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Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing - E-Book

Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing - E-Book

Nancy Berryman Reese | William D. Bandy

(2016)

Additional Information

Abstract

One of the most comprehensive texts on the market, Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing, 3rd Edition, is an easy-to-follow reference that guides you in accurately measuring range of motion and muscle length for all age groups. Written by renowned educators, Nancy Berryman Reese and William D. Bandy for both Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy professionals, this book describes in detail the reliability and validity of each technique. A new companion web site features video clips demonstrating over 100 measurement techniques!

  • Full-color design clearly demonstrates various techniques and landmarks.
  • Clear technique template allows you to quickly and easily identify the information you need.
  • Simple anatomic illustrations clearly depict the various techniques and landmarks for each joint.
  • Coverage of range of motion and muscle length testing includes important, must-know information.
  • Complex tool coverage prepares you to use the tape measure, goniometer, and inclinometer in the clinical setting.
  • Over 100 videos let you independently review techniques covered in the text.
  • Chapter on infants and children eliminates having to search through pediatric-specific books for information.
  • Anatomical landmarks provide a fast visual reference for exactly where to place measuring devices.
  • Chapters dedicated to length testing makes information easy to locate.

UPDATED information and references includes the latest in hand and upper extremity rehabilitation.


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
IFC ES1
Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing i
Copyright ii
Dedications iii
PREFACE iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v
CONTENTS vi
I - INTRODUCTION 1
1 - MEASUREMENT OF RANGE OF MOTION AND MUSCLE LENGTH: BACKGROUND, HISTORY, AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 3
JOINT RANGE OF MOTION VERSUS MUSCLE LENGTH 3
KINEMATICS 4
Arthrokinematics 4
Osteokinematics 4
Sagittal Plane 4
Frontal Plane 5
Transverse Plane 6
Special Case: Oblique Axis at the Foot and Ankle 6
HISTORY OF INSTRUMENTS USED TO MEASURE RANGE OF MOTION21-30 AND MUSCLE LENGTH 6
Universal Goniometer 6
Measurement Techniques 7
Methods of Documentation 7
Other Measurement Devices 7
Inclinometer 8
Electrogoniometer 8
Photography and Video Recording Equipment 8
Radiographic Equipment 8
MEASUREMENT METHODS OF MUSCLE LENGTH 9
Composite Method 9
Direct Measurement 9
PROCEDURES FOR MEASUREMENT 11
Instrumentation 11
Universal Goniometer 11
Further Exploration: Familiarization with the Universal Goniometer 11
Inclinometer 12
CROM 13
BROM 13
Further Exploration: Familiarization with the Inclinometer 13
Tape Measure 14
Further Exploration: Familiarization with the Tape Measure 14
Techniques for Measuring Range of Motion and Muscle Length 14
Preparation for Measurement 15
Instructing the Patient 16
Positioning the Patient: Measuring Joint Range of Motion 16
Further Exploration: Preferred Patient Position 16
Positioning the Patient: Measuring Muscle Length 17
Stabilization 17
Estimating Range of Motion and Determining End-Feel 18
Further Exploration: Identifying End-Feels 18
Bony End-Feel: Elbow Extension. 18
Capsular End-Feel: Hip Medial Rotation. 18
Muscular End-Feel: Knee Extension with Hip 18
Soft Tissue End-Feel: Knee Flexion 19
Palpating Bony Landmarks and Aligning the Measurement Device 19
Aligning the Goniometer 19
Aligning the Inclinometer 19
Aligning the Tape Measure 19
Determining and Recording the Range of Motion with the Goniometer 19
Single Motion Recording Technique 20
