BOOK
Nerve Repair and Transfers from Hand to Shoulder, An issue of Hand Clinics, E-Book
Amy M. Moore | Susan E. Mackinnon
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue will include articles on Nerve Repair and Nerve Grafting, Nerve Regeneration, Nerve Transfers to Restore Shoulder Function, Nerve Transfers to Restore Elbow Function, and many more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Nerve Repair andTransfers from Handto Shoulder | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Inspiration for Innovation\r | vii | ||
| Nerve Regeneration: Understanding Biology and Its Influence on Return of Function After Nerve Transfers\r | vii | ||
| Nerve Repair and Nerve Grafting\r | vii | ||
| Autograft Substitutes: Conduits and Processed Nerve Allografts\x0B | vii | ||
| Donor Distal, Recipient Proximal and Other Personal Perspectives on Nerve Transfers\r | vii | ||
| Nerve Transfers to Restore Shoulder Function\r | viii | ||
| Nerve Transfers to Restore Elbow Function\r | viii | ||
| Nerve Transfers in Birth Related Brachial Plexus Injuries: Where Do We Stand?\r | viii | ||
| Nerve Transfers for the Restoration of Wrist, Finger, and Thumb Extension After High Radial Nerve Injury\r | viii | ||
| High Median Nerve Injury: Motor and Sensory Nerve Transfers to Restore Function\r | ix | ||
| High Ulnar Nerve Injuries: Nerve Transfers to Restore Function\r | ix | ||
| Nerve Transfers in Tetraplegia\r | ix | ||
| Free Functional Muscle Transfers to Restore Upper Extremity Function\r | ix | ||
| Management of Pain in Complex Nerve Injuries\r | ix | ||
| Donor Activation Focused Rehabilitation Approach: Maximizing Outcomes After Nerve Transfers\r | x | ||
| Index | x | ||
| HAND CLINICS\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| August 2016 | xi | ||
| November 2016 | xi | ||
| February 2017 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| February 2016 | xi | ||
| November 2015 | xi | ||
| August 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface\rInspiration for Innovation | xiii | ||
| Nerve Regeneration\rUnderstanding Biology and Its\rInfluence on Return of Function\rAfter Nerve Transfers\r | 103 | ||
| Key points | 103 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 103 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY | 104 | ||
| Neuronal Response to Axotomy | 104 | ||
| Wallerian Degeneration and Schwann Cell Response to Denervation | 105 | ||
| NERVE REGENERATION | 105 | ||
| Axon Outgrowth from the Proximal into the Distal Denervated Nerve Stump | 105 | ||
| Accelerated Axon Outgrowth in Rats and Humans by Brief Electrical Stimulation | 106 | ||
| NERVE SPROUTING | 107 | ||
| Partial Nerve Injuries and Axon Sprouting | 107 | ||
| Reinnervation of Partially Denervated Skin and Muscle | 110 | ||
| Sprouting Limits and Some Loss of Motor Control | 110 | ||
| Surgical Methods Including Nerve Transfers and End-to-Side Neurorrhaphies | 112 | ||
| Cautionary Notes Concerning Physiotherapy | 113 | ||
| SUMMARY | 113 | ||
| REFERENCES | 113 | ||
| Nerve Repair and Nerve Grafting | 119 | ||
| Key points | 119 | ||
| DIRECT REPAIR | 119 | ||
| Introduction | 119 | ||
| Timing | 119 | ||
| Technique | 120 | ||
| Author’s Preferred Method | 120 | ||
| AUTOGRAFT | 121 | ||
| Donor Options | 121 | ||
| Technique | 121 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 122 | ||
| SUMMARY | 124 | ||
| REFERENCES | 124 | ||
| Autograft Substitutes\rConduits and Processed Nerve\rAllografts\r | 127 | ||
| Key points | 127 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 127 | ||
| MANUFACTURED CONDUITS | 128 | ||
| NERVE ALLOGRAFTS | 132 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN SELECTING AUTOGRAFT ALTERNATIVES | 136 | ||
| SUMMARY | 138 | ||
| REFERENCES | 138 | ||
| Donor Distal, Recipient Proximal and Other Personal Perspectives on Nerve Transfers | 141 | ||
