||
| Opiates (p. 424) | 273 | ||
| Amphetamines and Related Drugs (p. 424) | 274 | ||
| Marijuana (p. 425) | 274 | ||
| Other Drugs (p. 425) | 274 | ||
| Injury by Physical Agents (p. 426) | 274 | ||
| Mechanical Trauma (p. 426) | 274 | ||
| Thermal Injury (p. 426) | 274 | ||
| Thermal Burns (p. 426) | 274 | ||
| Hyperthermia (p. 427) | 275 | ||
| Hypothermia (p. 427) | 275 | ||
| Electrical Injury (p. 427) | 276 | ||
| Injury Produced by Ionizing Radiation (p. 428) | 276 | ||
| Radiation Units (p. 428) | 276 | ||
| Main Determinants of the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation (p. 428) | 276 | ||
| Total Body Irradiation (p. 430) | 277 | ||
| Acute Effects on Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems (p. 430) | 277 | ||
| Fibrosis (p. 430) | 277 | ||
| DNA Damage and Carcinogenesis (p. 430) | 277 | ||
| Cancer Risks From Exposures to Radiation (p. 431) | 279 | ||
| Nutritional Diseases (p. 432) | 279 | ||
| Dietary Insufficiency (p. 432) | 279 | ||
| Protein-Energy Malnutrition (p. 433) | 279 | ||
| Marasmus and Kwashiorkor (p. 433) | 279 | ||
| Protein-Energy Malnutrition in the Developed World (p. 434) | 280 | ||
| Cachexia (p. 435) | 280 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia (p. 435) | 280 | ||
| Vitamin Deficiencies (p. 435) | 281 | ||
| Vitamin A (p. 436) | 282 | ||
| Function (p. 436) | 282 | ||
| Vitamin A Deficiency (p. 437) | 283 | ||
| Vitamin A Toxicity (p. 438) | 283 | ||
| Vitamin D (p. 438) | 283 | ||
| Metabolism of Vitamin D (p. 438) | 283 | ||
| Function (p. 438) | 283 | ||
| Effects of Vitamin D on Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis (p. 439) | 285 | ||
| Deficiency States (p. 440) | 285 | ||
| Nonskeletal Effects of Vitamin D (p. 441) | 285 | ||
| Vitamin D Toxicity (p. 442) | 285 | ||
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) (p. 442) | 285 | ||
| Function (p. 443) | 286 | ||
| Deficiency States (p. 443) | 286 | ||
| Vitamin C Excess (p. 443) | 286 | ||
| Obesity (p. 444) | 286 | ||
| Leptin (p. 444) | 286 | ||
| Adiponectin (p. 446) | 288 | ||
| Gut Hormones (p. 446) | 288 | ||
| Actions of Adipocytes (p. 446) | 288 | ||
| Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers (p. 447) | 288 | ||
| Other Emerging Factors Associated With Obesity: Role of the Gut Microbiome (p. 447) | 288 | ||
| General Consequences of Obesity (p. 447) | 288 | ||
| Obesity and Cancer (p. 448) | 289 | ||
| Diet, Cancer, and Atherosclerosis (p. 448) | 289 | ||
| Diet and Cancer (p. 448) | 289 | ||
| Diet and Atherosclerosis (p. 449) | 289 | ||
| 10 - Diseases of Infancy and Childhood | 290 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies (p. 452) | 290 | ||
| DEFINITIONS (p. 452) | 290 | ||
| Causes of Anomalies (p. 454) | 291 | ||
| Genetic Causes (p. 454) | 291 | ||
| Environmental Influences (p. 454) | 291 | ||
| Multifactorial Inheritance (p. 455) | 293 | ||
| Pathogenesis (p. 455) | 293 | ||
| Prematurity and Fetal Growth Restriction (p. 456) | 295 | ||
| Fetal Growth Restriction (p. 456) | 295 | ||
| Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (p. 457) | 296 | ||
| Pathogenesis (p. 457) (Fig. 10-3) | 296 | ||
| Morphology (p. 458) | 297 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 458) | 297 | ||
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis (p. 459) | 298 | ||
| Perinatal Infections (p. 459) | 298 | ||
| Transcervical (Ascending) Infections (p. 459) | 298 | ||
| Transplacental (Hematologic) Infections (p. 460) | 298 | ||
| Sepsis (p. 460) | 299 | ||
| Fetal Hydrops (p. 461) | 299 | ||
| Immune Hydrops (p. 461) | 300 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis (p. 461; Fig. 10-4) | 300 | ||
| Nonimmune Hydrops (p. 462) | 301 | ||
| Morphology (p. 462) | 301 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Other Genetic Disorders (p. 464) | 301 | ||
| Phenylketonuria (p. 464) | 301 | ||
| Galactosemia (p. 465) | 302 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) (p. 466) | 302 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis Gene: Normal Structure and Function (p. 466) | 304 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis Gene: Mutational Spectra and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation (p. 467) | 304 | ||