Further Exploration: Documenting Range of Motion using Single Motion Recording Technique 22
Sagittal Frontal Transverse Rotational (SFTR) Recording Technique 22
Further Exploration: Documenting Range of Motion Using SFTR Recording Technique 24
Determining and Recording Muscle Length 24
References 26
2 - MEASUREMENT OF RANGE OF MOTION AND MUSCLE LENGTH: CLINICAL RELEVANCE 29
NORMATIVE DATA FOR RANGE OF MOTION AND MUSCLE LENGTH 29
FACTORS AFFECTING RANGEOF MOTION 29
CHANGES IN RANGE OF MOTIONWITH AGE 29
Lower Extremity 29
Upper Extremity 30
Lumbar Spine 31
Cervical Spine and Temporomandibular Joint 31
DIFFERENCES IN RANGE OF MOTION BASED ON SEX 33
Lower Extremity 33
Upper Extremity 33
Lumbar Spine 34
Lumbar Spine—Summary 34
Cervical Spine 35
Cervical Spine—Summary 35
Temporomandibular Joint 35
DIFFERENCES IN RANGE OF MOTION BASED ON CULTURE AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES 36
FACTORS AFFECTING MUSCLE LENGTH 37
CHANGES IN MUSCLE LENGTH WITH AGE 37
CHANGES IN MUSCLE LENGTH BASED ON SEX 38
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 38
RELIABILITY 38
Quantification 38
Relative Reliability 38
Absolute Reliability 39
The t-Test 39
Standard Error of the Measurement (SEMm) 39
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) 39
VALIDITY 40
Quantification 40
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: CRITERION FOR INCLUSION 40
References 41
II - UPPER EXTREMITY 45
3 - MEASUREMENT OF RANGE OF MOTION OF THE SHOULDER 47
GLENOHUMERAL JOINT 47
III - HEAD, NECK, and TRUNK 211
8 - MEASUREMENT OF RANGE OF MOTION OF THE THORACIC AND LUMBAR SPINE 213
ANATOMY AND OSTEOKINEMATICS 213
LIMITATIONS OF MOTION 213
FUNCTIONAL RANGE OF MOTION 213
TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT 214
Tape Measure 214
Flexion and Extension 214
Schober Method 214
Fingertip-to-Floor Method 215
Lateral Flexion 215
Rotation 216
Goniometer 216
Inclinometer 216
Flexion—Lumbar Spine: Tape Measure Method 218
Flexion—Thoracolumbar Spine: Tape Measure Method 220
Flexion—Lumbar Spine: Goniometer Technique 222
Flexion—Lumbar Spine: Inclinometer Method 224
Flexion—Lumbar Spine: BROM Device 226
Extension—Lumbar Spine: Tape Measure Method 228
Extension—Lumbar Spine: Tape Measure Method—Prone 230
Extension—Lumbar Spine: Goniometer Technique 232
Extension—Lumbar Spine: Inclinometer Method 234
Extension—Lumbar Spine: BROM Device 236
Lateral Flexion—Thoracolumbar Spine: Tape Measure Method 238
Lateral Flexion—Lumbar Spine: Goniometer Technique 240
Lateral Flexion—Lumbar Spine: Inclinometer Method 242
Lateral Flexion—Lumbar Spine: BROM Device 244
Rotation—Thoracolumbar Spine: Tape Measure Method 246
Rotation—Thoracic Spine: Goniometer Method 248
Rotation—Thoracolumbar Spine: Inclinometer Method 250
Rotation—Thoracic Spine: Inclinometer Method 252
Rotation—Lumbar Spine: BROM 254
References 257
9 - MEASUREMENT OF RANGE OF MOTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT 259
CERVICAL SPINE 259
ANATOMY AND OSTEOKINEMATICS 259
LIMITATIONS OF MOTION: CERVICAL SPINE 259
TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT: CERVICAL SPINE 261
Tape Measure and Goniometer 261
Inclinometer 261
Attachment of Inclinometer to the Head 261
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT 262
ANATOMY AND OSTEOKINEMATICS 262
LIMITATIONS OF MOTION: TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT 262
FUNCTIONAL RANGE OF MOTION: TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT 262
TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT: TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT 263
Flexion—Cervical Spine: Tape Measure Method 264
Flexion—Cervical Spine: Goniometer Technique 266
Flexion—Cervical Spine: Inclinometer Method 268
Flexion—Cervical Spine: CROM Device 270
Extension—Cervical Spine: Tape Measure Method 272
Extension—Cervical Spine: Goniometer Technique 274
Extension—Cervical Spine: Inclinometer Method 276
