BOOK
Photocatalysis
Dionysios D Dionysiou | Gianluca Li Puma | Jinhua Ye | Jenny Schneider | Detlef Bahnemann
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
From environmental remediation to alternative fuels, this book explores the numerous important applications of photocatalysis. The book covers topics such as the photocatalytic processes in the treatment of water and air; the fundamentals of solar photocatalysis; the challenges involved in developing self-cleaning photocatalytic materials; photocatalytic hydrogen generation; photocatalysts in the synthesis of chemicals; and photocatalysis in food packaging and biomedical and medical applications. The book also critically discusses concepts for the future of photocatalysis, providing a fascinating insight for researchers. Together with Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Perspectives, these volumes provide a complete overview to photocatalysis.
Detlef Bahnemann is a Professor at the Institute for Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany, and Director of the Laboratory for Photoactive Nanocomposite Materials at Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia. He has worked in the field of photocatalysis for over 30 years.
Jenny Schneider is a Researcher at the Institute for Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany. She is a specialist in time-resolved investigations of photocatalytic processes.
Jinhua Ye is Managing Director for the Photo-Catalytic Materials Center (PCMC) at the National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. Her research is dedicated to developing new photocatalytic materials for environment preservation.
Gianluca Li Puma is Professor of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at Loughborough University, UK. He is an expert in reaction and reactor engineering, including photochemical and photocatalytic systems.
Dionysios D. Dionysiou is a Professor in the Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DBCEE), University of Cincinnati, USA. He has over 20 years of experience in the field of photocatalysis.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Photocatalysis Applications | i | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 - Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Water: Process Optimization and Degradation Pathways† | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 2 | ||
| 1.2 Degradation Efficiency-Kinetics of Emerging Contaminants | 7 | ||
| 1.2.1 Photocatalytic Degradation of Cyanotoxins | 7 | ||
| 1.2.2 Photocatalytic Degradation and Detoxification of Oxytetracycline | 7 | ||
| 1.3 Effects of Water Quality Parameters on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Emerging Contaminants | 9 | ||
| 1.3.1 Effects of General Water Quality Parameters | 9 | ||
| 1.3.2 Effects of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and Selectivity | 11 | ||
| 1.4 Transformation Mechanistic Pathways and Reaction Intermediates | 13 | ||
| 1.4.1 Transformation Products of Compounds Resulting from the Reaction of Carbon Bonds | 14 | ||
| 1.4.2 Transformation Products of Compounds Resulting from the Reaction of Heteroatoms | 24 | ||
| 1.5 Conclusions | 29 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 29 | ||
| References | 30 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Photocatalytic Removal of Metallic and Other Inorganic Pollutants | 35 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 35 | ||
| 2.2 Thermodynamical Considerations and Mechanistic Pathways | 38 | ||
| 2.3 Chromium | 41 | ||
| 2.4 Mercury | 46 | ||
| 2.5 Lead | 48 | ||
| 2.6 Uranium | 50 | ||
| 2.7 Arsenic | 52 | ||
| 2.8 Nitrate | 56 | ||
| 2.9 Conclusions | 59 | ||
| References | 61 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Solar Photocatalytic Disinfection of Water | 72 | ||
| 3.1 Solar Disinfection of Water | 72 | ||
| 3.1.1 Solar Spectrum and SODIS Method | 72 | ||
| 3.1.2 Oxidative Stress Caused by UV Radiation | 73 | ||
| 3.2 Solar Photocatalytic Disinfection of Water | 75 | ||
| 3.2.1 Mechanisms of TiO2 Photocatalytic Disinfection | 75 | ||
| 3.2.2 Microbiological Aspects of Photocatalytic Disinfection | 77 | ||
| 3.2.3 Inactivation of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria | 80 | ||
| 3.3 Novel Photocatalytic Materials for Visible Light Activity | 82 | ||
| 3.3.1 Doped Materials | 83 | ||
| 3.3.2 Other New Materials | 83 | ||
| 3.4 Solar Photocatalytic Reactors for Water Disinfection | 85 | ||
| 3.5 Conclusions | 87 | ||
| References | 88 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Solar Photocatalysis: Fundamentals, Reactors and Applications | 92 | ||
| 4.1 Solar Light | 92 | ||
| 4.1.1 Extraterrestrial Irradiance and Spectrum | 93 | ||
| 4.1.2 Solar Vector | 95 | ||
