Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Now in its 4th Edition, this bestselling volume in the popular Requisites series, by Drs. Rohini Nadgir and David M. Yousem, thoroughly covers the extensive field of neuroradiology in an efficient and practical manner. Ideal for both clinical practice and ABR exam study, it presents everything you need to know about diagnostic imaging of the most commonly encountered neurological conditions. The authors address the conceptual, technical, and interpretive core knowledge needed for imaging the brain, spine, and head and neck, and discuss all the latest imaging modalities used, including diffusion weighted imaging, perfusion imaging, MR and CT angiography, and MR spectroscopy.
- Features 1,200 high-quality images throughout.
- Makes it easy to locate any topic of interest thanks to a logical organization by diseases and locations.
- Summarizes differential diagnoses in quick reference tables to reinforce important characteristics of diseases and aid in interpretation.
- Focuses on essentials to pass the boards and the Certificate of Added Qualification exam.
- Contains 50% new, updated, or improved illustrations.
- Covers new techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging tractography to identify white matter tracts.
- Offers new understandings of demyelination diseases such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), and IgG4 related inflammatory disease.
- Provides updated World Health Organization classification of brain tumors and the recent American Joint Commission on Cancer TNM staging of head and neck cancers.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | ES1 | ||
| THE REQUISITES Neuroradiology | i | ||
| The Requisites Series | ii | ||
| NEURORADIOLOGY: THE REQUISITES, | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| 1 - CRANIAL ANATOMY | 1 | ||
| TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY | 1 | ||
| Cerebral Hemispheres | 1 | ||
| Brain Stem | 3 | ||
| Cerebellum | 4 | ||
| Corpus Callosum | 8 | ||
| Deep Gray Nuclei | 8 | ||
| Ventricular System, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces | 9 | ||
| Meninges and Associated Potential Spaces | 10 | ||
| Physiologic Calcifications | 12 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY | 13 | ||
| Brodmann Areas | 15 | ||
| Motor System | 15 | ||
| Sensory System | 15 | ||
| Visual Pathway | 20 | ||
| Auditory System | 21 | ||
| Limbic System | 21 | ||
| Taste | 22 | ||
| Speech | 22 | ||
| CRANIAL NERVES | 24 | ||
| Olfactory Nerve | 24 | ||
| Optic Nerve (CN II) | 24 | ||
| Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) | 24 | ||
| Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) | 24 | ||
| Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) | 24 | ||
| Abducens Nerve (CN VI) | 26 | ||
| Facial Nerve (CN VII) | 26 | ||
| Vestibulocochlear (Acoustic) Nerve (CN VIII) | 27 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) | 27 | ||
| Vagus Nerve (CN X) | 27 | ||
| Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) | 27 | ||
| Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) | 27 | ||
| VASCULAR ANATOMY | 27 | ||
| External Carotid Branches | 28 | ||
| Intracranial Circulation | 30 | ||
| Anterior Cerebral Artery System | 31 | ||
| Middle Cerebral Artery System | 32 | ||
| Vertebral Arteries | 33 | ||
| Basilar Artery Branches | 33 | ||
| Venous Anatomy | 34 | ||
| Superficial Drainage | 34 | ||
| Deep Supratentorial Drainage | 34 | ||
| Deep Infratentorial Drainage | 36 | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | 37 | ||
| Skull Base Foramina | 37 | ||
| FINAL WORDS | 37 | ||
| 2 - Neoplasms of the Brain | 40 | ||
| EXTRAAXIAL VERSUS INTRAAXIAL TUMORS FOR DUMMIES | 40 | ||
| EXTRAAXIAL TUMORS | 41 | ||
| Tumors of the Meninges | 41 | ||
| Meningiomas | 41 | ||
| Atypical Meningiomas | 43 | ||
| Malignant Meningiomas | 43 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Meningioma | 44 | ||
| Mesenchymal Meningeal Tumors | 44 | ||
| Hemangiopericytoma | 44 | ||
| Melanocytic Lesions | 44 | ||
| Tumors of Neurogenic Origin | 44 | ||
| Schwannomas | 44 | ||
| Neurofibromas | 46 | ||
| Neuromas | 47 | ||
| Metastases | 47 | ||
| Dural Metastases | 47 | ||
| Subarachnoid Seeding | 47 | ||
| INTRAVENTRICULAR MASSES (EXCLUDING MENINGIOMA) | 49 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Masses | 49 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Papilloma | 49 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Carcinomas | 50 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Hemangiomas | 50 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Xanthogranuloma | 50 | ||
| Other Intraventricular Masses (Excluding Meningiomas) | 50 | ||
| Ependymal Tumors | 50 | ||
| Anaplastic Ependymomas | 51 | ||
| Subependymoma | 51 | ||
| Central Neurocytoma | 52 | ||
| Nonneoplastic “Tumors” | 53 | ||
| Epidermoids | 53 | ||
| Dermoid | 55 | ||
| Teratoma | 55 | ||
| Lipoma | 55 | ||
| INTRAAXIAL TUMORS | 55 | ||
| Grade I: Circumscribed Astrocytomas | 57 | ||
| Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytomas | 57 | ||
| Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma | 57 | ||
| Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas | 57 | ||
| Grade II: Diffuse Astrocytoma | 58 | ||
| Brain Stem “Gliomas” | 59 | ||
| Grade III: Anaplastic Astrocytoma | 59 | ||
| Glioblastoma | 59 | ||
| Gliosarcomas | 61 | ||
| Multicentric Astrocytomas | 61 | ||
| Gliomatosis Cerebri | 61 | ||
| Embryonal Tumors | 62 | ||
| Medulloblastomas/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors | 62 | ||
| Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors | 63 | ||
| Ependymoblastoma | 64 | ||
| Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumors | 64 | ||
| Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor | 65 | ||
| Neuronal, Mixed Neuronal/Glial Tumors | 66 | ||
| Gangliogliomas | 66 | ||
| Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma | 66 | ||
| Gangliocytoma | 66 | ||
| Oligodendroglial Tumors | 69 | ||
| Oligodendroglioma | 69 | ||
| Mixed Tumors | 69 | ||
| Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma | 70 | ||
| Neuroepithelial Tumors of Uncertain Origin | 70 | ||
| Chordoid Glioma | 70 | ||
| Astroblastoma | 70 | ||
| Hemangioblastomas | 70 | ||
| Metastases | 72 | ||
| Lymphomas | 74 | ||
| Sarcoma | 76 | ||
| PINEAL REGION MASSES | 76 | ||
| Tumors of Germ Cell Origin | 77 | ||
| Germinoma | 77 | ||
| Teratoma | 78 | ||
| Choriocarcinoma and Other Germ Cell Line Tumors | 78 | ||
| Others | 78 | ||
| Tumors of Pineal Cell Origin | 78 | ||
| Pineoblastoma | 78 | ||
| Pineocytoma | 79 | ||
| NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES | 80 | ||
| Cysts | 80 | ||
| Pineal Cyst | 80 | ||
| Colloid Cyst | 80 | ||
| Neuroepithelial Cyst | 80 | ||
| Choristomas | 81 | ||
| Amyloid | 81 | ||
| Other Nonneoplastic Masses | 81 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Syndromes | 81 | ||
| POSTTREATMENT EVALUATION | 82 | ||
| Postoperative | 82 | ||
| Postradiation | 83 | ||
| Pseudoprogression and Pseudoresponse | 85 | ||
| Response Assessment in Neuro-oncology | 85 | ||
| 3 - Vascular Diseases of the Brain | 87 | ||
| ISCHEMIC CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE | 87 | ||
| Clinical Features | 87 | ||
| PATHOLOGY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS | 89 | ||
| IMAGING TOOLS | 91 | ||
| Brain | 91 | ||
| Vessels | 93 | ||
| Carotid Ultrasound/Transcranial Doppler | 93 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Angiography | 93 | ||
| Computed Tomographic Angiography | 95 | ||
| Conventional Catheter Angiography | 96 | ||
| Perfusion | 97 | ||
| IMAGING OF INFARCTION | 102 | ||
| Hyperacute Infarction (0 to 6 hours) | 102 | ||
| Hyperacute Stroke Management | 108 | ||
| Acute Infarction (6 to 36 hours)—Cytotoxic and Vasogenic Edema | 109 | ||
| Early Subacute Infarction (36 hours to 5 days): Reperfusion | 109 | ||
| Late Subacute (5 to 14 days): Resolving Edema and Early Healing | 111 | ||
| Chronic Infarction (More Than 2 Weeks): Healing | 112 | ||
| Acute Cerebellar Infarcts | 114 | ||
| ANOXIA, HYPOXIA, AND BRAIN DEATH | 115 | ||
| VASCULOPATHIES | 116 | ||
| Extracranial and Extradural Arteries | 118 | ||
| Fibromuscular Dysplasia | 118 | ||
| Skull Base/Circle of Willis | 118 | ||
| Moyamoya | 118 | ||
| Granulomatous Meningitis (e.g., Tuberculosis) | 120 | ||
| Secondary and Tertiary Carotid and Basilar Branch Vessels | 120 | ||
| Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System | 122 | ||
| Wegener Granulomatosis | 122 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | 122 | ||
| Neurosarcoidosis | 122 | ||
| Infectious Vasculitis | 122 | ||
| Vasculopathies | 122 | ||
| Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome | 122 | ||
| Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis (Neoplastic Angioendotheliosis) | 122 | ||
| Small Vessel Diseases | 123 | ||
| Collagen Vascular Diseases | 123 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 123 | ||
| Migraine | 123 | ||
| Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy | 123 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE | 123 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 123 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 126 | ||
| Temporal Changes in Parenchymal Hemorrhage | 127 | ||
| Hyperacute Hemorrhage (0 to 4 Hours) | 128 | ||
| Acute Hemorrhage (4 to 72 Hours) | 128 | ||
| Early Subacute Hemorrhage (3 to 6 Days) | 129 | ||
| Late Subacute Hemorrhage (6 to 14 Days) | 129 | ||
| Chronic Hemorrhage (Greater Than 2 Weeks) | 130 | ||
| ETIOLOGIES OF INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE | 131 | ||
| Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage | 131 | ||
| Hypertension | 132 | ||
| Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy | 133 | ||
| Venous Thrombosis | 134 | ||
| Intratumoral Hemorrhage | 137 | ||
| ETIOLOGIES OF EXTRAAXIAL HEMORRHAGE | 138 | ||
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 138 | ||
| Causes of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 138 | ||
| Trauma. In most cases of severe head trauma SAH accompanies and is adjacent to parenchymal and/or extraaxial hematomas. Extensiv... | 139 | ||
| Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Aneurismal SAH (aSAH) is typically centered around the base of the brain, in particular with... | 139 | ||
| Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. One cause of angiographically negative SAH is benign perimesencephalic SAH (Fig. 3-56). T... | 140 | ||
| VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES | 141 | ||
| Cerebral Aneurysms | 141 | ||
| Work-up of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 142 | ||
| Capillary Telangiectasias | 145 | ||
| Cavernous Angioma (Cavernous Hemangioma, Cavernous Malformation, Cavernoma) | 145 | ||
| Developmental Venous Anomaly (Venous Angioma) | 145 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformations | 146 | ||
| Dural Arteriovenous Fistula | 147 | ||
| 4 - Head Trauma | 150 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF INJURY | 152 | ||
| Primary Injury | 152 | ||
| Secondary Complications | 153 | ||
| EPIDURAL HEMATOMA | 153 | ||
| SUBDURAL HEMATOMA | 154 | ||
| SUBDURAL HYGROMA | 157 | ||
| HEMORRHAGIC CONTUSION | 159 | ||
| PENETRATING INJURIES | 159 | ||
| ACUTE VASCULAR INJURY | 160 | ||
| DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY | 162 | ||
| TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN THE LONG TERM | 162 | ||
| SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS | 164 | ||
| Herniation Syndromes | 164 | ||
| BRAIN DEATH | 165 | ||
| CHILD ABUSE/NONACCIDENTAL TRAUMA | 165 | ||
| SKULL/SKULL BASE FRACTURE | 166 | ||
| FACIAL AND ORBITAL TRAUMA | 167 | ||
| Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid Complex Fracture and LeFort Injuries | 173 | ||
| Mandible Fractures | 173 | ||
| TRAUMATIC CRANIAL NERVE INJURY | 173 | ||
| 5 - Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain | 174 | ||
| ANATOMICALLY BOUNDED INFECTIOUS PROCESSES | 174 | ||
| Anatomy of the Spaces around the Brain and Its Coverings | 174 | ||
| Epidural Abscess | 174 | ||
| Subdural Empyema | 175 | ||
| Leptomeningitis | 177 | ||
| Leptomeningitis versus Pachymeningitis | 179 | ||
| Pyogenic Brain Abscess | 179 | ||
| Ventriculitis | 182 | ||
| Choroid Plexitis | 183 | ||
| Septic Embolus | 183 | ||
| SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS PATHOGENS | 184 | ||
| Viral | 184 | ||
| Herpes Simplex | 184 | ||
| Herpes Zoster | 185 | ||
| Postvaricella Encephalitis | 187 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious Mononucleosis | 187 | ||
| Eastern Equine Encephalitis | 187 | ||
| Japanese Encephalitis | 187 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 188 | ||
| Zika Virus | 192 | ||
| Mycobacterial/Bacterial | 193 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 193 | ||
| Listeria Monocytogenes | 195 | ||
| Rickettsia | 195 | ||
| Spirochetal | 195 | ||
| Fungal | 196 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 196 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 196 | ||
| Mucormycosis | 197 | ||
| Nocardiosis | 197 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 198 | ||
| Candidiasis | 199 | ||
| Parasitic | 199 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 199 | ||
| Cysticercosis | 200 | ||
| Echinococcosis | 202 | ||
| Prion Disease | 202 | ||
| NONINFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES | 202 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 202 | ||
| Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis | 204 | ||
| Behçet Disease | 204 | ||
| Whipple Disease | 204 | ||
| LAST BUT NOT LEAST | 204 | ||
| Rasmussen Encephalitis | 204 | ||
| FORTUNE COOKIE | 205 | ||
| 6 - White Matter Diseases | 206 | ||
| PRIMARY DEMYELINATING DISEASE | 206 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 206 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Findings | 208 | ||
| New Methods | 211 | ||
| Magnetization Transfer | 211 | ||
| Diffusion | 212 | ||
| Spinal Cord Disease | 212 | ||
| Clinical Differential Diagnosis of Spinal Cord Lesions | 212 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis Syndromes | 212 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 212 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions on Magnetic Resonance | 213 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 214 | ||
| Vasculitides | 214 | ||
| Migraine Lesions | 214 | ||
| Virchow-Robin Spaces | 214 | ||
| Trauma | 214 | ||
| Neuromyelitis Optica | 215 | ||
| Final Thoughts | 216 | ||
| SECONDARY DEMYELINATING DISEASES | 216 | ||
| Allergic/Autoimmune | 216 | ||
| Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | 216 | ||
| Viral | 217 | ||
| Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy | 217 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 217 | ||
| Vascular | 218 | ||
| Age-Associated Leukoaraiosis | 218 | ||
| Binswanger Disease | 218 | ||
| Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy | 218 | ||
| Postanoxic Encephalopathy | 219 | ||
| Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome | 220 | ||
| Toxic/Metabolic Derangements | 222 | ||
| Osmotic Demyelination or Central Pontine Myelinolysis | 222 | ||
| Alcoholism | 222 | ||
| Wernicke Encephalopathy | 223 | ||
| Toxic Lesions | 223 | ||
| Wallerian Degeneration | 223 | ||
| Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration | 223 | ||
| Radiation Changes | 223 | ||
| Disseminated Necrotizing Leukoencephalopathy | 224 | ||
| DYSMYELINATING DISEASES | 225 | ||
| Metachromatic Leukodystrophy | 225 | ||
| Adrenoleukodystrophy | 225 | ||
| Alexander Disease | 226 | ||
| Canavan Disease | 227 | ||
| Krabbe Disease | 227 | ||
| Sudanophilic Leukodystrophy/Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease | 228 | ||
| Vanishing White Matter Disease/Childhood Ataxia with Central Hypomyelination | 228 | ||
| Vacuolating Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts | 229 | ||
| 7 - Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hydrocephalus | 230 | ||
| HYDROCEPHALUS | 232 | ||
| Overproduction of Cerebrospinal Fluid | 232 | ||
| Noncommunicating and Communicating Hydrocephalus | 232 | ||
| Causes of Obstructive Hydrocephalus | 232 | ||
| Colloid Cyst | 232 | ||
| Congenital Aqueductal Stenosis | 232 | ||
| Clots or Synechiae | 232 | ||
| Masses or Tumors | 233 | ||
| Hematomas and Infarcts | 234 | ||
| Trapped Ventricles | 234 | ||
| Causes of Communicating Hydrocephalus | 234 | ||
| Infection, Hemorrhage, Tumors | 234 | ||
| Adult Hydrocephalus | 234 | ||
| External Hydrocephalus | 236 | ||
| The Almighty Failed Shunt | 237 | ||
| Slit Ventricle Syndrome | 238 | ||
| Pseudotumor Cerebri | 238 | ||
| ATROPHY | 239 | ||
| Neurodegenerative Disorders | 239 | ||
| Alzheimer Disease | 239 | ||
| Pittsburgh Compound B Imaging | 240 | ||
| Frontotemporal Dementia | 241 | ||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | 243 | ||
| Mad Cow Disease | 243 | ||
| Parkinson Disease | 243 | ||
| Atypical Parkinson Disease | 244 | ||
| Dementia with Lewy Bodies | 244 | ||
| Multiple System Atrophy | 245 | ||
| Progressive Supranuclear Palsy | 245 | ||
| Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration | 245 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex | 246 | ||
| Vascular Dementias | 247 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 247 | ||
| Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome | 247 | ||
| Porencephaly | 248 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 248 | ||
| Deep Gray Nuclei Disorders | 248 | ||
| Huntington Chorea | 248 | ||
| Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration | 249 | ||
| Wilson Disease | 250 | ||
| Fahr Disease | 251 | ||
| Metabolic and Toxic Disorders | 251 | ||
| Hepatic Failure | 251 | ||
| Other Metabolic Derangements | 251 | ||
| Drugs and Toxins | 252 | ||
| Basal Ganglionic Calcification | 252 | ||
| Cerebellar Atrophy | 254 | ||
| Alcohol Abuse | 254 | ||
| Long-Term Drug Use | 255 | ||
| Olivopontocerebellar Degeneration | 255 | ||
| Friedreich Ataxia | 256 | ||
| Ataxia Telangiectasia | 256 | ||
| Ischemia | 257 | ||
| Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration | 257 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Syndromes | 257 | ||
| METABOLIC DISORDERS | 257 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 257 | ||
| Lipidoses and Other Storage Diseases | 257 | ||
| Mitochondrial Defects | 258 | ||
| Leigh Disease | 258 | ||
| Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Strokelike Episodes Syndrome | 259 | ||
| Aminoacidopathies and Other Enzyme Deficiencies | 261 | ||
| Lysosomal Disorders | 262 | ||
| 8 - Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System | 263 | ||
| TIMING OF FORMATION OF CONGENITAL LESIONS | 263 | ||
| Primary Neurulation | 263 | ||
| Promesencephalic Development | 263 | ||
| Neuronal Proliferation | 263 | ||
| Neuronal Migration | 263 | ||
| Neuronal Organization | 264 | ||
| Myelination | 264 | ||
| SUPRATENTORIAL CONGENITAL LESIONS | 264 | ||
| Disorders of Forebrain Development | 265 | ||
| Holoprosencephaly | 265 | ||
| Commissural Anomalies | 265 | ||
| Septooptic Dysplasia | 271 | ||
| Pituitary Anomalies | 271 | ||
| Cortical Malformations | 271 | ||
| Proliferation Disorders | 271 | ||
| Migrational Disorders | 274 | ||
| Focal Cortical Dysplasia | 276 | ||
| Organizational Disorders | 277 | ||
| Anencephaly | 279 | ||
| INFRATENTORIAL ABNORMALITIES | 280 | ||
| Anomalies Limited to the Cerebellum | 280 | ||
| Dandy-Walker Malformation | 280 | ||
| Blake Pouch Cyst | 281 | ||
| Mega Cisterna Magna | 281 | ||
| Rhombencephalosynapsis | 281 | ||
| Other | 282 | ||
| Isolated Vermian Hypoplasia. This is a distinct entity not to be confused with Dandy-Walker malformation. Vermian hypoplasia ref... | 282 | ||
| Arachnoid Cyst in the Posterior Fossa. About 10% of the arachnoid cysts occur in the posterior fossa. The duplication of the ara... | 282 | ||
| Anomalies Involving the Cerebellum and Brain Stem | 282 | ||
| Joubert Syndrome | 282 | ||
| Pontocerebellar Dysplasia | 283 | ||
| Cerebellar Disruptions | 283 | ||
| Chiari Malformations | 283 | ||
| Chiari I Malformation | 283 | ||
| Chiari II Malformation | 285 | ||
| Chiari III Malformation | 285 | ||
| CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS AND ARACHNOID CYSTS | 285 | ||
| Aqueductal Stenosis | 286 | ||
| Arachnoid Cyst | 287 | ||
| CONGENITAL INFECTIONS | 288 | ||
| PHAKOMATOSES | 291 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis | 291 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | 291 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 2 | 293 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis | 294 | ||
| Sturge-Weber Syndrome | 296 | ||
| von Hippel-Lindau Disease | 297 | ||
| Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia | 298 | ||
| Neurocutaneous Melanosis | 298 | ||
| PHACES Syndrome | 298 | ||
| CONGENITAL SPINAL ANOMALIES | 298 | ||
| Disorders of Primary Neurulation | 298 | ||
| Open Spinal Dysraphism | 299 | ||
| Closed Spinal Dysraphism | 299 | ||
| Dorsal Dermal Sinus | 300 | ||
| Disorders of Secondary Neurulation | 300 | ||
| Fibrolipoma of the Filum Terminale | 300 | ||
| Caudal Regression Syndrome | 301 | ||
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma | 301 | ||
| Anomalies of Notocord Development | 302 | ||
| Diastematomyelia | 302 | ||
| Neuroenteric Cysts | 303 | ||
| Formation and Segmentation Anomalies of the Spinal Column | 304 | ||
| Dural Ectasia | 304 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 305 | ||
| Syringohydromyelia | 305 | ||
| Ventriculus Terminalis | 305 | ||
| Lateral Thoracic Meningoceles | 305 | ||
| SKULL ANOMALIES | 305 | ||
| Craniostenosis | 305 | ||
| Osteopetrosis | 306 | ||
| Achondroplasia | 306 | ||
| Wormian Bones | 307 | ||
| Basilar Invagination and Platybasia | 307 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS | 307 | ||
| Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage | 307 | ||
| Periventricular Leukomalacia | 307 | ||
| Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy | 308 | ||
| Temporal Lobe Seizures and Mesial Temporal Sclerosis | 308 | ||
| 9 - Orbit | 311 | ||
| ANATOMY | 311 | ||
| Globe | 311 | ||
| Foramina | 311 | ||
| Extraocular Muscles | 312 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 313 | ||
| Vascular Structures | 313 | ||
| Lacrimal System | 315 | ||
| Visual Pathway | 316 | ||
| IMAGING CONSIDERATIONS: INDICATIONS FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, AND ORBITAL ULTRASOUND | 316 | ||
| A Few Technical Points | 316 | ||
| OCULAR LESIONS | 316 | ||
| Ocular Calcifications | 317 | ||
| Pediatric Ocular Diseases | 318 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 318 | ||
| Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous | 318 | ||
| Coats Disease | 319 | ||
