BOOK
Krause's Food & the Nutrition Care Process - E-Book
L. Kathleen Mahan | Janice L Raymond
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A trusted classic for over 50 years, Krause’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process, 14th Edition presents the most cutting-edge and up-to-date dietetics content available in this ever-changing field. Nicknamed the "nutrition bible", students and practitioners alike turn to its current, comprehensive content, engaging pedagogy and design, and logical presentation of information. This new edition includes the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, more visuals, and highlighted Clinical Case Studies, Clinical Insights, and Clinical Applications boxes that help translate scientific knowledge into practical patient care. Written by nearly 50 nationally recognized writers, researchers, and practitioners, it covers nutrition assessment and intervention, the nutritional needs of individuals in different stages of the life cycle, nutrition for health and fitness, and medical nutrition therapy.
- Authored by clinical specialists , ensuring in-depth coverage with many practical and evidence-based recommendations.
- Sample Nutrition Diagnosis boxes present a problem, its etiology, and its signs and symptoms before concluding with a sample nutrition diagnosis, providing both students and practitioners with real-life scenarios they may encounter in practice.
- UNIQUE! Pathophysiology algorithms present the cause, pathophysiology, and medical nutrition management for a variety of disorders and conditions to help you provide optimal nutritional care.
- Chapters on nutrition in each of the life cycle phases, include:
- Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation
- Nutrition in Infancy
- Nutrition in Childhood
- Nutrition in Adolescence
- Nutrition in the Adult Years
- Nutrition in Aging
- Focus On boxes provide thought-provoking information on key concepts for well-rounded study and further discussion within the classroom.
- New Directions boxes point you toward additional research on emerging areas in nutrition therapy.
- Clinical Insight boxes expand on clinical information, highlight areas that may go unnoticed, and contain clinical resources for students and practitioners.
- Chapters on the nutritional care of the low-birth-weight and premature infant feature information on how to support their health, growth, and development.
- Useful websites direct you to online resources that relate to chapter topics.
- Key terms are defined at the beginning of each chapter and bolded within the text where they are discussed in more detail.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside front cover | es | ||
| Krause’s food & the nutrition care process 14th Edition | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Contributors | iv | ||
| Reviewers | vii | ||
| Foreword | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Audience | ix | ||
| Organization | ix | ||
| New to this edition | ix | ||
| Pedagogy | x | ||
| Ancillaries | x | ||
| Instructor resources | x | ||
| Student resources | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table of contents | xii | ||
| I Nutrition Assessment | 1 | ||
| 1 Intake: Digestion, absorption, transport, and excretion of nutrients | 2 | ||
| Key terms | 2 | ||
| The gastrointestinal tract | 2 | ||
| Brief overview of digestive and absorptive processes | 3 | ||
| Enzymes in digestion | 4 | ||
| Regulators of gastrointestinal activity: Neural and hormonal mechanisms | 4 | ||
| Gastrointestinal hormones | 5 | ||
| Digestion in the mouth | 7 | ||
| Digestion in the stomach | 7 | ||
| Digestion in the small intestine | 8 | ||
| The small intestine: Primary site of nutrient absorption | 8 | ||
| Absorptive and transport mechanisms | 9 | ||
| The large intestine | 10 | ||
| Intestinal microbiota: The microbiome | 10 | ||
| Colonic salvage of malabsorbed energy sources and short-chain fatty acids | 11 | ||
| Digestion and absorption of specific types of nutrients | 11 | ||
| Carbohydrates and fiber | 11 | ||
| Proteins | 12 | ||
| Lipids | 13 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 14 | ||
| Useful websites | 16 | ||
| References | 16 | ||
| 2 Intake: Energy | 17 | ||
| Key terms | 17 | ||
| Energy requirements | 17 | ||
| Components of energy expenditure | 17 | ||
| Basal and resting energy expenditure | 17 | ||
| Factors affecting resting energy expenditure | 18 | ||
| Age. | 18 | ||
| Body composition. | 18 | ||
| Body size. | 18 | ||
| Climate. | 18 | ||
| Gender. | 18 | ||
| Hormonal status. | 18 | ||
| Temperature. | 18 | ||
| Other factors. | 18 | ||
| Thermic effect of food | 18 | ||
| Activity thermogenesis | 19 | ||
| Additional considerations in energy expenditure | 19 | ||
| Measurement of energy expenditure | 19 | ||
| Direct calorimetry | 20 | ||
| Indirect calorimetry | 20 | ||
| Respiratory quotient | 20 | ||
| Other methods of measuring energy expenditure | 21 | ||
| Doubly labeled water. | 21 | ||
| Measuring activity-related energy expenditure | 21 | ||
| Triaxial monitors. | 21 | ||
| Physical activity questionnaire | 21 | ||
| Estimating energy requirements | 21 | ||
| Equations for estimating resting energy expenditure | 21 | ||
| Determining tee | 21 | ||
| Estimating energy requirements from energy intake | 22 | ||
| Other prediction equations | 22 | ||
| Estimated energy expended in physical activity | 24 | ||
| Estimating energy expenditure of selected activities using metabolic equivalents | 24 | ||
| Physical activity in children | 24 | ||
| Calculating food energy | 25 | ||
| Useful websites/apps | 26 | ||
| References | 26 | ||
| 3 Inflammation and the pathophysiology of chronic disease | 28 | ||
| Key terms | 28 | ||
| Epidemic of chronic disease | 28 | ||
| Concepts of chronic disease pathophysiology | 29 | ||
| Systems biology | 29 | ||
| Allostasis | 29 | ||
| Autophagy | 29 | ||
| Health continuum | 29 | ||
| Genesis of disease | 29 | ||
| Long-latency nutrient insufficiencies | 29 | ||
| Nutrient-partner principle | 30 | ||
| Triage theory | 30 | ||
| Inflammation: Common denominator of chronic disease | 30 | ||
| Prolonged inflammation | 31 | ||