| 4.1.3 Irradiance at the Earth Surface | 96 | ||
| 4.2 Solar Photocatalytic Reactors | 102 | ||
| 4.2.1 Types of Reactors | 102 | ||
| 4.2.2 Design of Solar Photocatalytic Reactors | 103 | ||
| 4.2.3 Solar Reactors for Water Disinfection | 104 | ||
| 4.2.3.1 Illuminated Photo-Reactor Volume | 104 | ||
| 4.2.3.2 Photocatalyst Configuration | 105 | ||
| 4.2.3.3 Flow Rate, Water Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen | 106 | ||
| 4.3 Photocatalytic Materials for Solar Applications | 108 | ||
| 4.3.1 Titanium Dioxide | 108 | ||
| 4.3.2 TiO2 Modification for Solar Applications | 109 | ||
| 4.3.2.1 Doping of TiO2 | 109 | ||
| 4.3.2.2 Semiconductor Coupling | 112 | ||
| 4.3.2.3 Dye Sensitization | 112 | ||
| 4.3.3 Mode of Utilisation | 113 | ||
| 4.4 Applications of Solar Photocatalysis | 116 | ||
| 4.4.1 Non-Concentrating Solar Reactors Applications | 117 | ||
| 4.4.2 CPC Solar Reactors Applications | 117 | ||
| 4.5 Integration with Other Unit Operations | 120 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 123 | ||
| References | 123 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Combined Photocatalysis–Separation Processes for Water Treatment Using Hybrid Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors | 130 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 130 | ||
| 5.2 TiO2 and Application for Water Treatment | 132 | ||
| 5.3 Separation Process with Ceramic Membrane | 135 | ||
| 5.4 Fabrication of TiO2-Coated Ceramic Membrane | 137 | ||
| 5.5 Performance of Photocatalytic Ceramic Membrane | 141 | ||
| 5.6 Future Outlook and Challenges | 150 | ||
| References | 151 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Process Integration. Concepts of Integration and Coupling of Photocatalysis with Other Processes | 157 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 157 | ||
| 6.2 Treatment of Biorecalcitrant Wastewater by Integrating Solar Photocatalysis and Other Processes | 159 | ||
| 6.3 Partially Biorecalcitrant Wastewater Treatment by Integrating Solar Photocatalysis and Other Processes | 165 | ||
| 6.4 Removal of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater by Integrating Solar Photocatalysis and Membrane Nanofiltration | 167 | ||
| 6.5 Conclusions and Recommendations | 171 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 171 | ||
| References | 172 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Photocatalytic Purification and Disinfection of Air | 174 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 174 | ||
| 7.2 Photocatalytic Reactions for Air Purification | 177 | ||
| 7.3 Photocatalysts and Their Supports for Air Purification | 180 | ||
| 7.4 Kinetics of Photocatalytic Oxidation | 184 | ||
| 7.5 Photocatalytic Destruction of Microbiological Objects | 189 | ||
| 7.6 Reactors for Photocatalytic Air Treatment | 190 | ||
| 7.7 Combined Methods of Air Purification | 194 | ||
| 7.8 Conclusions | 197 | ||
| List of Abbreviations and Designations | 197 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 197 | ||
| References | 197 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Self-Cleaning Photocatalytic Activity: Materials and Applications | 204 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction to Self-Cleaning Materials | 204 | ||
| 8.2 Mechanism of Self-Cleaning Activity | 205 | ||
| 8.2.1 Light-Induced Hydroxylation of the Surface | 209 | ||
| 8.2.2 Photo-Oxidation of Adsorbed Hydrocarbons on the Surface | 210 | ||
| 8.3 Photocatalytic Materials | 211 | ||
| 8.3.1 Titanium Dioxide | 211 | ||
| 8.3.2 Rapid Testing of Self-Cleaning Photocatalytic Activity | 212 | ||
| 8.3.3 Photocatalytic Antibacterial Activity | 213 | ||
| 8.4 Semiconductor Doping and TiO2/SiO2 Composites | 214 | ||
| 8.4.1 Self-Cleaning Activity | 214 | ||
| 8.4.2 Antireflective Properties | 216 | ||
| 8.4.3 Metal Doped Coatings | 219 | ||
| 8.5 Semiconductor Hybrids and Future Materials | 220 | ||
| 8.5.1 Carbon Nanotube Hybrids of TiO2 or ZnO | 220 | ||
| 8.5.2 Graphene Hybrids of Metal Oxides | 221 | ||
| 8.5.3 Graphene/TiO2 Nanohybrids | 222 | ||
| 8.5.4 ZnO/Graphene Nanohybrids | 224 | ||
| 8.5.5 TiO2/β Cyclodextrin Encapsulated Fullerene (C60) Composites | 224 | ||
| 8.5.6 Conducting Polyaniline/Metal Oxide or Graphene Oxide Hybrids | 225 | ||
| 8.6 Self-Cleaning and Superhydrophilic Coating on Polymer Substrates | 226 | ||
| 8.7 Commercial Materials | 227 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 228 | ||
| References | 228 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis for Energy Generation Using PhotoFuelCells | 236 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 236 | ||
| 9.2 Basic Features of PhotoFuelCell Operation | 239 | ||
| 9.3 PhotoFuelCell Configurations and Related Applications | 243 | ||
| 9.4 Selected Results and Discussion | 245 | ||