| Toxocara Canis Infection | 320 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity | 320 | ||
| Hamartomas | 320 | ||
| Adult Ocular Diseases | 320 | ||
| Melanoma | 321 | ||
| Choroidal Hemangioma | 321 | ||
| Medulloepithelioma | 322 | ||
| Metastases | 322 | ||
| Choroidal Osteoma | 322 | ||
| Ocular Infections | 322 | ||
| Intraocular Hemorrhage Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 323 | ||
| Abnormalities of Globe Morphology | 323 | ||
| Ocular Hypotony and Choroidal Detachments. Ocular hypotony is defined as low tension in the globe secondary to surgery, trauma, ... | 323 | ||
| Globe Tenting. Globe tenting occurs when the posterior globe configuration changes so that it appears as a conical or tented str... | 323 | ||
| Coloboma. A coloboma of the eye is a congenital defect in any ocular structure. It is classified as typical or atypical dependin... | 324 | ||
| Staphyloma. Posterior staphyloma and coloboma may be detected by CT or MR and are superficially similar (Fig. 9-18). Staphylomas... | 324 | ||
| The Big or Small Globe. Occasionally, one is confronted with an image of an enlarged globe (Box 9-4). The most common cause of t... | 324 | ||
| Small globes (microophthalmia) have been reported as an isolated event or may be associated with conditions such as craniofacial... | 324 | ||
| RETROBULBAR LESIONS | 324 | ||
| Intraconal Lesions | 324 | ||
| Enlarged Cerebrospinal Fluid Space | 324 | ||
| Optic Nerve Atrophy | 326 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 326 | ||
| Optic Nerve and Visual Pathway Glioma | 327 | ||
| Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma | 327 | ||
| Slow-Flow Vascular Malformations | 329 | ||
| Venous Malformations. Congenital hemangiomas are tumors that are visible at birth, whereas infantile hemangiomas are seen after ... | 329 | ||
| Orbital Varix. The orbital varix is a venous malformation in which there is dilatation of an otherwise normal venous system (pri... | 332 | ||
| High-Flow Vascular Malformations: Carotid Cavernous Fistula and Dural Vascular Malformation | 332 | ||
| Metastases and Lymphoma | 334 | ||
| Neurogenic Tumors | 334 | ||
| Conal Lesions | 334 | ||
| Thyroid Ophthalmopathy | 334 | ||
| Orbital Inflammatory Pseudotumor | 335 | ||
| Tolosa-Hunt | 336 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 336 | ||
| Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis | 336 | ||
| Orbital Lymphoma | 337 | ||
| Extraconal Lesions | 337 | ||
| Orbital Infection | 337 | ||
| Lacrimal Sac Lesions | 338 | ||
| Lacrimal Gland Lesions | 339 | ||
| Mucoceles | 339 | ||
| Dermoids | 340 | ||
| Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma | 340 | ||
| Fibrous Histiocytoma | 340 | ||
| Metastases | 340 | ||
| Sphenoid Wing Meningioma | 342 | ||
| Primary Bone Lesions | 342 | ||
| 10 - Sella and Central Skull Base | 344 | ||
| ANATOMY | 344 | ||
| IMAGING OF THE NORMAL PITUITARY GLAND AND THE PARASELLAR REGION | 349 | ||
| INTRASELLAR LESIONS | 350 | ||
| Congenital Lesions of the Pituitary | 350 | ||
| Pituitary Adenoma | 352 | ||
| Pituitary Apoplexy | 353 | ||
| Metastatic Disease | 353 | ||
| Abscess | 353 | ||
| Granulomatous Disease | 354 | ||
| Lymphocytic Hypophysitis | 355 | ||
| Posterior Pituitary Tumors | 355 | ||
| Intrasellar Meningioma | 356 | ||
| Aneurysm | 356 | ||
| Empty Sella Syndrome | 356 | ||
| Postoperative Pituitary | 358 | ||
| SUPRASELLAR LESIONS | 358 | ||
| Infundibular Lesions | 358 | ||
| Rathke Cleft Cyst | 358 | ||
| Arachnoid Cyst | 358 | ||
| Other Developmental Lesions | 360 | ||
| Craniopharyngioma | 361 | ||
| Meningioma | 364 | ||
| Chiasmatic and Hypothalamic Astrocytoma | 365 | ||
| Hamartoma of the Tuber Cinereum | 365 | ||
| Aneurysm | 366 | ||
| Germinoma | 367 | ||
| PARASELLAR LESIONS | 367 | ||
| Aneurysm | 368 | ||
| Carotid-Cavernous Fistula or Dural Malformation | 368 | ||
| Thrombosis of the Cavernous Sinus | 368 | ||
| Cavernous Sinus Meningioma | 370 | ||
| Trigeminal Nerve Lesions | 370 | ||
| Perineural Spread of Tumor | 370 | ||
| Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome | 371 | ||
| Chondrosarcoma | 372 | ||
| INFRASELLAR AND BASE OF SKULL LESIONS | 374 | ||
| Developmental Lesions | 374 | ||
| Juvenile Angiofibroma | 374 | ||
| Chordoma | 374 | ||
| Metastatic Lesions | 376 | ||
| Other Infrasellar Lesions | 377 | ||
| 11 - Temporal Bone | 378 | ||
| EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL | 378 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 378 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 378 | ||
| Atresia and Hypoplasia | 378 | ||
| First Branchial Cleft Cyst | 378 | ||
| Calcifications of the External Ear Organs | 379 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 379 | ||
| Malignant Otitis Externa | 379 | ||
| Keratosis Obturans | 380 | ||
| Swimmer’s Ear and Surfer’s Ear | 380 | ||
| Neoplasms | 380 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 380 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 381 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas of the EAC are the most common neoplastic processes in this location. This is... | 381 | ||
| Other Primary Malignant Tumors. Other skin tumors such as basal cell carcinomas or melanomas may also affect the external ear in... | 381 | ||
| Metastases. Metastases rarely affect the EAC portion of the temporal bone | 381 | ||
| THE MIDDLE EAR AND FACIAL NERVE | 381 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 381 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 385 | ||
| Hypoplasia and Fusion | 385 | ||
| Epidermoids | 385 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 386 | ||
| Otitis Media | 386 | ||
| Mastoiditis | 387 | ||
| Acquired Cholesteatomas | 387 | ||
