BOOK
Emergency and Critical Care, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, E-Book
Margaret Fordham | Brian K. Roberts
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice focuses on Emergency and Critical Care. Articles include:. Basic Shock Physiology and Critical Care;Common Emergencies in Pet Birds; Emergency and Critical Care in Pet Birds; Common Emergencies of Small Mammals; Critical Care, Analgesia and Anesthesia of Small Mammals; Toxicologic Emergencies in Exotics; Common Wildlife Emergencies; Arachnid and Insect Emergency Care, Rabbit Physiology and Treatment for Shock? and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Emergency and Critical Care\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Foreword\r | v | ||
| Preface: Exotic Pet and Wildlife Emergency Medicine for the Small Animal Practitioner\r | v | ||
| Preparing the Small Animal Hospital for Avian and Exotic Animal Emergencies\r | v | ||
| Basic Shock Physiology and Critical Care\r | v | ||
| How to Improve Anesthesia and Analgesia in Small Mammals\r | v | ||
| Assessment and Care of the Critically Ill Rabbit\r | v | ||
| Common Emergencies in Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Chinchillas\r | vi | ||
| Medical and Surgical Emergencies in Ferrets\r | vi | ||
| Common Emergencies in Small Rodents, Hedgehogs, and Sugar Gliders\r | vi | ||
| Critical Care of Pet Birds\r | vi | ||
| Common Emergencies in Pet Birds\r | vii | ||
| Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl\r | vii | ||
| Approach to Reptile Emergency Medicine\r | vii | ||
| Reptile Critical Care and Common Emergencies\r | vii | ||
| Wildlife Emergency and Critical Care\r | viii | ||
| Tarantula and Hermit Crab Emergency Care\r | viii | ||
| VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: EXOTIC\rANIMAL PRACTICE\r | ix | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | ix | ||
| September 2016 | ix | ||
| January 2017 | ix | ||
| May 2017 | ix | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | ix | ||
| January 2016 | ix | ||
| September 2015 | ix | ||
| May 2015 | ix | ||
| Foreword | xi | ||
| Preface: Exotic Pet and Wildlife Emergency Medicine for the Small Animal Practitioner\r | xiii | ||
| Preparing the Small Animal Hospital for Avian and Exotic Animal Emergencies | 325 | ||
| Key points | 325 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 325 | ||
| MAKING THE DECISION TO SEE EXOTICS IN THE SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE | 326 | ||
| POLICIES AND PROCEDURES | 326 | ||
| PROFESSIONAL STAFF INTEREST AND TRAINING | 326 | ||
| BENEFITS OF ACHIEVING BASIC GOALS FOR HOSPITAL STAFF | 327 | ||
| INITIAL WELCOME FOR THE EXOTIC ANIMAL | 327 | ||
| THE IMPORTANCE OF A THOROUGH HISTORY | 328 | ||
| PREPARING THE HOSPITAL SPACE FOR EXOTIC ANIMAL PATIENTS | 329 | ||
| DIETS | 330 | ||
| THE EMERGENCY EXOTIC ANIMAL PATIENT ARRIVES | 330 | ||
| THE AVIAN EMERGENCY PATIENT | 337 | ||
| THE HERBIVORE EMERGENCY PATIENT (RABBITS, GUINEA PIGS, AND CHINCHILLAS) | 338 | ||
| THE FERRET EMERGENCY PATIENT | 339 | ||
| THE REPTILE EMERGENCY PATIENT | 343 | ||
| WILDLIFE EMERGENCIES | 343 | ||
| SUMMARY | 345 | ||
| REFERENCES | 345 | ||
| Basic Shock Physiology and Critical Care | 347 | ||
| Key points | 347 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 347 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF PERFUSION | 349 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SHOCK | 350 | ||
| SHOCK STAGES | 351 | ||
| Compensatory Shock | 351 | ||
| Decompensatory Shock | 351 | ||
| SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME | 351 | ||
| SPECIES DIFFERENCES OF SHOCK AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME | 353 | ||
| Mammals | 353 | ||
| Reptiles | 355 | ||
| Birds | 355 | ||
| SUMMARY | 356 | ||
| REFERENCES | 356 | ||
| How to Improve Anesthesia and Analgesia in Small Mammals | 361 | ||
| Key points | 361 | ||
| PREANESTHETIC EVALUATION | 361 | ||
| FASTING | 362 | ||
| STABILIZATION | 362 | ||
| MONITORING | 362 | ||