Extension—Cervical Spine: CROM Device 278
Lateral Flexion—Cervical Spine: Tape Measure Method 280
Lateral Flexion—Cervical Spine: Goniometer Technique 282
Lateral Flexion—Cervical Spine: Inclinometer Method 284
Lateral Flexion—Cervical Spine: CROM Device 286
Rotation—Cervical Spine: Tape Measure Method 288
Rotation—Cervical Spine: Goniometer Technique 290
Rotation—Cervical Spine: Inclinometer Method 292
Rotation—Cervical Spine: CROM Device 294
Mandibular Depression (Opening)—TemporomandibularJoint: Ruler Method 296
Mandibular Depression (Opening)—TemporomandibularJoint: TheraBite Range of Motion Scale 297
Protrusion—Temporomandibular Joint 298
Lateral Deviation (Excursion)—Temporomandibular Joint 300
References 302
10 - RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF MEASUREMENT OF RANGE OF MOTION OF THE SPINE AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT 303
THORACIC AND LUMBAR SPINE 303
TAPE MEASURE 303
Flexion 303
Schober Method 303
Summary: Tape Measure for Measurement of Lumbar Flexion 304
Extension 304
Lateral Flexion 306
Fingertip to Floor 306
Marks at Lateral Thigh 306
Marks at Lateral Trunk 306
Summary: Tape Measure for Measurement of Lateral Flexion 306
Rotation 307
GONIOMETER 307
Flexion and Extension 307
IV - LOWER EXTREMITY 329
11 - MEASUREMENT OF RANGE OF MOTION OF THE HIP 331
ANATOMY 331
OSTEOKINEMATICS 331
ARTHROKINEMATICS 331
LIMITATIONS OF MOTION: HIP JOINT 331
END-FEEL 332
CAPSULAR PATTERN 332
ROM and Functional Activity 333
TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT: HIP FLEXION/EXTENSION 336
TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT: HIP ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION 338
TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT: HIP MEDIAL-LATERAL ROTATION 338
MINIMAL DETECTABLE CHANGE (MDC) 339
Hip Flexion 340
Hip Extension 342
Hip Abduction 344
Hip Adduction 346
Hip Lateral Rotation With Hip Flexed—Goniometer 348
Hip Medial Rotation With Hip Flexed—Goniometer 350
Hip Lateral Rotation With Hip Flexed—Inclinometer 352
Hip Medial Rotation With Hip Flexed—Inclinometer 354
Hip Lateral Rotation With Hip Extended—Goniometer 356
Hip Medial Rotation With Hip Extended—Goniometer 358
Hip Lateral Rotation With Hip Extended—Inclinometer 360
Hip Medial Rotation With Hip Extended—Inclinometer 362
References 364
12 - MEASUREMENT OF RANGE OF MOTION OF THE KNEE 365
ANATOMY 365
OSTEOKINEMATICS 365
ARTHROKINEMATICS 365
LIMITATIONS OF MOTION: KNEE JOINT 366
END-FEEL 368
CAPSULAR PATTERN 368
ROM AND FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY 368
Techniques of Measurement: Knee Flexion/Extension 373
MINIMAL DETECTABLE CHANGE (MDC) 373
Knee Flexion 374
Knee Extension 376
References 378
13 - MEASUREMENT OF RANGE OF MOTION OF THE ANKLE AND FOOT 379
ANKLE, SUBTALAR, AND TRANSVERSE TARSAL JOINTS 379
ANATOMY 379
OSTEOKINEMATICS 379
ARTHROKINEMATICS 380
LIMITATIONS OF MOTION 381
END-FEEL 381
CAPSULAR PATTERN 382
METATARSOPHALANGEAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS 382
ANATOMY 382
OSTEOKINEMATICS 382
ARTHROKINEMATICS 382
LIMITATIONS OF MOTION 383
END-FEEL 383
CAPSULAR PATTERN 383
ROM AND FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY 383
TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT 384
ANKLE DORSIFLEXION/PLANTARFLEXION COMPONENTS OF PRONATION/SUPINATION 384
SUBTALAR INVERSION/EVERSION OF COMPONENTS OF PRONATION/SUPINATION 384
METATARSOPHALANGEAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL FLEXION/EXTENSION 387
MINIMAL DETECTABLE CHANGE (MDC) 387
Ankle Supination: Plantarflexion Component 388
Ankle Pronation: Dorsiflexion Component 390
Ankle Pronation: Dorsiflexion Component in SubtalarNeutral Position 392
Ankle Pronation: Dorsiflexion Component—StandingLunge Test (Inclinometer) 394
Ankle/Foot Supination: Inversion Component 396
Ankle/Foot Pronation: Eversion Component 398
Subtalar Supination: Inversion Component(Referenced from Anatomical Zero) 400