| Antigens | 33 | ||
| Genomics | 33 | ||
| Body composition | 33 | ||
| Energy dysregulation | 33 | ||
| Microbiome | 34 | ||
| Hypercoagulation | 34 | ||
| Infection | 34 | ||
| Stress | 35 | ||
| Nutrient modulators of inflammation | 35 | ||
| Omega-6 linoleic acid and omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (essential fatty acids) | 37 | ||
| Prostaglandin 1 series (PGE1): Antiinflammatory | 39 | ||
| Prostaglandin 2 series (PGE2): Pro-inflammatory when in excess | 39 | ||
| Prostaglandin 3 series (PGE3): Antiinflammatory | 39 | ||
| Lipoxygenases (lox) | 39 | ||
| Cyclooxygenases (cox) | 39 | ||
| Specialized pro-resolving mediators (spm) | 39 | ||
| Reducing inflammation in the body | 39 | ||
| Minerals | 41 | ||
| Gut ecology and the microbiome | 42 | ||
| The patient’s story | 44 | ||
| Prolonged inflammation expression specific to major chronic diseases | 44 | ||
| Heart disease/cardiometabolic syndrome | 44 | ||
| Cancer | 45 | ||
| Autoimmune conditions | 45 | ||
| Neurologic conditions | 45 | ||
| Endocrine abnormalities | 45 | ||
| Developmental inflammatory-related conditions | 45 | ||
| Summary | 47 | ||
| Useful websites | 47 | ||
| References | 48 | ||
| 4 Intake: Analysis of the diet | 52 | ||
| Key terms | 52 | ||
| Nutrition screening | 52 | ||
| Nutrition screening tools | 54 | ||
| Nutrition assessment | 55 | ||
| Tools for assessment of nutritional status | 56 | ||
| Histories | 56 | ||
| Medical or health history | 56 | ||
| Medication and herbal use history | 56 | ||
| Social history | 56 | ||
| Nutrition or diet history | 56 | ||
| Nutrient intake analysis | 60 | ||
| Analysis of dietary intake data | 61 | ||
| Nutrient databases | 62 | ||
| Useful websites | 62 | ||
| References | 63 | ||
| 5 Clinical: Nutritional genomics | 64 | ||
| Key terms | 64 | ||
| The human genome project and the “omic” disciplines | 65 | ||
| The “omics” | 65 | ||
| Clinical applications | 65 | ||
| Nutritional genomics | 65 | ||
| Genotype and nutrition assessment | 67 | ||
| Genetic fundamentals | 67 | ||
| Genetic basics | 68 | ||
| Control of gene expression | 71 | ||
| Modes of inheritance | 72 | ||
| Mendelian inheritance | 72 | ||
| Mitochondrial inheritance | 72 | ||
| Epigenetic inheritance, genomic imprinting | 73 | ||
| Inheritance and disease | 74 | ||
| Disease at the chromosomal level | 74 | ||
| Disease at the mitochondrial level | 74 | ||
| Disease at the molecular level | 74 | ||
| Genetic technologies | 75 | ||
| Genetics and nutrition therapy | 76 | ||
| Nutrigenetic influences on health and disease | 76 | ||
| Nutrigenomic influences on health and disease | 77 | ||
| Nutritional genomics and chronic disease | 79 | ||
| Genetic variability | 79 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 79 | ||
| Inflammatory disorders | 80 | ||
| Immune health and cancer | 80 | ||
| Blood sugar regulation | 80 | ||
| Bone mineralization and maintenance | 80 | ||
| Weight management | 81 | ||
| Other chronic diseases | 81 | ||
| Ethical, legal, and social implications | 81 | ||
| Summary | 82 | ||
| Useful websites | 83 | ||
| References | 83 | ||
| 6 Clinical: Water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance | 85 | ||
| Key terms | 85 | ||
| Body water | 85 | ||
| Functions | 85 | ||
| Distribution | 85 | ||
| Water balance | 86 | ||
| Water intake | 87 | ||
| Water intoxication | 88 | ||
| Water elimination | 88 | ||
| Clinical assessment of fluid status | 89 | ||
| Electrolytes | 89 | ||
| Calcium | 89 | ||
| II Nutrition Diagnosis and Intervention | 157 | ||
| 10 Overview of nutrition diagnosis and intervention | 158 | ||
| Key terms | 158 | ||
| The nutrition care process | 158 | ||
| Nutrition screening | 159 | ||
| Nutrition assessment | 160 | ||
| Nutrition diagnosis | 160 | ||
| Nutrition intervention | 160 | ||
| Monitoring and evaluation of nutrition care | 161 | ||
| Evidence-based guidelines | 163 | ||
| Accreditation and surveys | 163 | ||
| Documentation in the nutrition care record | 164 | ||
| Medical record charting | 164 | ||
| Electronic health records and nutrition informatics | 164 | ||
| Influences on nutrition and health care | 167 | ||
| Affordable health care for america: Reconciliation bill | 167 | ||
| Confidentiality and the health insurance portability and accountability act | 167 | ||
| Payment systems | 168 | ||
| Quality management | 168 | ||
| Patient-centered care and case management | 168 | ||
| Staffing | 169 | ||
| Nutrition interventions | 169 | ||
| Interventions: Food and nutrient delivery | 169 | ||
| Modifications of the normal diet | 170 | ||
| Diet modifications in hospitalized patients | 170 | ||
| Regular or general diet | 170 | ||
| Consistency modifications | 170 | ||
| Food intake | 171 | ||
| Acceptance and psychologic factors | 171 | ||
| Interventions: Nutrition education and counseling | 171 | ||
| Intervention: Coordination of care | 171 | ||
| Nutrition for the terminally ill or hospice patient | 171 | ||
| Useful websites | 172 | ||
| References | 172 | ||
| 11 Food and nutrient delivery: Diet guidelines, nutrient standards, and cultural competence | 173 | ||
| Key terms | 173 | ||
| Determining nutrient needs | 173 | ||
| Worldwide guidelines | 173 | ||
| Dietary reference intakes | 174 | ||
| Dri components | 174 | ||
| Target population | 177 | ||
| Age and gender groups | 177 | ||
| Reference men and women | 177 | ||
| Nutritional status of americans | 177 | ||
| Food and nutrient intake data | 177 | ||
| Healthy eating index | 182 | ||
| National guidelines for diet planning | 183 | ||
| Current dietary guidance | 183 | ||
| Implementing the guidelines | 183 | ||
| Food and nutrient labeling | 184 | ||
| Mandatory nutrition labeling | 184 | ||
| Standardized serving sizes on food labels | 184 | ||
| Nutrition facts label | 184 | ||
| Nutrient content claims | 185 | ||
| Health claims | 186 | ||
| Dietary patterns and counseling tips | 187 | ||
| Vegetarian diet patterns | 187 | ||
| Cultural aspects of dietary planning | 188 | ||
| Religion and food | 188 | ||
| Health literacy | 189 | ||
| Useful websites | 190 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| 12 Food and nutrient delivery: Complementary and integrative medicine and dietary supplementation | 191 | ||