| Other Inflammatory Conditions of the Middle Ear | 389 | ||
| Surgery for Otomastoiditis | 389 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 391 | ||
| Glomus Tympanicum | 391 | ||
| Hemangiomas | 393 | ||
| Variations in Vascular Anatomy | 393 | ||
| Dural Vascular Malformations | 394 | ||
| Facial Schwannomas | 394 | ||
| Facial Hemangiomas | 395 | ||
| Facial Nerve Enhancement | 395 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 396 | ||
| INNER EAR AND PETROUS APEX | 397 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 397 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 397 | ||
| Cochlear Abnormalities | 397 | ||
| Vestibular Aqueduct Abnormalities | 399 | ||
| Semicircular Canal Abnormalities | 399 | ||
| Congenital Internal Auditory Canal Abnormalities | 400 | ||
| Congenital Syndromes | 400 | ||
| Labyrinthine Disease | 400 | ||
| Perilymphatic Fistula | 400 | ||
| Labyrinthine Ossification | 400 | ||
| Otospongiosis | 400 | ||
| Ménière Disease | 402 | ||
| Paget Disease | 403 | ||
| Fibrous Dysplasia | 403 | ||
| Labyrinthitis | 403 | ||
| Petrous Apex Lesions | 403 | ||
| Petrous Apicitis | 403 | ||
| Cholesterol Granulomas | 404 | ||
| Other Causes of Hearing Loss | 405 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms of the Inner Ear | 405 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms of the Inner Ear | 405 | ||
| Endolymphatic Sac Tumors | 405 | ||
| JUGULAR FORAMEN LESIONS | 405 | ||
| TRAUMA | 407 | ||
| Introduction to Head\rand Neck Chapters | 411 | ||
| 12 - Sinonasal Disease | 412 | ||
| PARANASAL SINUS DEVELOPMENT | 413 | ||
| IMAGING MODALITIES | 414 | ||
| CONGENITAL DISORDERS | 415 | ||
| Choanal Atresia | 415 | ||
| Congenital Sinonasal Masses | 415 | ||
| Hypoplastic Maxillary Antrum | 417 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY LESIONS | 417 | ||
| Sinusitis | 417 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 417 | ||
| Appearance on Imaging | 419 | ||
| Post-Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Scanning | 423 | ||
| Less Common Inflammatory Conditions of the Sinuses | 424 | ||
| Granulomatous Diseases | 424 | ||
| Complications of Sinusitis | 425 | ||
| Thrombophlebitis | 425 | ||
| Fungal Sinusitis | 425 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 427 | ||
| Mucocele | 427 | ||
| Postoperative Encephaloceles and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks | 427 | ||
| Polyposis | 428 | ||
| Retention Cysts | 428 | ||
| BENIGN NEOPLASMS | 430 | ||
| Osteomas | 430 | ||
| Papillomas | 430 | ||
| Enchondromas | 431 | ||
| Meningiomas | 431 | ||
| Fibrous Dysplasia | 432 | ||
| MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS | 432 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 434 | ||
| Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma | 435 | ||
| Minor Salivary Gland Cancers | 435 | ||
| Melanoma | 435 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 436 | ||
| Olfactory Neuroblastoma | 436 | ||
| Sarcomas | 436 | ||
| Lymphoma | 436 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Tumors | 437 | ||
| Metastases | 437 | ||
| LYMPH NODE DRAINAGE OF NEOPLASMS | 438 | ||
| OPERABILITY OF SINONASAL TUMORS | 438 | ||
| 13 - MUCOSAL AND NODAL DISEASE OF THE HEAD AND NECK | 439 | ||
| ANATOMY | 439 | ||
| Nasopharynx | 439 | ||
| Oropharynx | 439 | ||
| Oral Cavity | 439 | ||
| Hypopharynx | 440 | ||
| Larynx | 441 | ||
| CONGENITAL LESIONS | 441 | ||
| Tornwaldt Cyst | 441 | ||
| Bony Congenital Lesions | 443 | ||
| Branchial Apparatus Fistulas | 443 | ||
| Developmental Cysts | 444 | ||
| Lingual Thyroid Gland | 444 | ||
| Venous Vascular Malformations | 444 | ||
| Airway Lesions | 444 | ||
| LESIONS OF THE AERODIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND LYMPH NODES | 445 | ||
| Inflammatory Pharyngeal Disease | 445 | ||
| Adenitis | 446 | ||
| Tuberculous Adenitis | 446 | ||
| Castleman Disease | 446 | ||
| Mononucleosis | 447 | ||
| Cat Scratch Fever | 447 | ||
| Sinus Histiocytosis | 448 | ||
| Kikuchi Fujimoto Disease | 448 | ||
| Kimura Disease | 448 | ||
| Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder | 448 | ||
| Cysts | 448 | ||
| Laryngotracheal Papillomatosis | 448 | ||
| Macroglossia | 449 | ||
| Odontogenic Lesions | 449 | ||
| Inflammatory Laryngeal Disease | 449 | ||
| Supraglottitis | 449 | ||
| Croup | 452 | ||
| Pharyngoceles and Laryngoceles | 452 | ||
| Ranula | 453 | ||
| Trauma | 453 | ||
| Vocal Cord Paralysis | 454 | ||
| Zenker Diverticulae | 455 | ||
| BENIGN NEOPLASMS OF THE AERODIGESTIVE TRACT | 455 | ||
| Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma | 455 | ||
| Neurogenic Tumors | 457 | ||
| Benign Odontogenic Tumors | 457 | ||
| Ameloblastoma | 457 | ||
| Osseous Tumors | 457 | ||
| Papilloma | 457 | ||
| Pleomorphic Adenoma | 457 | ||
| Other Rare Birds | 458 | ||
| MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA | 458 | ||
| TNM Staging | 458 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | 458 | ||
| Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 461 | ||
| Preepiglottic Fat Invasion | 461 | ||
| Mandibular Invasion | 462 | ||
| Prevertebral Muscle Invasion | 462 | ||
| Pterygopalatine Fossa Invasion | 462 | ||
| Pterygomandibular Raphe Invasion | 463 | ||
| Bilateral or Deep Invasion of the Tongue Base | 463 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 463 | ||
| Prognosis | 463 | ||
| Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 464 | ||
| Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 465 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx | 466 | ||
| Supraglottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 466 | ||
| Glottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 468 | ||
| Subglottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 471 | ||
| Chondroradionecrosis | 472 | ||
| Carcinosarcoma | 472 | ||
| Other Mucosal Based Malignancies | 473 | ||
| Lymphoma | 473 | ||
| Minor Salivary Gland Malignancies | 473 | ||
| Plasmacytomas | 473 | ||
| Sarcomas | 473 | ||
| MALIGNANT ADENOPATHY | 474 | ||
| Malignant Adenopathy: Other Considerations | 477 | ||
| Nodal Metastases from Thyroid Carcinoma | 478 | ||
| Lymphoma | 478 | ||
| POSTTREATMENT IMAGING | 479 | ||
| FUTURE CANCER RISK | 480 | ||
| 14 - Extramucosal Diseases of the Head and Neck | 481 | ||
| SALIVARY GLANDS | 481 | ||
| Anatomy | 481 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 482 | ||
| Branchial Cleft Cyst | 482 | ||
| Venous Vascular Malformations | 483 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 484 | ||
| Calculous Disease | 484 | ||
| Sialosis | 485 | ||
| Sialadenitis | 485 | ||
| Sialodochitis | 486 | ||
| Lymphoepithelial Lesions | 486 | ||
| Sialocele | 486 | ||
| Ranula | 487 | ||
| Retention Cysts | 487 | ||
| Miscellaneous Inflammatory Disorders | 488 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 488 | ||
| Pleomorphic Adenoma | 488 | ||
| Warthin Tumor | 490 | ||
| Oncocytoma | 490 | ||
| Hemangioma | 490 | ||
| Other Benign Tumors | 490 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 490 | ||
| Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma | 491 | ||
| Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma | 492 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 492 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 492 | ||
| Acinic Cell Carcinoma | 493 | ||
| Undifferentiated Carcinoma | 493 | ||
| Metastatic Adenopathy | 493 | ||
| MASTICATOR SPACE | 493 | ||
| Anatomy | 493 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 494 | ||
| Bruxism and Atrophy | 494 | ||
| Fibrous Dysplasia | 496 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome | 496 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 499 | ||
| Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations | 499 | ||
| Ameloblastoma | 500 | ||
| Neurogenic Tumors | 500 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 500 | ||
| Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma | 500 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 501 | ||
| Metastasis | 501 | ||
| Soft-Tissue Sarcoma | 501 | ||
| Lymphoma | 501 | ||
| PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE | 502 | ||
| Anatomy | 502 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 502 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 502 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 502 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 503 | ||
| CAROTID SPACE | 503 | ||
| Anatomy | 503 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 504 | ||
| Branchial Cleft Cyst and Lymphangioma | 504 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 505 | ||
| Cervical Adenitis | 505 | ||
| Vascular Inflammatory Lesions | 505 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 505 | ||
| Schwannoma | 505 | ||
| Glomus Tumor | 506 | ||
| Malignant Disease | 508 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 508 | ||
| Mucosal Disease Spread | 509 | ||
| RETROPHARYNGEAL SPACE | 509 | ||
| Anatomy | 509 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 509 | ||
| Retropharyngeal Carotid Artery | 509 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 510 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 510 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 510 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 510 | ||
| Contiguous Spread from Mucosal Disease | 511 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 511 | ||
| Leukemia/Lymphoma | 511 | ||
| PERIVERTEBRAL SPACE | 511 | ||
| Anatomy | 511 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 511 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 512 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 512 | ||
| Chordoma | 513 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 513 | ||
| Metastasis | 513 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 514 | ||
| BRACHIAL PLEXUS | 514 | ||
| Congenital Lesions | 514 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 515 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 515 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 515 | ||
| THYROID GLAND | 516 | ||
| Anatomy | 516 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 516 | ||
| Agenesis and Ectopic Thyroid Tissue | 516 | ||
| Thyroglossal Duct Cyst | 516 | ||
| Autoimmune and Inflammatory Lesions | 517 | ||
| Goiter | 517 | ||
| Suppurative Thyroiditis | 518 | ||
| Subacute Thyroiditis | 518 | ||
| Hashimoto Thyroiditis | 518 | ||
| Riedel Thyroiditis and Radiation-Induced Thyroiditis | 519 | ||
| Graves Disease | 519 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 519 | ||
| Adenoma | 519 | ||
| Colloid Cyst | 519 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 519 | ||
| Papillary Carcinoma | 520 | ||
| Follicular Carcinoma | 520 | ||
| Medullary Carcinoma | 520 | ||
| Anaplastic Carcinoma | 520 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 520 | ||
| Metastasis | 521 | ||
| Incidental Thyroid Nodule | 521 | ||
| PARATHYROID GLANDS | 521 | ||
| Anatomy | 521 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 522 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 522 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 523 | ||
| CYSTIC MASSES IN THE NECK | 523 | ||
| 15 - ANATOMY AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE SPINE | 527 | ||
| SPINAL PARLANCE | 527 | ||
| ANATOMY | 527 | ||
| Spinal Nerves | 527 | ||
| Vertebrae | 528 | ||