| Key points | 141 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 141 | ||
| Donor Nerve Considerations | 142 | ||
| Recipient Nerve Requirements | 144 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 145 | ||
| Decompress Nearby Distal Entrapment Sites | 147 | ||
| Your Hand Therapist and Physical Therapist Can Improve Your Results | 147 | ||
| The Quality of Results Following Nerve Transfer Varies | 148 | ||
| Are There Other Options and Alternatives for Reconstruction? | 149 | ||
| FUTURE AREAS TO CONSIDER FOR NERVE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES | 149 | ||
| A Few Comments on End-to-Side Transfers | 149 | ||
| “Long” nerve injuries | 150 | ||
| Sensory nerve transfers | 150 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 150 | ||
| REFERENCES | 150 | ||
| Nerve Transfers to Restore Shoulder Function | 153 | ||
| Key points | 153 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 153 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 154 | ||
| Spinal Accessory Nerve to Suprascapular Nerve Transfer (Anterior Approach) | 154 | ||
| Preoperative planning | 154 | ||
| Preparation and patient positioning | 154 | ||
| Surgical approach and procedure | 154 | ||
| Postoperative care and rehabilitation | 154 | ||
| Nerve Transfers to Restore Elbow Function | 165 | ||
| Key points | 165 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 165 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 165 | ||
| INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS | 166 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF NERVE TRANSFERS | 166 | ||
| TIMING | 166 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF NERVE TRANSFER OPTIONS | 166 | ||
| Ulnar Fascicular Transfer (Oberlin) | 167 | ||
| Double Fascicular Transfer | 167 | ||
| Medial Pectoral Nerve | 168 | ||
| Thoracodorsal Nerve | 168 | ||
| Intercostal Nerves | 168 | ||
| Spinal Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI) | 169 | ||
| Contralateral C7 | 170 | ||
| Phrenic Nerve | 170 | ||
| Hypoglossal Nerve | 170 | ||
| Posterior Branch of the Axillary Nerve | 170 | ||
| SUMMARY | 171 | ||
| REFERENCES | 171 | ||
| Nerve Transfers in Birth Related Brachial Plexus Injuries | 175 | ||
| Key points | 175 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 175 | ||
| PRIMARY SURGICAL MANAGEMENT USING INTERPOSITIONAL NERVE GRAFTING ± NERVE TRANSFERS (CONVENTIONAL APPROACH) | 176 | ||
| Surgical Indications and Timing | 176 | ||
| Total plexus palsy | 176 | ||
| Upper plexus palsy | 176 | ||
| Preoperative Evaluation | 176 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 176 | ||
| Interpositional nerve grafting | 176 | ||
| Sural nerve harvest | 176 | ||
| Exposure of the brachial plexus | 177 | ||
| Neuroma resection | 177 | ||
| Nerve grafting | 178 | ||
| Postoperative care | 178 | ||
| Extraplexal nerve transfers | 178 | ||
| Surgical Outcomes | 179 | ||
| Outcome assessment | 179 | ||
| Clinical results in the literature | 180 | ||
| PRIMARY SURGICAL MANAGEMENT USING DISTAL NERVE TRANSFERS | 180 | ||
| Why Has the Application of Distal Nerve Transfers in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy Lagged Behind Adults? | 180 | ||
| Indications for Distal Nerve Transfers in Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy | 182 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 184 | ||
| Elbow flexion | 184 | ||
| Shoulder abduction | 184 | ||
| Surgical Outcomes: Review of the Literature | 184 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Nerve Transfers in Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy | 184 | ||
| SUMMARY | 187 | ||
| REFERENCES | 187 | ||
| Nerve Transfers for the Restoration of Wrist, Finger, and Thumb Extension After High Radial Nerve Injury | 191 | ||