| Key terms | 191 | ||
| Complementary and integrative medicine | 191 | ||
| Use of complementary and integrative therapies | 191 | ||
| Dietary supplementation | 194 | ||
| Defining dietary supplements | 194 | ||
| Herbal medicine | 194 | ||
| Trends in dietary supplement use | 194 | ||
| Multivitamin efficacy | 195 | ||
| Antioxidant supplements | 195 | ||
| Potentially at-risk populations | 196 | ||
| Dietary supplement regulation | 196 | ||
| Ensuring dietary supplement safety | 197 | ||
| Third party certification | 198 | ||
| Quality issues in dietary supplements | 198 | ||
| Quantity of ingredients | 198 | ||
| Formulations | 199 | ||
| Excipients | 199 | ||
| Vitamins | 199 | ||
| Minerals | 199 | ||
| Assessment of dietary supplement use in patients | 199 | ||
| Recommendation and sale of dietary supplements | 199 | ||
| Resources for clinicians | 200 | ||
| Useful websites | 207 | ||
| Free sites | 207 | ||
| Subscription sites | 207 | ||
| Text/print | 207 | ||
| Resources for herbal medicine | 207 | ||
| References | 207 | ||
| 13 Food and nutrient delivery: Nutrition support | 209 | ||
| Key terms | 209 | ||
| Rationale and criteria for appropriate nutrition support | 209 | ||
| Enteral nutrition | 210 | ||
| Enteral nutrition access | 210 | ||
| Short-term enteral nutrition support | 210 | ||
| Nasogastric access | 210 | ||
| Gastric versus small-bowel access | 210 | ||
| Nasoduodenal or nasojejunal access | 211 | ||
| Long-term enteral access | 212 | ||
| Gastrostomy or jejunostomy | 212 | ||
| Other minimally invasive techniques | 213 | ||
| Formula content and selection | 213 | ||
| Blenderized (homemade) tube feedings | 214 | ||
| Protein | 214 | ||
| Carbohydrate | 215 | ||
| Lipid | 215 | ||
| Vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes | 215 | ||
| Fluid | 215 | ||
| Administration | 215 | ||
| Bolus | 215 | ||
| Intermittent and cyclic | 216 | ||
| Continuous | 216 | ||
| Monitoring and evaluation | 216 | ||
| Monitoring for complications | 216 | ||
| Monitoring for tolerance and nutrient intake goals | 217 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 217 | ||
| Getting started with parenteral nutrition | 217 | ||
| Access | 218 | ||
| Peripheral access | 218 | ||
| Short-term central access | 218 | ||
| Long-term central access | 218 | ||
| Parenteral solutions | 218 | ||
| Protein | 218 | ||
| Lipids | 219 | ||
| Electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements | 219 | ||
| Fluid | 220 | ||
| Compounding methods | 220 | ||
| Administration | 221 | ||
| Continuous infusion | 221 | ||
| Cyclic infusion | 221 | ||
| Monitoring and evaluation | 221 | ||
| Complications | 221 | ||
| Infection | 221 | ||
| Refeeding syndrome | 222 | ||
| Transitional feeding | 223 | ||
| Parenteral to enteral feeding | 223 | ||
| Parenteral to oral feeding | 223 | ||
| Enteral to oral feeding | 223 | ||
| Oral supplements | 223 | ||
| Nutrition support in long-term and home care | 224 | ||
| Long-term care | 224 | ||
| Home care | 224 | ||
| Ethical issues | 225 | ||
| Useful websites | 225 | ||
| References | 225 | ||
| 14 Education and counseling: Behavioral change | 227 | ||
| Key terms | 227 | ||
| Behavior change | 227 | ||
| Factors affecting the ability to change | 227 | ||
| Models for behavior change | 227 | ||
| Health belief model | 228 | ||
| Social cognitive theory | 228 | ||
| Theory of planned behavior | 228 | ||
| Transtheoretical model of change | 228 | ||
| Models for counseling strategies | 228 | ||
| Expressing empathy | 229 | ||
| Developing discrepancy | 229 | ||
| Rolling with resistance (legitimation, affirmation) | 229 | ||
| Supporting self-efficacy | 229 | ||
| Models for educational program development | 229 | ||
| Skills and attributes of the nutrition educator or counselor | 229 | ||
| Cultural competency | 229 | ||
| Asking questions | 230 | ||
| Building rapport | 230 | ||
| Reflective listening | 231 | ||
| Affirming | 231 | ||
| Summarizing | 231 | ||
| Assessment results: Choosing focus areas | 231 | ||
| Health and nutrition literacy | 231 | ||
| Assessing readiness to change | 231 | ||
| Counseling approaches after the assessment | 231 | ||
| Not-ready-to-change counseling sessions | 231 | ||
| Problem recognition | 231 | ||
| Concern | 231 | ||
| Intention to change | 231 | ||
| Optimism | 231 | ||
| Ending the session | 232 | ||
| Unsure-about-change counseling sessions | 233 | ||
| Resistance behaviors and strategies to modify them | 233 | ||
| Reflecting | 234 | ||
| Double-sided reflection | 234 | ||
| Shifting focus | 234 | ||
| Agreeing with a twist | 234 | ||
| Reframing | 234 | ||
| Ending the session | 234 | ||
| Ready-to-change counseling sessions | 234 | ||
| Setting goals | 234 | ||
| Action plan | 235 | ||
| Evaluation of effectiveness | 235 | ||
| Counseling | 235 | ||
| Educational programs | 236 | ||
| Summary | 236 | ||
| Useful websites | 236 | ||
| References | 236 | ||
| III Nutrition in the Life Cycle | 238 | ||
| 15 Nutrition for reproductive health and lactation | 239 | ||
| Key terms | 239 | ||
| Preconception and fertility | 239 | ||
| Reproductive readiness and fertility | 239 | ||
| Toxins | 240 | ||
| Obesity and endocrine conditions | 242 | ||
| Conception | 243 | ||
| Pregnancy | 243 | ||
| Physiologic changes of pregnancy | 243 | ||
| Blood volume and composition | 243 | ||
| Cardiovascular and pulmonary function | 243 | ||
| Gastrointestinal function | 247 | ||
| Metabolic responses | 248 | ||
| Renal function | 248 | ||
| Placenta and uterine environment | 248 | ||
| Effects of nutritional status on pregnancy outcome | 249 | ||
| Fetal growth and development | 249 | ||
| Epigenetic effects | 250 | ||
| Nutrient requirements during pregnancy | 251 | ||
| Energy | 251 | ||
| Exercise. | 251 | ||
| Protein | 251 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 256 | ||
| Fiber | 256 | ||
| Lipids | 256 | ||
| Vitamins | 256 | ||
| Folic acid. | 256 | ||
| Vitamin b6. | 256 | ||
| Vitamin B₁₂. | 256 | ||
| Choline. | 256 | ||
| Vitamin C. | 256 | ||
| Vitamin A. | 256 | ||
| Vitamin D. | 256 | ||
| Vitamin E. | 256 | ||
| Vitamin K. | 256 | ||
| Minerals | 256 | ||