| Intervertebral Disks and Spinal Ligaments | 529 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 530 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord | 531 | ||
| RADIOLOGIC WORK-UP | 533 | ||
| Imaging Fundamentals and Techniques | 533 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Technique | 533 | ||
| Myelography | 535 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 535 | ||
| Discography | 536 | ||
| Low Tech: Plain Spine Films | 536 | ||
| NORMAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE APPEARANCE OF THE VERTEBRAL BODY MARROW | 537 | ||
| DEGENERATIVE DISEASES (AND OTHER COMMON SPINE MALADIES) | 538 | ||
| Disk Herniation | 539 | ||
| Time Course | 543 | ||
| Schmorl Node | 543 | ||
| Scheuermann Disease | 543 | ||
| Thoracic Disk Herniation | 543 | ||
| Osteophyte Formation | 543 | ||
| Endplate Changes | 546 | ||
| Vacuum Phenomenon | 546 | ||
| Synovial Cysts | 546 | ||
| Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament | 548 | ||
| Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis | 549 | ||
| Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis | 549 | ||
| Congenital Posterior Element Variations | 550 | ||
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | 550 | ||
| Spinal Stenosis | 550 | ||
| Postoperative Diskitis | 553 | ||
| Dural Ectasia | 554 | ||
| Myelopathy from Degenerative Disease | 554 | ||
| Immediate Scanning | 554 | ||
| Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (The Surgeon’s Worst Nightmare) | 555 | ||
| Arachnoiditis | 556 | ||
| 16 - Nondegenerative Diseases of the Spine | 559 | ||
| INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES | 559 | ||
| Diskitis and Osteomyelitis | 559 | ||
| Granulomatous Infections | 559 | ||
| Intraspinal Infection | 561 | ||
| Renal Spondyloarthropathy | 562 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 562 | ||
| Intramedullary Lesions in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 562 | ||
| Transverse Myelitis and Multiple Sclerosis | 562 | ||
| Lupus Myelitis | 563 | ||
| Subacute Combined Degeneration | 563 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Changes | 564 | ||
| Tethered Cord | 564 | ||
| CYSTIC LESIONS | 567 | ||
| Arachnoid Cyst | 567 | ||
| Tarlov Cyst | 568 | ||
| Epidermoid Cyst | 568 | ||
| Syringomyelia (Syringohydromyelia) and Cysts within the Cord | 569 | ||
| Cysts Associated with Neoplasia | 570 | ||
| INTRASPINAL LESIONS BY LOCATION | 571 | ||
| Intramedullary Lesions | 571 | ||
| Astrocytoma | 571 | ||
| Ependymoma | 572 | ||
| Hemangioblastoma | 573 | ||
| Ganglioglioma/Gangliocytoma | 574 | ||
| Paragangliomas | 574 | ||
| Intradural Metastatic Disease | 575 | ||
| Extramedullary Intradural Lesions | 575 | ||
| Meningioma | 575 | ||
| Nerve Sheath Tumors: Schwannoma and Neurofibroma | 575 | ||
| Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies | 577 | ||
| Inflammatory Neuropathies | 578 | ||
| Lipoma | 578 | ||
| Extradural Lesions | 578 | ||
| Osteoporotic Compression Fractures | 579 | ||
| Neural Crest Tumors | 581 | ||
| Hemangioma | 582 | ||
| Chordoma | 583 | ||
| Chondrosarcoma | 583 | ||
| Aneurysmal Bone Cyst, Giant Cell Tumor, Osteoblastoma, and Osteoid Osteoma | 584 | ||
| Eosinophilic Granuloma | 584 | ||
| Osteochondroma | 584 | ||
| Paget Disease | 584 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | 584 | ||
| Vertebroplasty | 586 | ||
| Epidural Lipomatosis | 587 | ||
| VASCULAR LESIONS | 588 | ||
| Infarction | 588 | ||
| Vascular Malformations | 588 | ||
| Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula | 589 | ||
| Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformation | 591 | ||
| Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Fistula | 591 | ||
| Cavernous Angioma | 591 | ||
| Siderosis | 592 | ||
| SPINAL TRAUMA/INJURY | 593 | ||
| Cervical Nerve Root Avulsions | 595 | ||
| Spine Fractures and Dislocations | 596 | ||
| Atlantooccipital Dislocation | 597 | ||
| Atlantoaxial Distraction | 597 | ||
| Atlantoaxial Rotation | 598 | ||
| Atlantoaxial Instability | 598 | ||
| Basilar Invagination/Basilar Impression | 599 | ||
| Odontoid Fracture | 601 | ||
| Os Odontoideum | 601 | ||
| Jefferson Fracture | 601 | ||
| Hangman Fracture | 601 | ||
| Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures | 603 | ||
| Insufficiency Fractures of the Sacrum | 604 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury without Radiologic Abnormality | 604 | ||
| 17 - Approach and Pitfalls in Neuroimaging | 605 | ||
| SEARCH STRATEGY | 605 | ||
| Reading a Brain Computed Tomography Scan | 605 | ||
| Reading a Brain Magnetic Resonance Scan | 606 | ||
| Reading Spine Studies | 608 | ||
| Reading Neck Studies | 608 | ||
| HOW TO INTERPRET AN IMAGE | 608 | ||
| REVIEW OF BRAIN NEOPLASMS | 610 | ||
| Extraaxial Brain Neoplasms | 610 | ||
| Benign Extraaxial Brain Neoplasms | 610 | ||
| Malignant Extraaxial Brain Neoplasms | 611 | ||
| Intraventricular Neoplasms | 611 | ||
| Pineal Region Neoplasms | 611 | ||
| Suprasellar Neoplasms | 611 | ||
| Intraaxial Brain Neoplasms | 612 | ||
| Adult Intraaxial Neoplasms | 612 | ||
| Pediatric Intraaxial Neoplasms | 612 | ||
| NONNEOPLASTIC BRAIN LESIONS | 613 | ||
| Infarcts | 613 | ||
| Infections | 613 | ||
| Metabolic Disorders | 613 | ||
| Demyelinating Disorders | 613 | ||
| Hematomas | 614 | ||
| SPINAL LESIONS | 614 | ||
| GRAND FINALE | 615 | ||
| Important Diagnostic Gamuts | e1 | ||
| Index | 617 | ||
| A | 617 | ||
| B | 618 | ||
| C | 618 | ||
| D | 620 | ||
| E | 620 | ||
| F | 621 | ||
| G | 621 | ||
| H | 621 | ||
| I | 622 | ||
| J | 623 | ||
| K | 623 | ||
| L | 623 | ||
| M | 624 | ||
| N | 624 | ||
| O | 625 | ||
| P | 626 | ||
| R | 626 | ||
| S | 627 | ||
| T | 628 | ||
| U | 629 | ||
| V | 629 | ||
| W | 630 | ||
| X | 630 | ||
| Z | 630 | ||
| IBC | ES2 |