| Mucous Membrane | 363 | ||
| Capillary Refill Time | 363 | ||
| Heart Rate | 363 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 363 | ||
| Mentation | 363 | ||
| Body Temperature | 363 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 364 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 364 | ||
| Respiratory Monitor | 365 | ||
| Capnography | 365 | ||
| EQUIPMENT | 365 | ||
| Mask | 365 | ||
| Induction Chamber | 365 | ||
| Breath Holding | 366 | ||
| Minimum Alveolar Concentration | 366 | ||
| Breathing Circuits and Gas Flow | 366 | ||
| Endotracheal Tube | 366 | ||
| V-Gel | 366 | ||
| INTUBATION | 367 | ||
| Ferrets | 367 | ||
| Rabbits | 367 | ||
| Guinea Pigs | 367 | ||
| Rodents | 367 | ||
| Rats | 368 | ||
| Eye Protection | 368 | ||
| Positioning | 368 | ||
| Checklist | 368 | ||
| Drugs | 369 | ||
| Atropinase | 369 | ||
| Intranasal Drug Administration | 369 | ||
| Propofol | 370 | ||
| Ketamine | 370 | ||
| Etomidate | 370 | ||
| Alfaxalone | 371 | ||
| PAIN MEDICATION | 371 | ||
| Opioids | 371 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs | 373 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Agents | 373 | ||
| α2-Adrenergic Agonists | 373 | ||
| Ketamine | 373 | ||
| Gabapentin and Pregabalin | 374 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTION | 374 | ||
| PAIN ASSESSMENT | 374 | ||
| Pain Assessment Tools | 374 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 374 | ||
| SUMMARY | 376 | ||
| REFERENCES | 376 | ||
| Assessment and Care of the Critically Ill Rabbit | 379 | ||
| Key points | 379 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 379 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 380 | ||
| History | 380 | ||
| Initial Clinical Assessment | 381 | ||
| Monitoring | 382 | ||
| Body Weight | 382 | ||
| Body Temperature | 382 | ||
| Oxygen Saturation | 383 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 384 | ||
| Digital palpation | 384 | ||
| Noninvasive blood pressure | 384 | ||
| Invasive blood pressure | 385 | ||
| Blood gas analysis and acid-base status | 385 | ||
| Electrolytes | 387 | ||
| Sodium | 387 | ||
| Potassium | 387 | ||
| Chloride | 388 | ||
| Ionized calcium | 388 | ||
| Glucose | 388 | ||
| Lactate | 388 | ||
| Coagulation | 389 | ||
| Packed cell volume | 389 | ||
| Urea | 389 | ||
| Protein | 390 | ||
| Urinalysis | 390 | ||
| Fluid Therapy | 391 | ||
| Body water distribution | 391 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 391 | ||
| Oral fluids | 391 | ||
| Subcutaneous fluids | 391 | ||
| Intravenous fluids | 391 | ||
| Intraosseous fluids | 392 | ||
| Peritoneal dialysis | 392 | ||
| Intrarectal fluid therapy | 393 | ||
| Fluid Choice | 393 | ||
| Crystalloids | 393 | ||
| Potassium supplementation | 393 | ||
| Bicarbonate supplementation | 393 | ||
| Colloid | 393 | ||
| Transfusion | 394 | ||
| Intralipid | 394 | ||
| Fluid volume replacement | 394 | ||
| Fluid Deficit Correction | 395 | ||
| Therapeutics | 397 | ||
| Sedation | 397 | ||
| Positive inotropes | 397 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 397 | ||
| Pain Management | 398 | ||
| Opioids | 398 | ||
| Lidocaine | 398 | ||
| Ketamine | 398 | ||
| Oxygen | 398 | ||
| Antibiotics | 399 | ||
| Steroids | 399 | ||
| Nutrition | 399 | ||
| Energy needs | 399 | ||
| Nasogastric tube | 400 | ||
| Esophagostomy tube | 401 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition | 401 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 402 | ||
| SUMMARY | 402 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 402 | ||
| REFERENCES | 402 | ||
| Common Emergencies in Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Chinchillas | 411 | ||
| Key points | 411 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 411 | ||
| ORAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE | 412 | ||
| Anorexia and Dysbiosis | 412 | ||
| Dental Disease | 412 | ||
| Evaluation of Anorexia | 413 | ||
| Treatment of Stasis and Obstruction | 415 | ||
| RESPIRATORY DISEASE | 419 | ||