| Genetic and Environmental Modifiers (p. 469) | 304 | ||
| Morphology (p. 469) | 306 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 470) | 306 | ||
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (p. 471) | 306 | ||
| Morphology (p. 472) | 307 | ||
| Pathogenesis (p. 472) | 307 | ||
| Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions of Infancy and Childhood (p. 473) | 308 | ||
| Benign Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions (p. 473) | 308 | ||
| Malignant Tumors (p. 475) | 309 | ||
| Incidence and Types (p. 475) | 309 | ||
| Neuroblastic Tumors (p. 475) | 310 | ||
| Morphology (p. 476) | 310 | ||
| Clinical Course and Prognostic Features (p. 477) | 310 | ||
| Wilms Tumor (p. 479) | 310 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Genetics (p. 479) | 310 | ||
| Morphology (p. 480) | 311 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 481) | 311 | ||
| Systemic Pathology: Diseases of Organ Systems | 313 | ||
| 11 - Blood Vessels | 315 | ||
| Vascular Structure and Function (p. 483) | 315 | ||
| Vascular Anomalies (p. 485) | 315 | ||
| Vascular Wall Response to Injury (p. 485) | 316 | ||
| Endothelial Cells (p. 485) | 316 | ||
| Endothelial Dysfunction (p. 486) | 316 | ||
| Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (p. 486) | 317 | ||
| Intimal Thickening: A Stereotyped Response to Vascular Injury (p. 486) | 317 | ||
| Hypertensive Vascular Disease (p. 487) | 317 | ||
| Blood Pressure Regulation (p. 488) | 317 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Hypertension (p. 490) | 319 | ||
| Mechanisms of Essential Hypertension (p. 490) | 319 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Secondary Hypertension (p. 490) | 320 | ||
| Vascular Pathology in Hypertension (p. 490) | 320 | ||
| Arteriosclerosis (p. 491) | 320 | ||
| Atherosclerosis (p. 491) | 320 | ||
| Epidemiology (p. 491) | 321 | ||
| Constitutional Risk Factors (p. 492) | 321 | ||
| Modifiable Major Risk Factors (p. 492) | 321 | ||
| Additional Risk Factors (p. 493) | 321 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis (p. 494) | 322 | ||
| Endothelial Injury (p. 494) | 322 | ||
| Hemodynamic Disturbances (p. 495) | 322 | ||
| Lipids (p. 495) | 322 | ||
| Inflammation (p. 496) | 322 | ||
| Infection (p. 496) | 323 | ||
| Smooth Muscle Proliferation and Matrix Synthesis (p. 496) | 323 | ||
| Morphology (p. 496) | 324 | ||
| Consequences of Atherosclerotic Disease (p. 499) | 324 | ||
| Atherosclerotic Stenosis (p. 500) | 324 | ||
| Acute Plaque Change (p. 500) | 324 | ||
| Thrombosis (p. 501) | 326 | ||
| Vasoconstriction (p. 501) | 326 | ||
| Vessel Wall Weakening | 326 | ||
| Aneurysms and Dissection (p. 501) | 326 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Aneurysms (p. 501) | 327 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (p. 502) | 327 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (p. 503) | 328 | ||
| Aortic Dissection (p. 504) | 328 | ||
| Pathogenesis (p. 504) | 328 | ||
| Morphology (p. 504) | 328 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 505) | 329 | ||
| Vasculitis (p. 505) | 329 | ||
| Noninfectious Vasculitis (p. 506) | 329 | ||
| Immune Complex–Associated Vasculitis (p. 506) | 329 | ||
| Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (p. 507) | 329 | ||
| Antiendothelial Cell Antibodies (p. 507) | 331 | ||
| Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis (p. 507) | 331 | ||
| Morphology (p. 508) | 331 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 508) | 331 | ||
| Takayasu Arteritis (p. 508) | 331 | ||
| Morphology (p. 509) | 331 | ||
| Clinical Features (p. 509) | 331 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa (p. 509) | 332 | ||
| Morphology (p. 509) | 332 | ||
| Index | 825 | ||
| A | 825 | ||
| B | 830 | ||
| C | 832 | ||
| D | 839 | ||
| E | 840 | ||
| F | 843 | ||
| G | 844 | ||
| H | 846 | ||
| I | 850 | ||
| J | 852 | ||
| K | 853 | ||
| L | 853 | ||
| M | 855 | ||
| N | 859 | ||
| O | 861 | ||
| P | 862 | ||
| Q | 867 | ||
| R | 867 | ||
| S | 869 | ||
| T | 873 | ||
| U | 875 | ||
| V | 876 | ||
| W | 877 | ||
| X | 878 | ||
| Y | 878 | ||
| Z | 878 |