| Calcium. | 256 | ||
| Copper. | 256 | ||
| Fluoride. | 256 | ||
| Iodine. | 256 | ||
| Iron. | 256 | ||
| Magnesium. | 256 | ||
| Phosphorus. | 256 | ||
| Selenium. | 256 | ||
| Sodium. | 256 | ||
| Zinc. | 256 | ||
| Pregnancy weight gain recommendations | 262 | ||
| General weight gain recommendations | 262 | ||
| Obesity weight gain recommendations | 263 | ||
| Postbariatric surgery. | 263 | ||
| Multiple births | 265 | ||
| Adolescent pregnancy | 265 | ||
| Complications and nutritional implications | 266 | ||
| Constipation and hemorrhoids | 266 | ||
| Cravings, aversions, and pica | 266 | ||
| Cravings and aversions. | 266 | ||
| Pica. | 266 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 266 | ||
| Eating disorders | 268 | ||
| Edema and leg cramps | 268 | ||
| Heartburn | 268 | ||
| Hypertension | 268 | ||
| Nausea and vomiting, hyperemesis gravidarum, and ptyalism | 270 | ||
| Oral health | 270 | ||
| Preexisting medical conditions | 271 | ||
| Food safety during pregnancy | 271 | ||
| Alcohol | 272 | ||
| Allergens | 272 | ||
| Artificial sweeteners | 272 | ||
| Bisphenol-a, phthalates, and other environmental toxins | 273 | ||
| Caffeine and energy drinks | 274 | ||
| Lead | 274 | ||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 274 | ||
| Mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) | 274 | ||
| Other foodborne pathogens and probiotics | 275 | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii | 276 | ||
| Guide for eating during pregnancy | 276 | ||
| Recommended food intake | 276 | ||
| Fluids | 277 | ||
| Nutrient supplementation during pregnancy | 277 | ||
| Nutrition education | 279 | ||
| Postpartum period = preconceptual period | 280 | ||
| Lactation | 281 | ||
| Contraindications | 282 | ||
| Nutritional requirements of lactation | 283 | ||
| Energy | 283 | ||
| Protein | 283 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 284 | ||
| Lipids | 284 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 284 | ||
| Vitamin D. | 284 | ||
| Calcium. | 284 | ||
| Iodine. | 284 | ||
| Zinc. | 284 | ||
| Vitamin b12 and the vegan mother. | 284 | ||
| Sodium. | 284 | ||
| Fluids | 285 | ||
| Caffeine. | 285 | ||
| Alcohol. | 285 | ||
| Physiology and management of lactation | 285 | ||
| Prenatal breastfeeding education | 286 | ||
| Stages of milk and variations in composition | 286 | ||
| Initiation of breastfeeding | 287 | ||
| Galactogogues | 288 | ||
| Sustaining maternal milk supply and preservation of successful breastfeeding | 290 | ||
| Concerns during lactation | 290 | ||
| Transfer of drugs and toxins into human milk | 290 | ||
| Maternal substance abuse. | 290 | ||
| Environmental toxins. | 290 | ||
| Overweight or obesity | 291 | ||
| Exercise and breastfeeding | 291 | ||
| Breast augmentation | 291 | ||
| Reduction mammoplasty | 291 | ||
| Postpartum depression | 291 | ||
| Birth control and breastfeeding | 292 | ||
| Breastfeeding during pregnancy | 293 | ||
| Tandem nursing | 293 | ||
| Weaning | 293 | ||
| Return to work or school | 293 | ||
| Useful websites | 295 | ||
| References | 295 | ||
| 16 Nutrition in infancy | 300 | ||
| Key terms | 300 | ||
| Physiologic development | 300 | ||
| Nutrient requirements | 301 | ||
| Energy | 301 | ||
| Protein | 301 | ||
| Lipids | 302 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 302 | ||
| Water | 302 | ||
| Minerals | 302 | ||
| Calcium | 302 | ||
| Fluoride | 302 | ||
| Iron | 303 | ||
| Zinc | 303 | ||
| Vitamins | 303 | ||
| Vitamin B₁₂ | 303 | ||
| Vitamin D | 303 | ||
| Vitamin K | 303 | ||
| Supplementation | 304 | ||
| Milk | 304 | ||
| Human milk | 304 | ||
| Composition of human and cow’s milk | 305 | ||
| Antiinfective factors | 305 | ||
| The microbiome and probiotics and prebiotics | 305 | ||
| Formulas | 305 | ||
| Whole cow’s milk | 306 | ||
| Formula preparation | 306 | ||
| Food | 307 | ||
| Feeding | 307 | ||
| Early feeding patterns | 307 | ||
| Development of feeding skills | 308 | ||
| Addition of semisolid foods | 309 | ||
| Weaning from breast or bottle to cup | 310 | ||
| Early childhood caries | 310 | ||
| Feeding older infants | 310 | ||
| Type of food | 311 | ||
| Serving size | 311 | ||
| Forced feeding | 311 | ||
| Eating environment | 311 | ||
| Useful websites | 312 | ||
| References | 312 | ||
| 17 Nutrition in childhood | 314 | ||
| Key terms | 314 | ||
| Growth and development | 314 | ||
| Growth patterns | 314 | ||
| Assessing growth | 314 | ||
| Catch-up growth | 315 | ||
| Nutrient requirements | 316 | ||
| Energy | 316 | ||
| Protein | 316 | ||
| Minerals and vitamins | 317 | ||
| Iron | 317 | ||
| Calcium | 317 | ||
| Zinc | 317 | ||
| Vitamin D | 317 | ||
| Vitamin-mineral supplements | 317 | ||
| Providing an adequate diet | 318 | ||
| Intake patterns | 318 | ||
| Factors influencing food intake | 319 | ||
| Family environment | 319 | ||
| Societal trends | 319 | ||
| Media messages | 320 | ||
| Peer influence | 320 | ||
| Illness or disease | 321 | ||
| Feeding preschool children | 321 | ||
| Feeding school age children | 323 | ||
| Nutrition education | 324 | ||
| Nutritional concerns | 324 | ||
| Overweight and obesity | 324 | ||
| Underweight and failure to thrive | 326 | ||
| Iron deficiency | 326 | ||
| Dental caries | 326 | ||
| Allergies | 326 | ||
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 326 | ||
| Autism spectrum disorder | 326 | ||
| Preventing chronic disease | 327 | ||
| Cardiovascular health | 327 | ||
| Calcium and bone health | 327 | ||
| Fiber | 327 | ||
| The gut microbiome | 327 | ||
| Physical activity | 327 | ||
| Useful websites | 329 | ||
| References | 329 | ||
| 18 Nutrition in adolescence | 331 | ||
| Key terms | 331 | ||
| Growth and development | 331 | ||
| Psychologic changes | 331 | ||
| Sexual maturity | 332 | ||
| Linear growth | 332 | ||
| Nutrient requirements | 334 | ||
| Energy | 334 | ||
| Protein | 335 | ||
| Carbohydrates and fiber | 335 | ||
| Fat | 336 | ||
| Minerals and vitamins | 336 | ||
| Calcium | 336 | ||
| Iron | 336 | ||
| Folic acid | 337 | ||
| Vitamin D | 337 | ||
| Supplement use by adolescents | 338 | ||
| Food habits and eating behaviors | 338 | ||
| Irregular meals and snacking | 338 | ||