| GENITOURINARY DISEASE | 421 | ||
| Urolithiasis and Sediment | 421 | ||
| Paraphimosis | 423 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC DISEASE | 423 | ||
| Vestibular Disease: Torticollis | 423 | ||
| CUTANEOUS DISEASE | 424 | ||
| Sarcoptic Mange | 424 | ||
| Urine Scalding | 425 | ||
| Fur Slip | 425 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE DISEASE | 425 | ||
| Pregnancy Toxemia | 425 | ||
| Dystocia | 426 | ||
| TRAUMA AND SHOCK | 426 | ||
| Heat Stroke | 426 | ||
| Limb Fractures | 426 | ||
| Traumatic Wounds | 426 | ||
| Ocular Trauma | 427 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 428 | ||
| REFERENCES | 428 | ||
| Medical and Surgical Emergencies in Ferrets | 431 | ||
| Key points | 431 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 431 | ||
| SEIZURES | 432 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 432 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 435 | ||
| Other Causes of Seizures | 437 | ||
| ANEMIA | 438 | ||
| Hyperestrogenism-Related Anemia | 438 | ||
| Transfusions | 438 | ||
| Removal of estrogen source | 438 | ||
| Hyperestrogenism from persistent-estrus | 438 | ||
| Hyperestrogenism from adrenal hyperplasia or neoplasia | 440 | ||
| Hyperestrogenism from estrogen-producing tumors | 440 | ||
| INTOXICATION | 441 | ||
| Ibuprofen Toxicosis | 442 | ||
| Anticoagulant Rodenticide | 442 | ||
| ACUTE ABDOMEN | 443 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Obstruction | 444 | ||
| Intestinal Perforation | 444 | ||
| Biliary Disorders | 445 | ||
| Spleen Disorders | 446 | ||
| Intervertebral Disk Prolapse | 447 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 448 | ||
| Urethral Obstruction | 450 | ||
| DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS | 451 | ||
| CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE | 453 | ||
| Valvular Regurgitation and Cardiomyopathies | 456 | ||
| Atrioventricular Block | 456 | ||
| Filariosis | 456 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 458 | ||
| Hypertension and Aortic Aneurysms | 459 | ||
| TRAUMA | 460 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 460 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 461 | ||
| REFERENCES | 461 | ||
| Common Emergencies in Small Rodents, Hedgehogs, and Sugar Gliders | 465 | ||
| Key points | 465 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 465 | ||
| Patient Evaluation Overview | 465 | ||
| Small rodents | 465 | ||
| Hedgehogs | 466 | ||
| Sugar gliders | 466 | ||
| EMERGENCY MEDICINE | 469 | ||
| Triage | 471 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation | 472 | ||
| Respiratory support | 472 | ||
| Cardiovascular support | 472 | ||
| Catheterization | 473 | ||
| Critical Care Assessment and Treatment | 475 | ||
| Fluid support | 475 | ||
| Pain medication | 477 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 477 | ||
| COMMON PRESENTING COMPLAINTS ON EMERGENCY | 480 | ||
| Anorexia and Lethargy | 480 | ||
| Trauma | 480 | ||
| Respiratory Distress | 480 | ||
| Neurologic Disorders | 485 | ||
| Ophthalmic Disorders | 486 | ||
| Proptosis | 486 | ||
| Chromodacryorrhea (porphyrin discharge) | 486 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 487 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | 487 | ||
| Dental disorders | 487 | ||
| Diarrhea and vomiting | 487 | ||
| Urogenital Emergencies | 489 | ||
| Skin Disease | 490 | ||
| Toxin Exposure | 491 | ||
| TREATMENT | 492 | ||
| Nutritional Support | 492 | ||
| Surgical treatment options | 493 | ||
| Treatment complications | 493 | ||
| Humane euthanasia of small exotic mammals | 494 | ||
| SUMMARY | 495 | ||
| REFERENCES | 495 | ||
| Critical Care of Pet Birds | 501 | ||
| Key points | 501 | ||
| TRIAGE | 502 | ||
| PHONE CONTACT | 502 | ||
| PRESENTATION | 502 | ||
| INFORMED CONSENT/EMERGENCY CARE RELEASE AND ESTIMATE | 503 | ||
| HISTORY | 503 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 503 | ||
| CLINICAL TESTING | 504 | ||
| RADIOLOGY | 504 | ||