| Key points | 191 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 191 | ||
| ANATOMY | 192 | ||
| Radial Nerve | 192 | ||
| Median Nerve | 192 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HIGH RADIAL NERVE INJURY | 192 | ||
| Primary Repair and Nerve Grafting | 192 | ||
| Tendon Transfer and Nerve Transfer | 193 | ||
| Nerve Transfer for High Radial Nerve Injury: Review of the Literature | 193 | ||
| Evaluation and Management of the Patient with High Radial Nerve Injury: A Clinical Algorithm | 195 | ||
| BEYOND HIGH RADIAL NERVE INJURY: MOTOR NERVE TRANSFERS FOR RADIAL NERVE DYSFUNCTION OF OTHER ETIOLOGIES | 195 | ||
| Upper Cervical Root Injury | 195 | ||
| Lower Cervical Root Injury and Cervical Spinal Cord Injury | 200 | ||
| SENSORY NERVE TRANSFER | 201 | ||
| AUTHORS’ PREFERRED TECHNIQUE | 203 | ||
| ILLUSTRATIVE CASES | 204 | ||
| Case 1: Complete High Radial Nerve Palsy After Gunshot Wound | 204 | ||
| Case 2: Partial Recovery from High Radial Nerve Injury with Weak Finger and Thumb Extension | 204 | ||
| Case 3: Finger and Thumb Extension Deficit After Stroke | 205 | ||
| SUMMARY | 206 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 206 | ||
| REFERENCES | 206 | ||
| High Median Nerve Injury | 209 | ||
| Key points | 209 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 209 | ||
| MOTOR AND SENSORY DEFICITS FOLLOWING HIGH MEDIAN NERVE INJURIES | 210 | ||
| Motor Deficits | 210 | ||
| Sensory Deficits | 211 | ||
| NERVE TRANSFERS FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF HIGH MEDIAN NERVE INJURIES | 211 | ||
| Restoring Index Finger and Thumb Flexion, and Grasp and Pinch Strength | 212 | ||
| Restoring index and thumb flexion | 212 | ||
| Indication | 212 | ||
| Preferred technique | 212 | ||
| Alternative nerve transfers to the anterior interosseous nerve | 213 | ||
| Restoration of grasp weakness | 213 | ||
| High Ulnar Nerve Injuries | 219 | ||
| Key points | 219 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 219 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 219 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 220 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 220 | ||
| SURGICAL OPTIONS | 220 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 220 | ||
| Nerve Transfers to Restore Ulnar Motor Function: Anterior Interosseous Nerve to Ulnar Motor | 221 | ||
| Decompression of Guyon canal | 221 | ||
| Identification of ulnar nerve topography and isolation of the ulnar motor branch | 221 | ||
| Identify the anterior interosseous nerve | 221 | ||
| Coaptation | 222 | ||
| Nerve Transfers to Restore Ulnar Sensory Function | 223 | ||
| Third web space median to ulnar sensory transfer | 223 | ||
| End-to-side reinnervation of the dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve | 223 | ||
| ADJUNCT PROCEDURES | 224 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 224 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 224 | ||
| SUMMARY | 225 | ||
| REFERENCES | 225 | ||
| Nerve Transfers in Tetraplegia | 227 | ||
| Key points | 227 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM | 227 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 228 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 228 | ||
| Patient history | 229 | ||
| Patient examination | 229 | ||
| Diagnostic testing | 229 | ||
| Preparation and Patient Positioning | 232 | ||
| Preoperative care tips | 232 | ||
| Intraoperative positioning and care | 232 | ||
| Surgical Approach | 232 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 232 | ||
| General tips | 232 | ||
| Restoration of elbow extension: posterior deltoid to triceps branch | 234 | ||
| Restoration of wrist extension: brachialis to extensor carpi radialis longus | 235 | ||
| Restoration of digit extension: supinator to posterior interosseous nerves | 236 | ||