| Fast foods and convenience foods | 338 | ||
| Family meals | 339 | ||
| Media and advertising | 340 | ||
| Dieting and body image | 340 | ||
| Nutrition screening, assessment, and counseling | 340 | ||
| Special concerns | 341 | ||
| Vegetarian dietary patterns | 341 | ||
| Acne | 342 | ||
| Disordered eating and eating disorders | 342 | ||
| Overweight and obesity | 343 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia and hypertension | 345 | ||
| Diabetes | 346 | ||
| Physical activity | 348 | ||
| Pregnancy | 348 | ||
| Useful websites | 349 | ||
| References | 350 | ||
| 19 Nutrition in the adult years | 352 | ||
| Key terms | 352 | ||
| Setting the stage: Nutrition in the adult years | 352 | ||
| Setting the stage: Messages | 352 | ||
| Information sources | 354 | ||
| Nutrition information and education for adults | 354 | ||
| The wellness years and food security | 355 | ||
| Quality of life and work-life balance | 356 | ||
| Lifestyle health risk factors | 357 | ||
| Health disparities and access to care | 357 | ||
| World health | 357 | ||
| Who: Key facts | 357 | ||
| Emphasis: Women’s health | 358 | ||
| Emphasis: Men’s health | 358 | ||
| Interventions, nutrition, and prevention | 359 | ||
| Food trends and patterns | 359 | ||
| Nutritional supplementation | 360 | ||
| Functional foods | 360 | ||
| Healthy food and water systems and sustainability | 363 | ||
| Adult health next steps | 363 | ||
| Useful websites | 363 | ||
| References | 364 | ||
| 20 Nutrition in aging | 367 | ||
| Key terms | 367 | ||
| The older population | 367 | ||
| Classification | 367 | ||
| Gerontology + geriatrics = the spectrum of aging | 368 | ||
| Nutrition in health promotion and disease prevention | 368 | ||
| Theories on aging | 369 | ||
| Physiologic changes | 369 | ||
| Body composition | 369 | ||
| Taste and smell | 370 | ||
| Hearing and eyesight | 370 | ||
| Immunocompetence | 371 | ||
| Oral | 371 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 371 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 371 | ||
| Renal | 372 | ||
| Neurologic | 372 | ||
| Pressure ulcers | 372 | ||
| Quality of life | 372 | ||
| Depression | 372 | ||
| Functionality | 373 | ||
| Frailty and failure to thrive | 374 | ||
| Weight maintenance | 374 | ||
| Obesity | 374 | ||
| Underweight and malnutrition | 374 | ||
| Nutrition screening and assessment | 375 | ||
| Nutrition needs | 375 | ||
| Medicare benefits | 376 | ||
| Nutrition support services | 377 | ||
| U.s. department of health and human services older americans act (oaa) nutrition program | 377 | ||
| Usda food assistance programs | 378 | ||
| Commodity supplemental food program | 378 | ||
| Seniors farmers’ market nutrition program | 378 | ||
| Medicaid and nutrition services | 378 | ||
| Community and residential facilities for older adults | 378 | ||
| Useful websites | 380 | ||
| References | 380 | ||
| IV Nutrition for Health and Fitness | 382 | ||
| 21 Nutrition in weight management | 383 | ||
| Key terms | 383 | ||
| Body weight components | 383 | ||
| Body fat | 384 | ||
| Adipose tissue composition | 384 | ||
| Adipocyte size and number | 384 | ||
| Fat storage | 384 | ||
| Lipoprotein lipase | 385 | ||
| Regulation of body weight | 385 | ||
| Metabolic rate and voluntary activity | 385 | ||
| Short- and long-term regulation | 385 | ||
| Set point theory | 385 | ||
| Weight imbalance: Overweight and obesity | 387 | ||
| Prevalence | 387 | ||
| Genetics | 388 | ||
| Inadequate physical activity | 388 | ||
| Inflammation | 388 | ||
| Medication usage and weight gain | 389 | ||
| Sleep, stress, and circadian rhythms | 389 | ||
| Taste, satiety, and portion sizes | 389 | ||
| Obesogens | 389 | ||
| Viruses and pathogens | 389 | ||
| Gut microflora and diet | 389 | ||
| Assessment | 389 | ||
| Body fatness and circumference measurements | 389 | ||
| Deurenberg equation | 390 | ||
| A body shape index | 390 | ||
| Health risks and longevity | 390 | ||
| Fat deposition and the metabolic syndrome | 391 | ||
| Calorie restriction and longevity | 391 | ||
| Weight discrimination | 392 | ||
| Management of obesity in adults | 392 | ||
| Goals of treatment | 392 | ||
| Rate and extent of weight loss | 392 | ||
| Lifestyle modification | 392 | ||
| Dietary modification recommendations | 393 | ||
| Restricted-energy diets | 393 | ||
| Formula diets and meal replacement programs | 393 | ||
| Commercial programs | 394 | ||
| Extreme energy restriction and fasting | 394 | ||
| Very low–calorie diets | 394 | ||
| Popular diets and practices | 395 | ||
| Physical activity | 396 | ||
| Pharmaceutical management | 396 | ||
| Other nonsurgical approaches | 397 | ||
| Bariatric surgery | 398 | ||
| Gastric bypass, gastroplasty, gastric banding, and the sleeve gastrectomy | 398 | ||
| Liposuction | 400 | ||
| Common problems in obesity treatment | 400 | ||
| Maintaining reduced body weight | 401 | ||
| Plateau effect | 401 | ||
| Weight cycling | 402 | ||
| Weight management in children and adolescents | 402 | ||
| Weight imbalance: Excessive leanness or unintentional weight loss | 402 | ||
| Cause | 402 | ||
| Assessment | 402 | ||
| Management | 403 | ||
| Appetite enhancers | 403 | ||
| High-energy diets | 403 | ||
| Useful websites | 404 | ||
| References | 404 | ||
| 22 Nutrition in eating disorders | 407 | ||
| Key terms | 407 | ||
| Clinical characteristics and medical complications | 410 | ||
| Treatment approach | 412 | ||
| Psychologic management | 413 | ||
| Nutrition management | 413 | ||
| Nutrition assessment | 413 | ||
| Diet history | 414 | ||
| Anorexia nervosa | 414 | ||
| Bulimia nervosa | 414 | ||
| Eating behavior | 414 | ||
| Biochemical assessment | 415 | ||
| Vitamin and mineral deficiencies | 415 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte balance | 416 | ||
| Energy expenditure | 416 | ||
| Anthropometric assessment | 416 | ||
| Medical nutrition therapy and counseling | 417 | ||
| Anorexia nervosa | 417 | ||
| Bulimia nervosa | 420 | ||
| Binge eating disorder | 421 | ||
| Monitoring nutritional rehabilitation | 421 | ||
| Nutrition education | 421 | ||
| Prognosis | 422 | ||
| Useful websites | 424 | ||
| References | 424 | ||