Subtalar Pronation: Eversion Component(Referenced from Anatomical Zero) 402
First Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joint Flexion (Plantarflexion) 404
First Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joint Extension (Dorsiflexion) 406
First Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joint Abduction 408
First Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joint Adduction 410
Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) or Interphalangeal(PIP, DIP, IP) Flexion 412
Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) or Interphalangeal(PIP, DIP, IP) Extension 414
References 416
14 - MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 419
TESTS FOR MUSCLE LENGTH: ILIOPSOAS 419
TESTS FOR MUSCLE LENGTH: RECTUS FEMORIS 419
TESTS FOR MUSCLE LENGTH: HAMSTRINGS 419
Sit-and-Reach Test 419
TESTS FOR MUSCLE LENGTH: ILIOTIBIAL BAND AND TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE 420
Description of Tests 420
Quantification 420
TESTS FOR MUSCLE LENGTH: GASTROCNEMIUS AND SOLEUS 421
Iliopsoas Muscle Length: Thomas Test 422
Iliopsoas Muscle Length: Prone Hip Extension Test 424
Rectus Femoris Muscle Length: Thomas Test 426
Rectus Femoris Muscle Length: Prone Technique 428
Hamstring Muscle Length: Straight Leg Raise Test 430
Hamstring Muscle Length: Knee Extension Test 432
Iliotibial Band and Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Length:Ober Test and Modified Ober Test 434
Iliotibial Band and Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Length:Ober Test and Modified Ober Test—Inclinometer 436
Iliotibial Band and Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Length:Prone Technique 438
Gastrocnemius Muscle Length Test 440
Soleus Muscle Length Test: Supine 442
Soleus Muscle Length Test: Prone 444
References 446
15 - RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF MEASUREMENTS OF RANGE OF MOTION AND MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 447
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF LOWER EXTREMITY GONIOMETRY 447
HIP FLEXION/EXTENSION 447
HIP ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION 452
HIP MEDIAL-LATERAL ROTATION 456
KNEE FLEXION/EXTENSION 460
ANKLE PRONATION AND SUPINATION: DORSIFLEXION/PLANTAR FLEXION COMPONENTS 468
SUBTALAR SUPINATION AND PRONATION: INVERSION/EVERSION COMPONENTS 474
METATARSOPHALANGEAL FLEXION/EXTENSION 478
RELIABILITY OF MUSCLE LENGTH TESTING 479
Tests for lliopsoas Muscle Length 479
Tests for Rectus Femoris Muscle Length 480
Tests for Hamstring Muscle Length 480
Straight Leg Raise 482
Knee Extension Test–Active 482
Knee Extension Test–Passive 482
Comparison of Three Measurement Techniques 483
Summary: Tests for Hamstring Muscle Length 483
Tests for Iliotibial Band and Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Length 483
Tests for Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscle Length 485
References 486
16 - PEDIATRIC RANGE OF MOTION 489
UPPER EXTREMITY ROM 489
TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT: UPPER EXTREMITY 491
Shoulder Flexion 492
Shoulder Lateral Rotation 494
Elbow Extension 496
Wrist Flexion 498
Lower Extremity ROM 500
Hip Flexion 504
Hip Extension 506
Hip Abduction 508
Hip Lateral Rotation 510
Hip Medial Rotation 512
Knee Extension 514
Ankle Pronation: Dorsiflexion Component 516
Ankle/Foot Supination: Inversion Component 518
Ankle/Foot Pronation: Eversion Component 520
Special Tests: Muscle Length—Passive Knee Extension Test 522
Thigh-Foot Angle 523
Transmalleolar Axis 524
Special Test: Standing Alignment During Development 526
References 528
A - SAMPLE DATA RECORDING FORMS 529
B - NORMATIVE RANGE OF MOTION OF THE EXTREMITIES AND SPINE IN ADULTS 535
References 553
INDEX 555
A 555
B 556
C 556
D 557
E 557
F 558
G 559
H 560
I 560
J 561
K 561
L 561
M 563
N 564
O 564
P 564
Q 565
R 565
S 566
T 568
U 568
V 569
W 569
Y 569
Z 569