| SPECIAL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES | 504 | ||
| PATIENT SUPPORT | 504 | ||
| FLUID SUPPORT | 504 | ||
| FLUID PHYSIOLOGY | 505 | ||
| ROUTE | 505 | ||
| CHOICE OF FLUIDS | 506 | ||
| SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT/INTENSIVE CARE ENVIRONMENT | 506 | ||
| THERMAL SUPPORT | 506 | ||
| OXYGEN SUPPORT | 508 | ||
| INTENSIVE CARE ENVIRONMENTS | 508 | ||
| COMFORT | 508 | ||
| FLAT SURFACES VERSUS PERCHES | 509 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT | 509 | ||
| ORAL GAVAGE | 509 | ||
| CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION | 510 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPY | 510 | ||
| Antibiotic Choices | 510 | ||
| PAIN MANAGEMENT | 511 | ||
| CONTINUED CARE | 512 | ||
| REFERENCES | 512 | ||
| Common Emergencies in Pet Birds | 513 | ||
| Key points | 513 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 513 | ||
| EMERGENCIES THAT PRESENT WITH RESPIRATORY SIGNS | 513 | ||
| Physical Examination | 515 | ||
| Treatment and Diagnostics of Common Respiratory Emergencies | 515 | ||
| Rhinitis/sinusitis | 515 | ||
| Parasitic tracheal infections | 516 | ||
| Tracheal obstruction | 518 | ||
| Exposure to respiratory irritant or toxin and asthma/hypersensitivity patients | 518 | ||
| Pneumonia and air sacculitis | 518 | ||
| Subcutaneous emphysema | 519 | ||
| Treatment and Diagnostics of Birds with Extrarespiratory Causes of Dyspnea | 519 | ||
| Cardiovascular failure | 519 | ||
| Ascites | 519 | ||
| EMERGENCIES THAT PRESENT WITH GASTROINTESTINAL SIGNS | 519 | ||
| Initial Therapeutics | 519 | ||
| Possible Diagnostics | 521 | ||
| Additional Initial Therapies Considered for Birds Presenting with Gastrointestinal Signs | 522 | ||
| EMERGENCIES INVOLVING THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT | 522 | ||
| Egg Binding and Dystocia | 522 | ||
| Clinical signs of egg binding and dystocia | 524 | ||
| Emergency treatment of egg binding and dystocia | 524 | ||
| Egg Yolk Peritonitis | 524 | ||
| Clinical signs of egg yolk peritonitis | 525 | ||
| Emergency treatment of egg yolk peritonitis | 525 | ||
| Cloacal Prolapse | 525 | ||
| Clinical signs of cloacal prolapse | 526 | ||
| Treatment of cloacal prolapses | 526 | ||
| EMERGENCIES OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM | 527 | ||
| Seizures | 528 | ||
| Ataxia and Tremors | 529 | ||
| Head Trauma | 529 | ||
| Acute Onset of Leg Paresis or Paralysis | 530 | ||
| TRAUMA | 531 | ||
| Broken Blood Feathers | 531 | ||
| Trauma to the Nails | 531 | ||
| Trauma to the Skin | 532 | ||
| Abrasions and lacerations | 532 | ||
| Burns | 532 | ||
| Bite wounds | 534 | ||
| Trauma to the Beak | 534 | ||
| Collisions, entrapment, and bite wounds | 534 | ||
| Band Wounds and Other Constriction Injuries | 535 | ||
| Glue Traps | 537 | ||
| Fractured Limbs | 537 | ||
| EXPOSURE TO TOXINS | 539 | ||
| SUMMARY | 539 | ||
| REFERENCES | 539 | ||
| Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl | 543 | ||
| Key points | 543 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 543 | ||
| TRIAGE | 544 | ||
| PRIMARY SURVEY | 544 | ||
| SECONDARY SURVEY | 545 | ||
| HANDLING AND RESTRAINT | 545 | ||
| VASCULAR ACCESS AND FLUID THERAPY IN UNSTABLE PATIENTS | 546 | ||
| ADDITIONAL MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES USED IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS | 548 | ||
| SEDATION AND ANESTHESIA | 549 | ||
| ANALGESIA | 550 | ||
| HOSPITALIZATION | 550 | ||
| COMMON CLINICAL EMERGENCY PRESENTATIONS | 551 | ||
| Hemorrhage | 551 | ||
| Trauma | 551 | ||
| Hypothermic Shock | 553 | ||
| Heat Stress | 553 | ||
| Dyspnea and Respiratory Disease | 554 | ||
| Neurologic Disease | 556 | ||
| Diarrhea | 557 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Impactions | 558 | ||
| Intussusception and Volvulus | 559 | ||
| Coelomitis | 559 | ||
| Egg Coelomitis | 559 | ||
| Prolapsed Oviduct | 560 | ||
| Egg Bound | 560 | ||
| Phallus Prolapse | 560 | ||
| EUTHANASIA | 561 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 561 | ||