| 23 Nutrition in exercise and sports performance | 426 | ||
| Key terms | 426 | ||
| An integrative approach to working with athletes | 426 | ||
| Bioenergetics of physical activity | 426 | ||
| Adenosine triphosphate: Ultimate energy source | 427 | ||
| Anaerobic or lactic acid pathway | 427 | ||
| Aerobic pathway | 427 | ||
| Energy continuum | 428 | ||
| Fuels for contracting muscles | 428 | ||
| Intensity | 428 | ||
| Duration | 429 | ||
| Effect of training | 429 | ||
| Nutritional requirements of exercise | 429 | ||
| Energy | 429 | ||
| Estimation of energy requirements | 429 | ||
| Weight management | 430 | ||
| Weight loss | 430 | ||
| Weight gain | 431 | ||
| Weight management and aesthetics | 431 | ||
| Disordered eating | 431 | ||
| Female athlete triad | 431 | ||
| Muscle dysmorphia | 431 | ||
| Macronutrients | 432 | ||
| Nutrition periodization | 432 | ||
| Strategies and tools for eating guides in athletes | 432 | ||
| Carbohydrate | 432 | ||
| Effects of training low, competing high | 433 | ||
| Carbohydrate recommendations | 433 | ||
| Types of carbohydrate | 434 | ||
| Food timing | 434 | ||
| Pre-training carbohydrates | 434 | ||
| Pre-training fasting | 434 | ||
| Training fuel during exercise | 434 | ||
| Postworkout and recovery fuel | 435 | ||
| Protein | 436 | ||
| Protein needs for resistance exercise | 436 | ||
| Type, timing, and amount of protein for muscle hypertrophy | 436 | ||
| Fat | 437 | ||
| Fats, inflammation, and sports injury | 437 | ||
| Fluid | 437 | ||
| Fluid balance | 438 | ||
| Daily fluid needs | 438 | ||
| Fluid replacement | 438 | ||
| Electrolytes | 439 | ||
| Sodium | 439 | ||
| Potassium | 439 | ||
| Fluid absorption | 439 | ||
| Children | 440 | ||
| Older athletes | 440 | ||
| Hydration at high altitudes | 440 | ||
| Other considerations | 440 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 440 | ||
| Chocolate milk | 440 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 440 | ||
| B vitamins | 441 | ||
| Choline | 442 | ||
| Antioxidants | 442 | ||
| Vitamin C | 442 | ||
| Fat-soluble vitamins | 442 | ||
| Vitamin D | 442 | ||
| Vitamin E | 443 | ||
| Minerals | 443 | ||
| Iron | 443 | ||
| Calcium | 444 | ||
| Magnesium | 444 | ||
| Copper | 444 | ||
| Ergogenic AIDS | 444 | ||
| Ergogenic AIDS for high intensity exercise | 446 | ||
| Beta-alanine | 446 | ||
| Caffeine | 447 | ||
| Herbs | 448 | ||
| Nitrates and beet juice | 448 | ||
| Ergogenic AIDS for muscle building, recovery, antiinflammation | 448 | ||
| Amino acids | 448 | ||
| Glutamine | 448 | ||
| Branched-chain amino acids (bcaas) | 448 | ||
| Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (hmb) | 449 | ||
| Creatine | 449 | ||
| Betaine | 449 | ||
| Quercetin | 450 | ||
| Performance enhancement substances and drugs (pes/ped): Doping in sport | 450 | ||
| Prohormones and steroids | 451 | ||
| Useful websites | 452 | ||
| Resources, fact sheets, books, programs and guides | 453 | ||
| Supplement education/certification information | 453 | ||
| Company-sponsored websites for research/handouts | 453 | ||
| References | 453 | ||
| 24 Nutrition and bone health | 456 | ||
| Key terms | 456 | ||
| Bone structure and bone physiology | 456 | ||
| Composition of bone | 456 | ||
| Types of bone tissue | 456 | ||
| Bone cells | 456 | ||
| Cartilage | 457 | ||
| Calcium homeostasis | 457 | ||
| Bone modeling | 457 | ||
| Bone remodeling | 458 | ||
| Osteopenia and osteoporosis | 459 | ||
| Prevalence | 459 | ||
| Types of osteoporosis | 459 | ||
| Causes and risk factors | 460 | ||
| Alcohol and cigarettes | 460 | ||
| Ethnicity | 460 | ||
| Limited weight-bearing exercise | 460 | ||
| Loss of menses | 461 | ||
| Nutrients | 461 | ||
| Medications | 461 | ||
| Diagnosis and monitoring | 461 | ||
| Fracture risk assessment | 461 | ||
| Bone markers | 461 | ||
| Nutrition and bone | 462 | ||
| Energy | 462 | ||
| Protein | 462 | ||
| Minerals | 462 | ||
| Calcium | 462 | ||
| Phosphate | 463 | ||
| Trace minerals | 463 | ||
| Vitamins | 463 | ||
| Vitamin A | 463 | ||
| Vitamin D | 463 | ||
| Vitamin k | 464 | ||
| Other dietary components | 464 | ||
| Alcohol | 464 | ||
| Caffeine and soft drinks | 464 | ||
| Dietary fiber | 464 | ||
| Isoflavones | 464 | ||
| High acid or alkaline diets | 464 | ||
| Sodium | 464 | ||
| Vegetarian diets | 464 | ||
| Prevention of osteoporosis and fractures | 465 | ||
| V Medical Nutrition Therapy | 478 | ||
| 26 Medical nutrition therapy for adverse reactions to food: Allergies and intolerances | 479 | ||
| Key terms | 479 | ||
| Definitions | 479 | ||
| Etiology | 481 | ||
| Genetics and epigenetics | 481 | ||
| Antigen exposure and oral tolerance | 482 | ||
| The gastrointestinal function and the microbiome | 482 | ||
| The immune system arsenal | 482 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 484 | ||
| Ige-mediated reactions | 484 | ||
| Food-induced anaphylaxis | 484 | ||
| Oral allergy or pollen-food allergy syndrome | 485 | ||
| Latex-fruit or latex-food syndrome | 485 | ||
| Food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis (fdeia) | 486 | ||
| Mixed ige-mediated and non–ige-mediated reactions | 486 | ||
| Cow’s milk protein allergy (cmpa) | 486 | ||
| Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (egid) | 486 | ||
| Non–ige-mediated reactions | 486 | ||
| Food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome (fpies) | 486 | ||
| Food protein–induced proctitis or proctocolitis (fpip) | 487 | ||
| Food intolerances | 487 | ||
| Carbohydrate intolerance | 487 | ||
| Lactose intolerance | 487 | ||
| Fructose intolerance and the inability to digest fructose polymers (fodmaps) | 487 | ||
| Pharmacologic reactions | 487 | ||
| Histamine | 487 | ||
| Tyramine | 490 | ||
| Reactions to food additives | 490 | ||
| Sulfites | 490 | ||
| Monosodium glutamate (msg) | 490 | ||
| Food toxins and microbial contaminants | 490 | ||
| Psychogenic and behavioral factors | 490 | ||
| Assessment | 491 | ||
| Immunologic testing | 491 | ||
| Skin-prick test | 491 | ||
| Serum antibody tests | 492 | ||
| Other tests | 493 | ||
| Medical nutrition therapy | 493 | ||
| Food and symptom record | 493 | ||
| Food-elimination diets | 493 | ||
| Healing the gut and restoring immune balance | 503 | ||