| Restoration of digit flexion: brachialis to median nerve-innervated flexors | 237 | ||
| Immediate Postoperative Care | 240 | ||
| REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY | 240 | ||
| CLINICAL RESULTS IN THE LITERATURE | 240 | ||
| SUMMARY | 241 | ||
| REFERENCES | 241 | ||
| Free Functional Muscle Transfers to Restore Upper Extremity Function | 243 | ||
| Key points | 243 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 243 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 243 | ||
| Focal Muscle Loss | 243 | ||
| Volkmann Ischemic Contracture | 244 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Palsy | 244 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION | 244 | ||
| PRINCIPLES | 246 | ||
| TIMELINE FOR INTERVENTION | 246 | ||
| DONOR NERVES | 246 | ||
| DONOR MUSCLES | 250 | ||
| RECONSTRUCTIVE GOALS | 250 | ||
| Upper Plexus (C5-C6) | 250 | ||
| Lower Plexus (C7-T1) | 251 | ||
| Complete Plexus (C5-T1) | 251 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 252 | ||
| Muscle Transfer for Elbow Flexion | 252 | ||
| Single Muscle Transfer for Hand Function | 252 | ||
| Double Free Functional Muscle Transfer for Hand Function | 252 | ||
| THE AUTHORS’ ALGORITHM | 252 | ||
| Delayed Presentation of Upper Brachial Plexus Injury (C5-C6) | 252 | ||
| Delayed Presentation of Lower Brachial Plexus Injury (C7-T1) | 253 | ||
| Complete Brachial Plexus Injury (C5-T1) | 254 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 254 | ||
| REHABILITATION | 254 | ||
| SUMMARY | 255 | ||
| REFERENCES | 255 | ||
| Management of Pain in Complex Nerve Injuries | 257 | ||
| Key points | 257 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 257 | ||
| NEUROPATHIC PAIN | 257 | ||
| CHRONIC REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME | 257 | ||
| MECHANISM OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN | 258 | ||
| NEUROMA | 259 | ||
| BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURIES | 259 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT | 259 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 259 | ||
| Antidepressants | 260 | ||
| Opioids | 260 | ||
| Topicals | 260 | ||
| SURGERY | 260 | ||
| NEUROSTIMULATION | 261 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 261 | ||
| SUMMARY | 261 | ||
| REFERENCES | 261 | ||
| Donor Activation Focused Rehabilitation Approach | 263 | ||
| Key points | 263 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 263 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING RETURN OF FUNCTION AFTER NERVE TRANSFERS | 264 | ||
| Cortical Plasticity | 264 | ||
| Exercise | 264 | ||
| Positioning | 264 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE THERAPY | 265 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE THERAPY | 265 | ||
| Early Phase | 265 | ||
| Patient education | 265 | ||
| Anatomy | 265 | ||
| Timeline for motor recovery | 265 | ||
| Home exercise program | 266 | ||
| Flood the donor | 266 | ||
| Middle Phase | 266 | ||
| Monitoring for return of function | 266 | ||
| Advancing the home exercise program | 266 | ||
| Late Phase | 268 | ||
| Resisted exercise | 268 | ||
| Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and biofeedback | 268 | ||
| THERAPY REGIMENS FOR SPECIFIC NERVE TRANSFERS | 268 | ||
| Nerve Transfers to Regain Shoulder Function | 268 | ||
| Spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer | 268 | ||
| Considerations | 268 | ||
| Early phase | 269 | ||
| Middle phase | 269 | ||
| Late phase | 269 | ||
| Triceps branch to axillary nerve transfer | 270 | ||
| Early phase | 270 | ||
| Middle phase | 270 | ||
| Late phase | 271 | ||
| Nerve Transfers to Restore Elbow Flexion | 271 | ||
| Double fascicular nerve transfer | 271 | ||
| Considerations | 271 | ||
| Early phase | 271 | ||
| Index | 279 |