| 9.4.1 PFC Used for Electricity Production Employing Ethanol as Organic Fuel | 245 | ||
| 9.4.2 PFC Used Exclusively for Hydrogen Production Employing Ethanol as Organic Fuel | 250 | ||
| 9.5 Experimental Section: Construction of Electrodes and Devices | 250 | ||
| 9.5.1 Materials | 250 | ||
| 9.5.2 Preparation of TiO2 Films and Deposition of CdS by the SILAR Method | 251 | ||
| 9.5.3 Construction of the Counter Electrode | 252 | ||
| 9.5.4 Device (Reactor) Construction | 252 | ||
| 9.5.5 Measurements | 253 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 253 | ||
| References | 253 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation | 255 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 255 | ||
| 10.2 Fundamentals of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation | 257 | ||
| 10.2.1 Thermodynamics of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation | 257 | ||
| 10.2.2 Materials and Systems for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production | 259 | ||
| 10.2.2.1 Materials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production | 259 | ||
| 10.2.2.2 Systems for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production | 260 | ||
| 10.2.3 Mechanisms and Processes of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production | 264 | ||
| 10.3 Promoted Charge Separation and Transport | 265 | ||
| 10.3.1 Improvement of the Crystallinity | 265 | ||
| 10.3.2 Rational Design of Nanostructures | 266 | ||
| 10.3.3 Application of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials | 268 | ||
| 10.3.4 Manipulation of Internal Electric Fields | 274 | ||
| 10.4 Accelerated H2-Evolution Kinetics | 277 | ||
| 10.4.1 Increasing the Active Surface Areas | 277 | ||
| 10.4.2 Loading of H2-Evolution Co-Catalysts | 278 | ||
| 10.4.3 Elevation of Conduction Band Positions | 283 | ||
| 10.5 Increased Stability of Photocatalyst | 285 | ||
| 10.5.1 Addition of Sacrificial Reagents | 285 | ||
| 10.5.2 Introduction of a Protective Layer | 287 | ||
| 10.5.3 Utilization of Water Oxidation Co-Catalysts | 288 | ||
| 10.6 Conclusions, Perspectives and Remarks | 289 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 290 | ||
| References | 290 | ||
| Chapter 11 - New Synthetic Routes in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis | 303 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 303 | ||
| 11.2 Reactions | 304 | ||
| 11.2.1 Oxidations | 305 | ||
| 11.2.1.1 Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes | 305 | ||
| 11.2.1.2 Hydroxylation of Aromatics | 306 | ||
| 11.2.1.3 Alkenes Epoxidation | 310 | ||
| 11.2.1.4 Propene Hydration | 312 | ||
| 11.2.2 Reductions | 313 | ||
| 11.2.2.1 Carbonyl Reduction | 314 | ||
| 11.2.2.2 C=C Double Bonds Reduction | 315 | ||
| 11.2.2.3 Reduction of N-Containing Functions | 315 | ||
| 11.2.3 Alkylations | 321 | ||
| 11.2.3.1 Conjugate Addition Reactions | 322 | ||
| 11.2.3.2 Cross-Coupling Reactions | 324 | ||
| 11.2.3.3 Aromatic Substitution Reactions | 325 | ||
| 11.2.3.4 Carbonyl α-Alkylation Reactions | 326 | ||
| 11.2.3.5 Amine α-Alkylation Reactions via Iminium Cation | 327 | ||
| 11.3 Influence of Catalyst Properties on Selectivity | 328 | ||
| 11.4 Green Organic Solvents in Photocatalysis | 333 | ||
| 11.5 Conclusion | 337 | ||
| References | 337 | ||
| Chapter 12 - An Overview of the Potential Applications of TiO2 Photocatalysis for Food Packaging, Medical Implants, and Chemical Compound Delivery | 345 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 345 | ||
| 12.2 Potential Advantages of TiO2 Photocatalysis for Food Packaging | 346 | ||
| 12.2.1 Generalities | 346 | ||
| 12.2.2 Effect of TiO2 on the Package Physical Properties | 347 | ||
| 12.2.3 Effect of TiO2 on the Package Antibacterial Properties | 347 | ||
| 12.2.4 Effect of TiO2 on the Concentrations of C2H4 and O2 in Packages | 350 | ||
| 12.2.5 Potential Barriers to the Use of TiO2 in Packages | 353 | ||
| 12.3 Roles of TiO2 and TiO2 Photocatalysis in Medical Implants | 353 | ||
| 12.3.1 Role of Non-UV-Irradiated TiO2 | 353 | ||
| 12.3.2 Roles of UV-Irradiated TiO2 | 354 | ||
| 12.4 Potential Use of TiO2 Photocatalysis for Chemical Compound Delivery | 356 | ||
| 12.4.1 Generalities | 356 | ||
| 12.4.2 Use of TiO2 Nanotubes Containing the Chemical to be Delivered | 357 | ||
| 12.4.3 Use of TiO2 Photocatalysis to Deliver Chemicals Contained in Microcapsules | 360 | ||
| 12.4.4 Issues About the Use of TiO2 Photocatalysis for Delivery of Chemicals | 362 | ||
| 12.5 Conclusions | 363 | ||
| 12.5.1 Food Packaging | 363 | ||
| 12.5.2 Medical Implants | 363 | ||
| 12.5.3 Chemical Compound Delivery | 364 | ||
| 12.5.4 Comparisons About the Viability of These Three Applications | 364 | ||
| References | 365 | ||
| Subject Index | 368 |