| Emerging therapies | 503 | ||
| Nutritional adequacy | 503 | ||
| Preventing food allergy | 503 | ||
| Allergen exposure | 503 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 504 | ||
| Solid food introduction | 504 | ||
| Early diet and immunomodulatory factors | 504 | ||
| Antioxidants | 504 | ||
| Vitamin D | 505 | ||
| Folate | 505 | ||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas) | 505 | ||
| Pre- and probiotics | 505 | ||
| Useful websites and apps | 506 | ||
| References | 506 | ||
| 27 Medical nutrition therapy for upper gastrointestinal tract disorders | 508 | ||
| Key terms | 508 | ||
| Assessment parameters | 508 | ||
| The esophagus | 508 | ||
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd) and esophagitis | 509 | ||
| Etiology | 509 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 509 | ||
| Medical and surgical management | 512 | ||
| Lifestyle modifications and medical nutrition therapy | 513 | ||
| Head and neck cancer | 513 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 513 | ||
| VI Pediatric Specialties | 867 | ||
| 43 Medical nutrition therapy for genetic metabolic disorders | 890 | ||
| Key terms | 890 | ||
| Newborn screening | 890 | ||
| Disorders of amino acid metabolism | 894 | ||
| Phenylketonuria | 894 | ||
| Etiology | 894 | ||
| Medical treatment | 895 | ||
| Blood phenylalanine control. | 895 | ||
| Medical nutrition therapy | 897 | ||
| Formula. | 897 | ||
| Low-phenylalanine foods. | 897 | ||
| Education about therapy management. | 897 | ||
| Psychosocial development. | 897 | ||
| Maternal PKU | 900 | ||
| Adults living with phenylketonuria | 900 | ||
| Maple syrup urine disease | 901 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 901 | ||
| Medical treatment | 901 | ||
| Medical nutrition therapy | 902 | ||
| Disorders of organic acid metabolism | 902 | ||
| Disorders of urea cycle metabolism | 902 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 903 | ||
| Medical treatment | 903 | ||
| Medical nutrition therapy | 903 | ||
| Protein-restricted diets | 904 | ||
| Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism | 904 | ||
| Hereditary fructose intolerance | 904 | ||
| Medical nutrition therapy | 904 | ||
| Galactosemia | 904 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 904 | ||
| Medical treatment | 904 | ||
| Medical nutrition therapy | 905 | ||
| Glycogen storage diseases | 905 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 905 | ||
| Medical treatment | 906 | ||
| APPENDIX 1 Unit abbreviations | 931 | ||
| APPENDIX 2 Milliequivalents and milligrams of electrolytes | 933 | ||
| APPENDIX 3 Equivalents, conversions, and portion (scoop) sizes | 935 | ||
| Liquid measure—volume equivalents | 935 | ||
| Dry measure | 935 | ||
| Scoop sizes | 935 | ||
| APPENDIX 4 Birth to 24 months: Boys length-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles | 937 | ||
| APPENDIX 5 Birth to 24 months: Boys head circumference-for-age and weight-for-length percentiles | 939 | ||
| APPENDIX 6 2 to 20 years: Boys stature-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles | 941 | ||
| APPENDIX 7 Body mass index-for-age percentiles: Boys, 2 to 20 years | 943 | ||
| APPENDIX 8 Birth to 24 months: Girls length-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles | 945 | ||
| APPENDIX 9 Birth to 24 months: Girls head circumference-for-age and weight-for-length percentiles | 947 | ||
| APPENDIX 10 2 to 20 years: Girls stature-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles | 949 | ||
| APPENDIX 11 Body mass index-for-age percentiles: Girls, 2 to 20 years | 951 | ||
| APPENDIX 12 Tanner stages of adolescent development for girls | 953 | ||
| APPENDIX 13 Tanner stages of adolescent development for boys | 955 | ||
| APPENDIX 14 Direct methods for measuring height and weight | 957 | ||
| Height | 957 | ||
| Weight | 957 | ||
| APPENDIX 15 Indirect methods for measuring height | 959 | ||
| Measuring arm span | 959 | ||
| APPENDIX 16 Determination of frame size | 961 | ||
| APPENDIX 17 Adjustment of desirable body weight for amputees | 963 | ||
| APPENDIX 18 Body mass index table | 965 | ||
| APPENDIX 19 Percentage of body fat based on four skinfold measurements* | 967 | ||
| APPENDIX 20 Physical activity and calories expended per hour | 969 | ||
| APPENDIX 21 Nutrition-focused physical assessment | 973 | ||
| APPENDIX 22 Laboratory values for nutritional assessment and monitoring | 981 | ||
| I. Principles of nutritional laboratory testing | 981 | ||
| A. Purpose | 981 | ||
| B. Specimen types | 981 | ||
| C. Interpretation of laboratory data | 981 | ||
| D. Reference ranges | 982 | ||
| E. Units | 982 | ||
| F. Nature of nutritional testing and types of tests | 982 | ||
| APPENDIX 23 Nutritional implications of selected drugs | 1003 | ||
| References | 1010 | ||
| APPENDIX 24 Enteral (tube feeding) formulas for adults marketed in the usa | 1011 | ||
| APPENDIX 25 Sample stepwise method to calculate a pn formula | 1013 | ||
| Pn formula | 1013 | ||
| APPENDIX 26 Dash diet | 1015 | ||
| The dash diet | 1015 | ||
| APPENDIX 27 Exchange lists for meal planning | 1017 | ||
| How this exchange list works with meal planning | 1017 | ||
| Starch | 1017 | ||
| Nutrition tips | 1018 | ||
| Selection tips | 1018 | ||
| Nutrition tips | 1019 | ||
| Selection tips | 1019 | ||
| Milk | 1020 | ||
| Nutrition tips | 1020 | ||
| Selection tips | 1020 | ||
| Sweets, desserts, and other carbohydrates | 1021 | ||
| Common measurements | 1021 | ||
| Dry: | 1021 | ||
| Liquid: | 1021 | ||
| Nutrition tips | 1021 | ||
| Selection tips | 1021 | ||
| Nonstarchy vegetables | 1021 | ||
| Nutrition tips | 1022 | ||
| Selection tips | 1022 | ||
| Meat and meat substitutes | 1023 | ||
| Nutrition tips | 1023 | ||
| Selection tips | 1023 | ||
| Fats | 1024 | ||
| Nutrition tips | 1025 | ||
| Selection tips | 1025 | ||
| Free foods | 1025 | ||
| Selection tips | 1026 | ||
| Free snacks | 1026 | ||
| Drinks/mixes | 1026 | ||
| Seasonings | 1026 | ||
| Combination foods | 1027 | ||
| Fast foods | 1027 | ||
| Alcohol | 1028 | ||
| Nutrition tips | 1028 | ||
| Selection tips | 1028 | ||
| APPENDIX 28 Development of standardized dysphagia diets | 1029 | ||