| REFERENCES | 561 | ||
| Approach to Reptile Emergency Medicine | 567 | ||
| Key points | 567 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 567 | ||
| HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 568 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 568 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 568 | ||
| Metabolism | 572 | ||
| Anatomy | 572 | ||
| Nervous System | 577 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 580 | ||
| Respiratory System | 582 | ||
| Digestive System | 583 | ||
| Urogenital System | 584 | ||
| Integument System | 585 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 586 | ||
| Stress | 586 | ||
| SUMMARY | 587 | ||
| REFERENCES | 587 | ||
| Reptile Critical Care and Common Emergencies | 591 | ||
| Key points | 591 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 591 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND MONITORING | 591 | ||
| DIAGNOSTICS | 592 | ||
| FLUID THERAPY | 593 | ||
| COMMON EMERGENCY PRESENTATIONS | 595 | ||
| Bites/Trauma | 595 | ||
| Chelonian Shell Fracture | 595 | ||
| Dystocia | 596 | ||
| Fractures (Pathologic vs Traumatic) | 596 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Presentations | 597 | ||
| Neurologic Presentations | 601 | ||
| Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Commonly Referred to as “Metabolic Bone Disease”) | 602 | ||
| Ocular Presentations | 602 | ||
| Prolapse | 603 | ||
| Renal Failure | 607 | ||
| Respiratory Presentations | 607 | ||
| Thermal Burns | 608 | ||
| Sepsis | 609 | ||
| Euthanasia | 609 | ||
| Carriage Return | 610 | ||
| SUMMARY | 610 | ||
| REFERENCES | 610 | ||
| Wildlife Emergency and Critical Care | 613 | ||
| Key points | 613 | ||
| BIRDS | 613 | ||
| Patient Assessment | 613 | ||
| Sedation and Anesthesia | 613 | ||
| Avian Handling and Restraint | 614 | ||
| Physical Examination | 614 | ||
| Basic Diagnostics | 614 | ||
| Fluid Therapy | 615 | ||
| Drugs Used in Avian Wildlife Patients | 615 | ||
| Anxiolytics | 617 | ||
| Antibiotics | 617 | ||
| Antifungals | 617 | ||
| Supportive Care | 617 | ||
| Caging | 617 | ||
| Nutritional support | 618 | ||
| Common Emergency Presentations | 618 | ||
| Trauma | 618 | ||
| Anemia | 619 | ||
| Euthanasia | 619 | ||
| REPTILES | 619 | ||
| Patient Assessment | 619 | ||
| Sedation and Anesthesia | 620 | ||
| Physical Examination | 620 | ||
| Basic Diagnostics | 620 | ||
| Fluid Therapy | 620 | ||
| Drugs Used in Reptiles | 621 | ||
| Analgesics | 621 | ||
| Dissociatives | 621 | ||
| Antimicrobials | 621 | ||
| Supportive Care | 622 | ||
| Nutritional Support | 622 | ||
| Common Emergency Presentations | 622 | ||
| Euthanasia | 622 | ||
| MAMMALS | 622 | ||
| Patient Assessment | 622 | ||
| Sedation and Anesthesia | 623 | ||
| Physical Examination | 623 | ||
| Basic Diagnostics | 623 | ||
| Fluid Therapy | 623 | ||
| Medications Used in Mammals | 623 | ||
| Analgesics | 623 | ||
| Antibiotics | 624 | ||
| Supportive Care | 624 | ||
| Nutritional Support | 624 | ||
| Common Emergency Presentations | 624 | ||
| Euthanasia | 624 | ||
| Legalities Concerning the Medical Treatment of Wildlife | 624 | ||
| REFERENCES | 625 | ||
| Tarantula and Hermit Crab Emergency Care | 627 | ||
| Key points | 627 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 627 | ||
| TARANTULAS | 628 | ||
| Anatomy | 628 | ||
| Ecdysis | 629 | ||
| Purchasing and Species | 629 | ||
| Husbandry | 629 | ||
| Dangers and Warnings | 631 | ||
| Safe Handling | 633 | ||
| Presentation, History, and Physical Examination | 633 | ||
| Anesthesia and Diagnostics | 636 | ||
| Disorders and Treatment | 637 | ||
| Euthanasia | 639 | ||
| HERMIT CRABS | 639 | ||
| Biology | 639 | ||
| Husbandry | 640 | ||
| Diagnostics | 640 | ||
| Disorders and Treatment | 641 | ||
| Euthanasia | 642 | ||
| SUMMARY | 642 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 642 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 642 | ||
| REFERENCES | 642 | ||
| Index | 647 |