| Texture modifications | 1029 | ||
| Level 3: dysphagia advanced (previously: Mechanical soft): | 1029 | ||
| Level 2: *dysphagia mechanically-altered (previously: Ground): | 1029 | ||
| Level 1: *dysphagia puree: | 1029 | ||
| Fluid modifications | 1029 | ||
| APPENDIX 29 Renal diet for dialysis | 1031 | ||
| Protein | 1031 | ||
| Albumin | 1031 | ||
| Keeping a healthy albumin level | 1031 | ||
| Protein servings for you | 1031 | ||
| One serving of protein is: | 1031 | ||
| Common serving sizes | 1032 | ||
| Estimating serving sizes | 1032 | ||
| Tips for eating more protein | 1032 | ||
| Nutritional supplements | 1032 | ||
| Malnutrition | 1032 | ||
| Exercise | 1032 | ||
| Potassium for people on hemodialysis | 1032 | ||
| Most people on hemodialysis may have | 1032 | ||
| Soaking vegetables and beans | 1032 | ||
| Other high-potassium foods | 1033 | ||
| Shaking the salt habit | 1033 | ||
| Most people on dialysis may have | 1033 | ||
| Rinsing canned foods to lower sodium (canned vegetables, chunk or flaked fish or shellfish, poultry or meats) | 1033 | ||
| Phosphorus | 1034 | ||
| Low-phosphorus diet | 1034 | ||
| High-phosphorus foods | 1034 | ||
| Other high-phosphorus foods | 1034 | ||
| Phosphorus and potassium | 1035 | ||
| Phosphate binders | 1035 | ||
| Lower-phosphorus ideas | 1035 | ||
| High phosphorus levels | 1035 | ||
| APPENDIX 30 Sodium in food | 1037 | ||
| Special considerations | 1037 | ||
| Guidelines for sodium restriction | 1037 | ||
| APPENDIX 31 The anti-inflammatory diet | 1039 | ||
| Dietary approaches to reduce inflammation | 1039 | ||
| Consume an abundance of fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices | 1040 | ||
| Eat a low glycemic diet | 1040 | ||
| Have nuts and seeds or nut and seed butters every day | 1040 | ||
| Adjust the quality and quantity of dietary fat and oils | 1040 | ||
| Get adequate sources of probiotics | 1040 | ||
| Consider food allergy or sensitivity elimination | 1041 | ||
| Avoid chemicals | 1041 | ||
| Drink alcohol in moderation | 1041 | ||
| Stress and sleep | 1041 | ||
| Example of an anti-inflammatory 1 day diet based on the dash*, mind and mediterranean meal patterns | 1041 | ||
| References | 1041 | ||
| APPENDIX 32 Nutritional facts on alcoholic beverages | 1043 | ||
| Calories in selected alcoholic beverages* | 1043 | ||
| APPENDIX 33 Nutritional facts on caffeine-containing products | 1045 | ||
| APPENDIX 34 Nutritional facts on essential (omega) fatty acids | 1047 | ||
| Ω-3 fatty acids: | 1047 | ||
| Ω-6 fatty acids: | 1047 | ||
| Dietary sources | 1047 | ||
| Omega-3 fatty acids | 1048 | ||
| APPENDIX 35 Nutritional facts on a high-fiber diet | 1049 | ||
| Guidelines for high-fiber diet | 1049 | ||
| Each of these foods in this amount contains 2 G of dietary fiber | 1049 | ||
| APPENDIX 36 Nutritional facts on fluid and hydration | 1051 | ||
| APPENDIX 37 Glycemic index and glycemic load of selected foods* | 1053 | ||
| APPENDIX 38 Nutritional facts on a high-protein diet | 1055 | ||
| Best food sources of protein | 1055 | ||
| Protein supplements | 1055 | ||
| APPENDIX 39 Nutritional facts on vegetarian eating | 1057 | ||
| Nutrients to consider when planning a vegetarian menu | 1057 | ||
| Protein | 1057 | ||
| Special notes | 1058 | ||
| APPENDIX 40 Nutritional facts on folic acid, vitamin b, and vitamin b | 1059 | ||
| Folate | 1059 | ||
| Recommended intakes | 1059 | ||
| Vitamin B₆ | 1060 | ||
| Vitamin B₁₂ | 1061 | ||
| Recommended intakes | 1061 | ||
| References | 1062 | ||
| APPENDIX 41 Nutritional facts on vitamin a and carotenoids | 1063 | ||
| Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) | 1063 | ||
| Food sources of vitamin A | 1063 | ||
| APPENDIX 42 Nutritional facts on vitamin C | 1065 | ||
| Recommended intakes | 1065 | ||
| Dietary supplements | 1066 | ||
| References | 1066 | ||
| APPENDIX 43 Nutritional facts on vitamin E | 1067 | ||
| Recommended intakes | 1067 | ||
| Sample meal plan | 1067 | ||
| Breakfast | 1067 | ||
| Lunch | 1068 | ||
| Dinner | 1068 | ||
| Snack | 1068 | ||
| References | 1068 | ||
| APPENDIX 44 Nutritional facts on vitamin k | 1069 | ||
| References | 1070 | ||
| APPENDIX 45 Nutritional facts on vitamin D | 1071 | ||
| Vitamin D synthesized from sunlight exposure | 1071 | ||
| Vitamin D in foods | 1071 | ||
| Vitamin D in supplements | 1072 | ||
| References | 1072 | ||
| APPENDIX 46 Nutritional facts on calcium | 1073 | ||
| Recommended intakes | 1073 | ||
| Calcium in foods | 1073 | ||
| Selected food sources of calcium | 1073 | ||
| Calcium supplements | 1074 | ||
| Calcium in medications | 1074 | ||
| References | 1074 | ||
| APPENDIX 47 Nutritional facts on chromium | 1075 | ||
| APPENDIX 48 Nutritional facts on iodine | 1077 | ||
| Deficiency | 1077 | ||
| Goitrogens | 1077 | ||
| Recommended intakes | 1077 | ||
| APPENDIX 49 Nutritional facts on iron | 1079 | ||
| Recommended intakes | 1079 | ||
| Tips for increasing iron intake | 1080 | ||
| What about too much iron? | 1080 | ||
| Sample meal plan | 1080 | ||
| Lunch | 1080 | ||
| Dinner | 1080 | ||
| Snack | 1080 | ||
| APPENDIX 50 Nutritional facts on magnesium | 1081 | ||
| Dietary sources | 1081 | ||
| Dietary recommended intakes | 1081 | ||
| Sample meal plan | 1082 | ||
| Breakfast | 1082 | ||
| Lunch | 1082 | ||
| Dinner | 1082 | ||
| Snack | 1082 | ||
| APPENDIX 51 Nutritional facts on potassium | 1083 | ||
| APPENDIX 52 Nutritional facts on selenium | 1085 | ||
| Sample meal plan | 1086 | ||
| Breakfast | 1086 | ||
| Lunch | 1086 | ||
| Dinner | 1086 | ||
| Snack | 1086 | ||
| APPENDIX 53 Nutritional facts on zinc | 1087 | ||
| Dietary recommended intakes | 1087 | ||
| Sample meal plan | 1088 | ||
| Breakfast | 1088 | ||
| Lunch | 1088 | ||
| INDEX | 1089 | ||
| A | 1089 | ||
| B | 1093 | ||
| C | 1095 | ||
| D | 1100 | ||
| E | 1103 | ||
| F | 1106 | ||
| G | 1108 | ||
| H | 1110 | ||
| I | 1110 | ||
| J | 1114 | ||
| K | 1115 | ||
| L | 1115 | ||
| M | 1116 | ||
| N | 1119 | ||
| O | 1121 | ||
| P | 1123 | ||
| Q | 1127 | ||
| R | 1127 | ||
| S | 1128 | ||
| T | 1130 | ||
| U | 1131 | ||
| V | 1132 | ||
| W | 1133 | ||
| X | 1134 | ||
| Y | 1134 | ||
| Z | 1134 | ||
| Inside back cover | es |